Sarcopenia
Conditions
Keywords
Sarcopenia, aging, resistance training, physical functioning
Brief summary
This is a randomized clinical trial with a control group that will test how periodized resistance training will impact measures of sarcopenia in older women who have been identified as presarcopenic or sarcopenic. The intervention will be approximately 12 weeks in duration with 24 total free-living older women. Outcome measures will be collected at baseline, 6 weeks and post-intervention.
Detailed description
New sarcopenia (i.e. the age-related loss of muscle mass) guidelines established in 2014 recommend identifying older individuals for interventions who have low muscle strength and/or gait speed as these functional measures are associated with low muscle mass and subsequent negative health consequences such as increased mortality risk. Moreover, consensus guidelines indicate that more research, especially in older women, needs to be conducted to test the efficacy of periodized (i.e. planned variations in the program) resistance exercise training (RT) protocols in individuals who have been identified as sarcopenic or at risk of sarcopenia. Our interdisciplinary research group has conducted and published the results of several intervention studies in older adults and would like to expand this line of research to fill a critical gap in the current research. The broad objective of this research project is to help determine the efficacy of a periodized RT intervention strategy to treat sarcopenia or presarcopenia and its correlates among older women. The specific primary aim is to determine if there is significant effect of a RT program for improving physical functioning and muscle mass in older women. Exploratory aims are determine the impact of the RT intervention on other measures including bone density, lipoproteins, and other health indicators. The long-term goal of this project is to generate essential data for the submission of a more comprehensive NIH or private agency grant. The research design will be a randomized trial with a control group and methodology of this study will include 25 community-dwelling older women (age 65-84 years) for a 12-week repeated measures (baseline, 6 week, and post) randomized study with a six month observational follow-up. After baseline testing, participants will be randomized to either a RT intervention group (RTI) or to an active control (CON) group. The RT intervention will take place three times per week on non-consecutive days using 8-10 exercises for major muscle groups utilizing free weights and machines follow American College of Sports Medicine and National Strength and Conditioning Association guidelines for RT in older adults. The CON group will meet three times weekly for light physical activity and stretching. The relevance of this research is very significant as no studies to date have specifically examined RT in older women who have been identified as sarcopenic or presarcopenic using newly established guidelines. This study will accept all potential participants meeting inclusion criteria, regardless of ethnic, racial, or religious backgrounds.
Interventions
BEHAVIORALResistance Training Intervention
The RTI group will participate in a periodized RT program on 3 non-consecutive days/week using NSCA and ACSM guidelines and will be designed by a team member who is a NSCA certified strength and conditioning specialist. This program will consist of a full-body, nonlinear periodized program: a training method that has frequent variations in program variables. Intensity variations intensity are based on training phase. E.g., the first portion of 12-week cycle has more moderate and light days as participants adapt to the program. Weeks 1-4 will consist of primarily RT machine exercises and few unilateral and multi-joint light free weight exercise. Weeks 5-8 will incorporate more free-weight exercises that are multi-joint. Weeks 9-12 will incorporate more complex multi-joint movements.
BEHAVIORALActive Control Group
The CON group will meet three times weekly for approximately 12 weeks for light physical activity and stretching.
Sponsors
University of Rhode Island
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
OTHER
Masking
NONE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
FEMALE
Age
65 Years to 84 Years
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* Women, aged 65-84 years; * Low lean mass and/or low physical functioning based on current guidelines; * Currently (≥ 6 months) not engaged in a regular exercise program; * Post-menopausal by self-report.
Exclusion criteria
* Failure to provide informed consent; * Significant or suspected cognitive impairment; * Severe hearing loss, speech disorder, language barrier or visual impairment; * Progressive, degenerative neurologic disease; * Terminal illness with life expectancy of \< 12 months, as determined by a physician; * Severe pulmonary disease, uncontrolled diabetes, blood pressure, or anemia; * Medications not taken for \> 3 weeks, lipid lowering medications for \> 6 months; * Major joint, vascular, abdominal, or thoracic surgery within six months; * Significant cardiovascular disease or implanted pacemaker/defibrillator; * Inability to safely engage in mild to moderate exercise with muscular exertion.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Muscle Mass Change: From Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry and Bioelectrical Impedance Analsysis - Appendicular Lean Mass (ALM in kg) Divided by Height (Meters-squared) | 12 weeks | Overall body composition was estimated using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) using fan-beam technology on a GE Lunar iDXA machine (GE, Waukesha, WI). Participants reported to testing in a fasted state (\ 12 hours) and wore surgical scrubs during the test. Standardized positioning procedures were followed and a licensed radiology technician performed all tests. Appendicular lean mass, total body fat mass, and percent fat were measured. Appendicular lean mass was considered the sum of non-bone lean mass in both arms and legs. Total body lean mass was defined as lean soft tissue mass plus total body bone mineral content. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Hip Bone Mineral Density: Measured by Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry | 12 weeks | — |
| Muscle Strength Change: Leg Press One-repetition Maximum in kg | 6 weeks, 12 weeks, and six month follow-up | All participants completed a familiarization with leg press machine one week prior to strength testing. Participants completed a set of 3-5 repetitions on the machine using a load determined by the participant to be comfortable, then a second set of 3-5 repetitions at an increased intensity, followed by 1-3 sets of progressively increasing intensity until the participant reached 80-90% of their maximal effort as rated on the Borg CR-10 scale. Maximal leg press strength was assessed using previously published methods on Cybex seated leg press machine (Cybex International Inc., Medway, MA). Participants completed a dynamic warm-up prior to strength testing. The leg press test required the participant to extend their knees from a starting position of \ 90 degrees until the legs are fully extended, but not locked at the knees. |
| Chair Stand Time Change: Time to Complete Five Chair Rises From a Normal Chair | 6 weeks, 12 weeks, and six month follow-up | — |
| Chair Stand Ability: Ability to Rise From a Chair One Time - Yes or No | Baseline | Chair stand ability: ability to rise from a chair one time - Yes or No, with Yes being a positive outcome. Two categories: 1) Able to Rise from a Chair and 2) Unable to Rise from a Chair |
| Sarcopenia Status Change | 12 weeks | The multiple measurements will be aggregated to arrive at one reported value of change in the number of sarcopenic women using the International Working Group on Sarcopenia guidelines. Appendicular lean mass divided by height in meters squared \<5.67 and gait speed of \<1.0 meters per second indicates sarcopenia present. Change in status in 12 weeks indicates 1) stayed sarcopenic, 2) stayed non-sarcopenic, 3), became sarcopenic, or 4) became non-sarcopenic. |
| Balance Ability: Single-leg Stand. Scored Yes or No | 12 weeks | Yes is a good outcome to be able to stand on one leg for 10 seconds. Categories for change in this in this ability are 1) Maintained Single Leg Stand Ability, 2) Maintained Single Leg Stand Inability, 3) Developed Single Leg Stand Ability, 4) Lost Single Leg Stand Ability. |
| Mobility Change: 8 Foot Timed up and go From a Seated Position Around a Cone Back to a Seated Position | 12 weeks | — |
| Physical Functioning Change: Normal Gait Speed Time From 400-meter Walk | 6 weeks, 12 weeks, and six month follow-up | Change in timed 400-meter walk in seconds doing laps in a measured corridor at a pace that the participant can maintain. |
| Grip Strength Change: From Hand Grip Dynamometry in kg | 6 weeks, 12 weeks, and six month follow-up | Handgrip strength was measured in both hands with the participant in a seated position using a handgrip dynamometer and standardized protocols (Jamar Hydraulic Dynamometer, J.A. Preston, Corp., Jackson, MS). Two trials per hand were completed and the highest score measured was used for sarcopenia classification. |
Other
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Height | Baseline only | Height, measured in cm from a stadiometer |
| Body Mass, Baseline Only. | baseline | Body mass in kg as measured from a balance-beam scale. |
| Body Mass Index Change: Weight in kg Divided by Height | 12 weeks | — |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Resistance Training Intervention The RT intervention will take place three times per week for approximately 12 weeks on non-consecutive days using 8-10 exercises for major muscle groups utilizing free weights and machines follow American College of Sports Medicine and National Strength and Conditioning Association guidelines for RT in older adults.
Resistance Training Intervention: The RTI group will participate in a periodized RT program on 3 non-consecutive days/week using NSCA and ACSM guidelines and will be designed by a team member who is a NSCA certified strength and conditioning specialist. This program will consist of a full-body, nonlinear periodized program: a training method that has frequent variations in program variables. Intensity variations intensity are based on training phase. E.g., the first portion of 12-week cycle has more moderate and light days as participants adapt to the program. Weeks 1-4 will consist of primarily RT machine exercises and few unilateral and multi-joint light free weight exercise. Weeks 5-8 will incorporate more free-weight exercises that are multi-joint. Weeks 9-12 will incorporate more complex multi-joint movements. | 13 |
| Active Control Group The CON group will meet three times weekly for approximately 12 weeks for light physical activity and stretching.
Active Control Group: The CON group will meet three times weekly for approximately 12 weeks for light physical activity and stretching. | 12 |
| Total | 25 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Active Control Group | Total | Resistance Training Intervention |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | 72.9 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.6 | 72.3 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.6 | 71.8 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.8 |
| Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Asian | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) White | 12 Participants | 25 Participants | 13 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 12 Participants | 25 Participants | 13 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 13 | 0 / 12 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 13 | 0 / 12 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 13 | 0 / 12 |
Outcome results
Primary
Muscle Mass Change: From Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry and Bioelectrical Impedance Analsysis - Appendicular Lean Mass (ALM in kg) Divided by Height (Meters-squared)
Overall body composition was estimated using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) using fan-beam technology on a GE Lunar iDXA machine (GE, Waukesha, WI). Participants reported to testing in a fasted state (\ 12 hours) and wore surgical scrubs during the test. Standardized positioning procedures were followed and a licensed radiology technician performed all tests. Appendicular lean mass, total body fat mass, and percent fat were measured. Appendicular lean mass was considered the sum of non-bone lean mass in both arms and legs. Total body lean mass was defined as lean soft tissue mass plus total body bone mineral content.
Time frame: 12 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Resistance Training Intervention | Muscle Mass Change: From Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry and Bioelectrical Impedance Analsysis - Appendicular Lean Mass (ALM in kg) Divided by Height (Meters-squared) | 0.09 kg/m2 | Standard Error 0.08 |
| Active Control Group | Muscle Mass Change: From Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry and Bioelectrical Impedance Analsysis - Appendicular Lean Mass (ALM in kg) Divided by Height (Meters-squared) | 0.10 kg/m2 | Standard Error 0.09 |
p-value: 0.91Mixed Models Analysis
Secondary
Balance Ability: Single-leg Stand. Scored Yes or No
Yes is a good outcome to be able to stand on one leg for 10 seconds. Categories for change in this in this ability are 1) Maintained Single Leg Stand Ability, 2) Maintained Single Leg Stand Inability, 3) Developed Single Leg Stand Ability, 4) Lost Single Leg Stand Ability.
Time frame: 12 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Category | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Resistance Training Intervention | Balance Ability: Single-leg Stand. Scored Yes or No | Maintained Single Leg Stand Ability | 5 Participants |
| Resistance Training Intervention | Balance Ability: Single-leg Stand. Scored Yes or No | Maintained Single Leg Stand Inability | 3 Participants |
| Resistance Training Intervention | Balance Ability: Single-leg Stand. Scored Yes or No | Developed Single Leg Stand Ability | 3 Participants |
| Resistance Training Intervention | Balance Ability: Single-leg Stand. Scored Yes or No | Lost Single Leg Stand Ability. | 1 Participants |
| Active Control Group | Balance Ability: Single-leg Stand. Scored Yes or No | Lost Single Leg Stand Ability. | 0 Participants |
| Active Control Group | Balance Ability: Single-leg Stand. Scored Yes or No | Maintained Single Leg Stand Ability | 4 Participants |
| Active Control Group | Balance Ability: Single-leg Stand. Scored Yes or No | Developed Single Leg Stand Ability | 2 Participants |
| Active Control Group | Balance Ability: Single-leg Stand. Scored Yes or No | Maintained Single Leg Stand Inability | 4 Participants |
p-value: 0.068Fisher Exact
Secondary
Chair Stand Ability: Ability to Rise From a Chair One Time - Yes or No
Chair stand ability: ability to rise from a chair one time - Yes or No, with Yes being a positive outcome. Two categories: 1) Able to Rise from a Chair and 2) Unable to Rise from a Chair
Time frame: Baseline
| Arm | Measure | Category | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Resistance Training Intervention | Chair Stand Ability: Ability to Rise From a Chair One Time - Yes or No | Able to Rise from a Chair | 12 Participants |
| Resistance Training Intervention | Chair Stand Ability: Ability to Rise From a Chair One Time - Yes or No | Unable to Rise from a Chair | 0 Participants |
| Active Control Group | Chair Stand Ability: Ability to Rise From a Chair One Time - Yes or No | Able to Rise from a Chair | 10 Participants |
| Active Control Group | Chair Stand Ability: Ability to Rise From a Chair One Time - Yes or No | Unable to Rise from a Chair | 0 Participants |
Secondary
Chair Stand Time Change: Time to Complete Five Chair Rises From a Normal Chair
Time frame: 6 weeks, 12 weeks, and six month follow-up
Population: Missing data or participants chose not to be retested.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Resistance Training Intervention | Chair Stand Time Change: Time to Complete Five Chair Rises From a Normal Chair | 6 weeks | -0.95 seconds | Standard Error 0.78 |
| Resistance Training Intervention | Chair Stand Time Change: Time to Complete Five Chair Rises From a Normal Chair | 12 weeks | -1.56 seconds | Standard Error 1.05 |
| Resistance Training Intervention | Chair Stand Time Change: Time to Complete Five Chair Rises From a Normal Chair | six month follow-up | -1.13 seconds | Standard Error 0.88 |
| Active Control Group | Chair Stand Time Change: Time to Complete Five Chair Rises From a Normal Chair | 6 weeks | -1.05 seconds | Standard Error 0.9 |
| Active Control Group | Chair Stand Time Change: Time to Complete Five Chair Rises From a Normal Chair | 12 weeks | -2.39 seconds | Standard Error 1.1 |
| Active Control Group | Chair Stand Time Change: Time to Complete Five Chair Rises From a Normal Chair | six month follow-up | -2.70 seconds | Standard Error 1 |
p-value: >0.05Mixed Models Analysis
Secondary
Grip Strength Change: From Hand Grip Dynamometry in kg
Handgrip strength was measured in both hands with the participant in a seated position using a handgrip dynamometer and standardized protocols (Jamar Hydraulic Dynamometer, J.A. Preston, Corp., Jackson, MS). Two trials per hand were completed and the highest score measured was used for sarcopenia classification.
Time frame: 6 weeks, 12 weeks, and six month follow-up
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Resistance Training Intervention | Grip Strength Change: From Hand Grip Dynamometry in kg | six month follow up | 0.25 kg | Standard Error 0.95 |
| Resistance Training Intervention | Grip Strength Change: From Hand Grip Dynamometry in kg | 12 weeks | 1.67 kg | Standard Error 1.03 |
| Resistance Training Intervention | Grip Strength Change: From Hand Grip Dynamometry in kg | 6 weeks | 1.08 kg | Standard Error 0.9 |
| Active Control Group | Grip Strength Change: From Hand Grip Dynamometry in kg | 12 weeks | 0.50 kg | Standard Error 1.26 |
| Active Control Group | Grip Strength Change: From Hand Grip Dynamometry in kg | 6 weeks | 1.45 kg | Standard Error 1.03 |
| Active Control Group | Grip Strength Change: From Hand Grip Dynamometry in kg | six month follow up | -0.10 kg | Standard Error 1.04 |
p-value: >0.05Mixed Models Analysis
Secondary
Hip Bone Mineral Density: Measured by Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry
Time frame: 12 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Resistance Training Intervention | Hip Bone Mineral Density: Measured by Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry | -0.0005 g/m2 | Standard Deviation 0.0197 |
| Active Control Group | Hip Bone Mineral Density: Measured by Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry | 0.0105 g/m2 | Standard Deviation 0.0548 |
p-value: 0.52Mixed Models Analysis
Secondary
Mobility Change: 8 Foot Timed up and go From a Seated Position Around a Cone Back to a Seated Position
Time frame: 12 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Resistance Training Intervention | Mobility Change: 8 Foot Timed up and go From a Seated Position Around a Cone Back to a Seated Position | -0.48 seconds | Standard Error 0.25 |
| Active Control Group | Mobility Change: 8 Foot Timed up and go From a Seated Position Around a Cone Back to a Seated Position | -0.74 seconds | Standard Error 0.27 |
p-value: 0.48Mixed Models Analysis
Secondary
Muscle Strength Change: Leg Press One-repetition Maximum in kg
All participants completed a familiarization with leg press machine one week prior to strength testing. Participants completed a set of 3-5 repetitions on the machine using a load determined by the participant to be comfortable, then a second set of 3-5 repetitions at an increased intensity, followed by 1-3 sets of progressively increasing intensity until the participant reached 80-90% of their maximal effort as rated on the Borg CR-10 scale. Maximal leg press strength was assessed using previously published methods on Cybex seated leg press machine (Cybex International Inc., Medway, MA). Participants completed a dynamic warm-up prior to strength testing. The leg press test required the participant to extend their knees from a starting position of \ 90 degrees until the legs are fully extended, but not locked at the knees.
Time frame: 6 weeks, 12 weeks, and six month follow-up
Population: Two participants from each group chose not to be retested.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Resistance Training Intervention | Muscle Strength Change: Leg Press One-repetition Maximum in kg | 6 weeks | 13.35 kg | Standard Error 2.71 |
| Resistance Training Intervention | Muscle Strength Change: Leg Press One-repetition Maximum in kg | 12 weeks | 20.85 kg | Standard Error 3.41 |
| Resistance Training Intervention | Muscle Strength Change: Leg Press One-repetition Maximum in kg | six month follow-up | 15.1 kg | Standard Error 2.97 |
| Active Control Group | Muscle Strength Change: Leg Press One-repetition Maximum in kg | 6 weeks | 10.95 kg | Standard Error 2.96 |
| Active Control Group | Muscle Strength Change: Leg Press One-repetition Maximum in kg | 12 weeks | 17.93 kg | Standard Error 3.74 |
| Active Control Group | Muscle Strength Change: Leg Press One-repetition Maximum in kg | six month follow-up | 12.50 kg | Standard Error 3.32 |
p-value: >0.05Mixed Models Analysis
Secondary
Physical Functioning Change: Normal Gait Speed Time From 400-meter Walk
Change in timed 400-meter walk in seconds doing laps in a measured corridor at a pace that the participant can maintain.
Time frame: 6 weeks, 12 weeks, and six month follow-up
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Resistance Training Intervention | Physical Functioning Change: Normal Gait Speed Time From 400-meter Walk | 6 weeks | -14.28 seconds | Standard Error 7.08 |
| Resistance Training Intervention | Physical Functioning Change: Normal Gait Speed Time From 400-meter Walk | 12 weeks | -18.95 seconds | Standard Error 8.53 |
| Resistance Training Intervention | Physical Functioning Change: Normal Gait Speed Time From 400-meter Walk | six month follow up | -14.61 seconds | Standard Error 8.54 |
| Active Control Group | Physical Functioning Change: Normal Gait Speed Time From 400-meter Walk | 6 weeks | -20.23 seconds | Standard Error 8.07 |
| Active Control Group | Physical Functioning Change: Normal Gait Speed Time From 400-meter Walk | 12 weeks | -20.89 seconds | Standard Error 9.34 |
| Active Control Group | Physical Functioning Change: Normal Gait Speed Time From 400-meter Walk | six month follow up | -23.68 seconds | Standard Error 9.36 |
p-value: >0.05Mixed Models Analysis
Secondary
Sarcopenia Status Change
The multiple measurements will be aggregated to arrive at one reported value of change in the number of sarcopenic women using the International Working Group on Sarcopenia guidelines. Appendicular lean mass divided by height in meters squared \<5.67 and gait speed of \<1.0 meters per second indicates sarcopenia present. Change in status in 12 weeks indicates 1) stayed sarcopenic, 2) stayed non-sarcopenic, 3), became sarcopenic, or 4) became non-sarcopenic.
Time frame: 12 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Category | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Resistance Training Intervention | Sarcopenia Status Change | Stayed Sarcopenic | 7 Participants |
| Resistance Training Intervention | Sarcopenia Status Change | Stayed Non-Sarcopenic | 3 Participants |
| Resistance Training Intervention | Sarcopenia Status Change | Became Sarcopenic | 0 Participants |
| Resistance Training Intervention | Sarcopenia Status Change | Became Non-Sarcopenic | 2 Participants |
| Active Control Group | Sarcopenia Status Change | Became Non-Sarcopenic | 2 Participants |
| Active Control Group | Sarcopenia Status Change | Stayed Sarcopenic | 5 Participants |
| Active Control Group | Sarcopenia Status Change | Became Sarcopenic | 0 Participants |
| Active Control Group | Sarcopenia Status Change | Stayed Non-Sarcopenic | 3 Participants |
p-value: 0.88Chi-squared
Other Pre-specified
Body Mass, Baseline Only.
Body mass in kg as measured from a balance-beam scale.
Time frame: baseline
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Resistance Training Intervention | Body Mass, Baseline Only. | 68.7 kg | Standard Deviation 15.5 |
| Active Control Group | Body Mass, Baseline Only. | 61.8 kg | Standard Deviation 10.3 |
Other Pre-specified
Body Mass Index Change: Weight in kg Divided by Height
Time frame: 12 weeks
Population: Missing data point at week 12.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Resistance Training Intervention | Body Mass Index Change: Weight in kg Divided by Height | 0.428 kg/m2 | Standard Deviation 0.423 |
| Active Control Group | Body Mass Index Change: Weight in kg Divided by Height | 0.007 kg/m2 | Standard Deviation 0.472 |
p-value: 0.04Mixed Models Analysis
Other Pre-specified
Height
Height, measured in cm from a stadiometer
Time frame: Baseline only
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Resistance Training Intervention | Height | 159.8 cm | Standard Deviation 5.9 |
| Active Control Group | Height | 159.7 cm | Standard Deviation 5.2 |