Job Satisfaction, Unemployment
Conditions
Keywords
Veterans, world wide web, Counseling, Workman's Compensation
Brief summary
A significant portion of Veterans who apply for disability benefits have difficulty finding and sustaining employment, and are concerned that working for pay will jeopardize their receipt of service-connection benefits. In a completed clinical trial, Veterans who received Motivational Interview-formatted counseled about opportunities to work and receive service-connection went on to work for pay significantly more often than controls. The proposed clinical trial will test this counseling's efficacy when it is delivered by an automated computer program.
Detailed description
Current application rates suggest that more than half of Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom (OEF/OIF) Veterans will eventually apply for some form of service-connection, with approximately 100,000 Veterans per year being evaluated for psychiatric conditions. Veterans applying for service-connection for psychiatric conditions are in distress, and often are having occupational difficulties, but these are unaddressed during a typical Compensation and Pension evaluation. Counseling that addresses beneficiaries' concerns about losing compensation payments if working for pay, when supplemented by vocational supports, has been associated with increased employment among people disabled by chronic psychiatric conditions. This group has developed an online Benefits Counseling intervention tailored to help Veterans applying for service-connection engage in work-related activities. The investigators have demonstrated the efficacy of a face-to-face version of Benefits Counseling in a completed Rehabilitation Research & Development-funded six-month clinical trial in which Veterans assigned to Benefits Counseling worked significantly more days than controls,(p\<.05, effect size = 0.69), reflecting an average of three more days of employment at six month follow-up. The investigators then used a supplement from Rehabilitation Research & Development to develop a web-based version of this counseling, so that the counseling could be delivered without a counselor on-site. The web-based intervention was modified based on user feedback, but the extent to which it will be used by Veterans at home and how it will impact their behavior is unknown. In the proposed clinical trial, Veterans working two or fewer days per week who are presenting for a Compensation & Pension examination for a psychiatric disorder will be assessed at baseline and then urged to log in afterwards to a website for random assignment to either Remotely-Delivered Benefits Counseling (n=65) or Veterans Benefits Administration web sites (n=65), and will then be assessed at 4, 12, and 24 weeks after randomization in order to calculate standardized group mean differences between the slopes over time. The primary outcome measure will be the treatment-by-time slope of hours of paid work. Exploratory analyses will estimate associations of potential mediators of treatment response with this outcome. The proposed study will provide estimates of the efficacy of remotely-delivered Benefits Counseling initiated at Compensation and Pension examinations, a widely-used point of contact with VA.
Interventions
BEHAVIORALRemotely-Delivered Benefits Counseling
Veterans will complete three intervention modules online. For the first module, Veterans will be instructed on how to use the website and its purpose; will be asked about their perception of the relationship between disability benefits and work. An explanation of relationship between disability benefits and work will be provided. For the second module, Veterans' feelings and attitudes towards employment will be solicited. Motivational Interviewing exercises will be implemented; barriers to work including the disabling condition and consideration of treatment for disabling conditions will be reviewed. An action plan will be developed. For the third module, inquiries will be made regarding the Veteran's reaction to the service-connection decision; information will be provided on how to appeal the decision. Veterans will be asked to reconsider work and financial goals in light of service-connection award. Their action plan will be reviewed. Follow-up resources will be provided.
BEHAVIORALControl
The control condition will involve referrals to VA websites and represents enhanced treatment-as-usual. A Veteran who completes a Compensation examination ordinarily has no further treatment or referral as part of the Compensation examination. The information about benefits-related websites controls for having information available about benefits and receiving encouragement to pursue that information. The control condition involves being urged to explore links to three VA websites with Compensation & Pension-related information: (a) the VBA website with links about VA disability compensation, (b) the VBA site with fact sheets about the different types of benefits available to Veterans, and (c) the VBA websites for the local C&P office where issues pertaining to an individual Veteran's specific application are addressed.
Sponsors
VA Office of Research and Development
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
SINGLE (Outcomes Assessor)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to 64 Years
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* All enrolled participants will have difficulty working as evidenced by a Yes response to any sub-part of the following question: * During the past 4 weeks, have you had any of the following problems with your work or other regular daily activities as a result of any emotional problems (such as feeling depressed or anxious): * (a) Cut down on the amount of time you spent on work or other activities? * (b) Accomplished less than you would like? * (c) Didn't do work or other activities as carefully as usual? * Participants will also meet the following inclusion criteria: * i. A Compensation and Pension evaluation by a psychiatrist or psychologist is scheduled * ii. Does not have a service-connected physical disability rated over 30% * iii. Is not service-connected for a psychiatric condition (0% service-connection is allowed, as Veterans with 0% service-connection have not received any benefit payments) * iv. Age 18-65 * v. Reports access to an internet-connected computer/tablet and a working telephone * vi. Reports working an average of two or fewer days per week for pay over the preceding 4 weeks * vii. Self-reported ability to participate psychologically and physically, able to give informed consent and complete assessments; viii. Reports being able to read (this is necessary for understanding the website) * ix. Expressed interest in sampling whatever website is provided
Exclusion criteria
* Already receiving Supplemental Security Income (SSI) or Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) * Has a conservator
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Hours Per Week of Paid Work | Assessed at baseline, and 4, 12 and 24 weeks post-randomization. Each assessment is for the period since prior assessment | This calendar measure will be used to determine whether, and on what days the Veteran engaged in paid work activities. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Work Importance and Confidence Ruler | Assessed at baseline, and 4, 12 and 24 weeks post-randomization. Each assessment is for the period since prior assessment | This measure consists of six questions about respondent's ability to work to his/her fullest capacity currently, how ready they are to work to fullest capacity, how important it is to work to fullest capacity, how important it is to work for pay, and how confident one in in ability work to fullest capacity. Items are rated on an 11 point Likert scale, ranging from 0 to 10, with higher scores indicating more importance (0 not at all important to 10 very important) and more confidence (0 not at all confident to 10 completely confident) in one's ability. We report the mean/median of the scores (range 0-10) at each timepoint by treatment group. This measure has been used to show that Veteran-rated importance of work was associated with engagement in Compensated Work Therapy among Veterans with vocational and psychiatric difficulties. It was collected at Baseline, Week 4, Week 12 and week 24. |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Recruitment details
Participants were recruited from two VA Medical Centers in New England between December 2015 and December 2018. 32 participants who consented to the study did not log into the study website and were thus excluded from analysis.
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Remotely Delivered Benefits Counseling Veterans will complete three intervention modules online. For the first module, Veterans will be instructed on how to use the website and its purpose; will be asked about their perception of the relationship between disability benefits and work. An explanation of relationship between disability benefits and work will be provided. For the second module, Veterans' feelings and attitudes towards employment will be solicited. Motivational Interviewing exercises will be implemented; barriers to work including the disabling condition and consideration of treatment for disabling conditions will be reviewed. An action plan will be developed. For the third module, inquiries will be made regarding the Veteran's reaction to the service-connection decision; information will be provided on how to appeal the decision. Veterans will be asked to reconsider work and financial goals in light of service-connection award. Their action plan will be reviewed. Follow-up resources will be provided. | 63 |
| Control The control website will involve a webpage containing referrals to VA websites and represents enhanced treatment-as-usual. A Veteran who completes a Compensation examination ordinarily has no further treatment or referral as part of the Compensation examination. The information provided on the control website controls for having information available about benefits and receiving encouragement to pursue that information. The control condition involves being urged to explore links to three VA websites with Compensation & Pension-related information: (a) the Veterans Benefits Administration (VBA) website with links about VA disability compensation, (b) the VBA site with fact sheets about the different types of benefits available to Veterans, and (c) the VBA websites for the local C&P office where issues pertaining to an individual Veteran's specific application are addressed. | 55 |
| Total | 118 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Remotely Delivered Benefits Counseling | Control | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | 38.7 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 12.6 | 41.1 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 11 | 39.8 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 11.9 |
| Any work-related activities | 7.4 days per month STANDARD_DEVIATION 8.1 | 5.8 days per month STANDARD_DEVIATION 7.4 | 6.7 days per month STANDARD_DEVIATION 7.8 |
| Brief Severity Index Depression subscale | 1.6 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 1 | 1.7 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.9 | 1.7 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.9 |
| Brief Severity Index Global Severity index | 1.6 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.7 | 1.4 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.6 | 1.5 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.7 |
| Competitive Work | 2.8 hours per week STANDARD_DEVIATION 6.6 | 2.0 hours per week STANDARD_DEVIATION 5.1 | 2.4 hours per week STANDARD_DEVIATION 6 |
| Income, past 28 days | 1790 dollars STANDARD_DEVIATION 1730 | 2318 dollars STANDARD_DEVIATION 2498 | 2036 dollars STANDARD_DEVIATION 2130 |
| Problematic Substance Use | 41 Participants | 37 Participants | 78 Participants |
| Provisional PTSD Diagnosis | 41 Participants | 38 Participants | 79 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Race/Ethnicity Black | 5 Participants | 7 Participants | 12 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Race/Ethnicity Hispanic | 12 Participants | 10 Participants | 22 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Race/Ethnicity Other | 5 Participants | 2 Participants | 7 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Race/Ethnicity White | 41 Participants | 36 Participants | 77 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 14 Participants | 11 Participants | 25 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 49 Participants | 44 Participants | 93 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 63 | 0 / 55 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 63 | 0 / 55 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 1 / 63 | 1 / 55 |
Outcome results
Primary
Hours Per Week of Paid Work
This calendar measure will be used to determine whether, and on what days the Veteran engaged in paid work activities.
Time frame: Assessed at baseline, and 4, 12 and 24 weeks post-randomization. Each assessment is for the period since prior assessment
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Remotely Delivered Benefits Counseling | Hours Per Week of Paid Work | Baseline | 2.8 hours per week | Standard Deviation 6.6 |
| Remotely Delivered Benefits Counseling | Hours Per Week of Paid Work | Week 4 | 4.8 hours per week | Standard Deviation 10.7 |
| Remotely Delivered Benefits Counseling | Hours Per Week of Paid Work | Week 12 | 6.8 hours per week | Standard Deviation 14.6 |
| Remotely Delivered Benefits Counseling | Hours Per Week of Paid Work | Week 24 | 9.6 hours per week | Standard Deviation 19.5 |
| Control | Hours Per Week of Paid Work | Week 24 | 7.0 hours per week | Standard Deviation 14.1 |
| Control | Hours Per Week of Paid Work | Baseline | 2.0 hours per week | Standard Deviation 5.1 |
| Control | Hours Per Week of Paid Work | Week 12 | 5.6 hours per week | Standard Deviation 12.8 |
| Control | Hours Per Week of Paid Work | Week 4 | 4.0 hours per week | Standard Deviation 10.7 |
Secondary
Work Importance and Confidence Ruler
This measure consists of six questions about respondent's ability to work to his/her fullest capacity currently, how ready they are to work to fullest capacity, how important it is to work to fullest capacity, how important it is to work for pay, and how confident one in in ability work to fullest capacity. Items are rated on an 11 point Likert scale, ranging from 0 to 10, with higher scores indicating more importance (0 not at all important to 10 very important) and more confidence (0 not at all confident to 10 completely confident) in one's ability. We report the mean/median of the scores (range 0-10) at each timepoint by treatment group. This measure has been used to show that Veteran-rated importance of work was associated with engagement in Compensated Work Therapy among Veterans with vocational and psychiatric difficulties. It was collected at Baseline, Week 4, Week 12 and week 24.
Time frame: Assessed at baseline, and 4, 12 and 24 weeks post-randomization. Each assessment is for the period since prior assessment
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEDIAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Remotely Delivered Benefits Counseling | Work Importance and Confidence Ruler | Baseline | 7.03 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.81 |
| Remotely Delivered Benefits Counseling | Work Importance and Confidence Ruler | Week 4 | 7.17 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.02 |
| Remotely Delivered Benefits Counseling | Work Importance and Confidence Ruler | Week 12 | 7.34 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.99 |
| Remotely Delivered Benefits Counseling | Work Importance and Confidence Ruler | Week 24 | 7.42 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.76 |
| Control | Work Importance and Confidence Ruler | Week 24 | 7.54 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.19 |
| Control | Work Importance and Confidence Ruler | Baseline | 6.72 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.57 |
| Control | Work Importance and Confidence Ruler | Week 12 | 7.28 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.32 |
| Control | Work Importance and Confidence Ruler | Week 4 | 7.08 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.98 |