Functional Vision Changes
Conditions
Keywords
young healthy adults, single pinhole glasses, multiple pinhole glasses
Brief summary
Purpose of this study is to compare the ocular functional changes including pupil size, visual acuity, depth of focus, accommodative amplitude, visual field, contrast sensitivity, and stereopsis induced by multiple and single pinhole glasses, in addition, to check reading speed and survey for ocular discomfort after using both pinhole glasses.
Interventions
Wearing multiple and single pinhole glasses
Sponsors
Chung-Ang University Hosptial, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine
Study design
Allocation
NA
Intervention model
SINGLE_GROUP
Primary purpose
BASIC_SCIENCE
Masking
NONE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
20 Years to 45 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
1. age between 20 and 45 years; 2. spherical equivalents (SE) within ± 6.0 diopters (D); 3. correctable distant and near visual acuity by glasses up to 20/20; 4. normal intraocular pressure with normal optic disc appearance; 5. normal ocular alignment.
Exclusion criteria
1. disturbance of accommodation due to any reasons such as an Adie's pupil, Parkinson's disease, a history of previous ocular surgery or trauma, and a history of systemic or topical medication that might affect accommodation; 2. corneal pathologic features; 3. glaucoma; 4. cataracts of grade II or greater by the Lens Opacities Classification System III (LOCS III); 5. vitreous and retinal abnormalities that might limit the accuracy of testing.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Distant visual acuity (logMAR) | Subjects performed this examination while wearing multiple and single pinhole glasses with one week apart in random order after baseline study. | Distant visual acuity were measured using Snellen chart (Precision Vision, La Salle, IL, USA) at 4 m. |
| Photopic pupil size (baseline, mm) | Subjects performed this examination while wearing multiple and single pinhole glasses with one week apart in random order after baseline study. | Pupil size under photopic conditions (85 cd/m2) was measured using a WASCA Analyzer (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Oberkochen, Germany). |
| Depth of focus | Subjects performed this examination while wearing multiple and single pinhole glasses with one week apart in random order after baseline study. | Monocular DOF was checked with a 4-m Snellen chart under distance correction without cycloplegics. |
| Accommodative amplitude (Diopter) | Subjects performed this examination while wearing multiple and single pinhole glasses with one week apart in random order after baseline study. | Near point of accommodation (NPA) was measured using Donder's push-up method. |
| Standard automated perimetry | Subjects performed this examination while wearing multiple and single pinhole glasses with one week apart in random order after baseline study. | Visual field (VF) test was performed with a Humphrey Visual Field Analyzer (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Inc., Dublin, CA, USA) using the 30-2 Swedish interactive threshold algorithm. |
| Contrast sensitivity | Subjects performed this examination while wearing multiple and single pinhole glasses with one week apart in random order after baseline study. | Monocular contrast sensitivity test was performed using a CSV-1000E Contrast Testing Instrument (VectorVision, Dayton, OH, USA) at 2.5-m distance under standard brightness (85 cd/m2) |
| Stereopsis (seconds of arc) | Subjects performed this examination while wearing multiple and single pinhole glasses with one week apart in random order after baseline study. | Stereopsis was checked with the Randot Stereotest (Stereo Optical Co., Chicago, IL, USA). |
| Reading speed (letters per second) | Subjects performed this examination while wearing multiple and single pinhole glasses with one week apart in random order after baseline study. | Reading speed was evaluated using the famous Korean traditional fairy tale book. This Korean book was printed black-and-white with 10-font size. The time taken to read designated 10 pages including 3985 letters was recorded, and then reading speed was calculated as letters per second (LPS). |
| Near visual acuity (logMAR) | Subjects performed this examination while wearing multiple and single pinhole glasses with one week apart in random order after baseline study. | Near visual acuity using Logarithmic Visual Acuity Chart 2000 (Precision Vision, La Salle, IL, USA) at 40 cm. |
| Pupil size with the both pinhole glasses (mm) | Subjects performed this examination while wearing multiple and single pinhole glasses with one week apart in random order after baseline study. | Pupil size with the both pinhole glasses using the ruler attached to the lateral rim of the glasses. |
Countries
South Korea
Contacts
Primary ContactWonSoo Kim, MD
Outcome results
None listed