Healthy
Conditions
Keywords
Triacylglycerols, Omega-3 fatty acids, Krill oil, Fish, Healthy Volunteers
Brief summary
Intake of omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) from fish oil and fish are associated with significant health benefits in risk of cardiovascular disease. However, both lean and fatty fish have been shown to have beneficial effects suggesting that not all effects are mediated by n-3 PUFAs. Krill oil is an n-3 PUFA supplement on the marked. The n-3 PUFAs from krill oil is in the form of phospholipids, and these fatty acids may be more readily and effectively absorbed after ingestion than n-3 PUFAs in the form of triacylglycerols from fish oil. Fish also contain many other potential health components than n-3 PUFAs such as taurine and vitamin D, iodine, selenium and more unspecified components such as bioactive peptides which can mediate the health beneficial effects observed after intake of fish. The present study aims to elucidate the cardiovascular health beneficial effects after consumption of fish (lean and fatty) and krill oil, with regard to effects on plasma lipids and other markers of cardiovascular health such as inflammatory, haemostatic and endothelial dysfunction markers. The investigators will perform whole genome transcriptome analyses in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in order to further understand the cardiovascular health benefits and elucidate the mechanisms of action.
Interventions
DIETARY_SUPPLEMENTKrill oil
The krill group and the control group will be double blinded. The krill oil and placebo capsules will be administered in equal amounts and are of equal size and have the same color.
OTHERLean and fatty fish
The fish group will be open labeled.
DIETARY_SUPPLEMENTPlacebo capsules
The krill group and the control group will be double blinded. The krill oil and placebo capsules will be administered in equal amounts and are of equal size and have the same color.
Sponsors
University of Oslo
Olympic Seafood AS
Oslo Metropolitan University
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
PREVENTION
Masking
DOUBLE (Subject, Investigator)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to 70 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* Healthy volunteers (CRP \< 10 mg/L) * Stable weight (± 5 % of body weight) the last three months * BMI 18.5-35 kg/m2 * Fasting triglycerides 1.3-4.0 mmol/L * Willingness to eat fish * Willingness to not take omega-3 or other dietary supplements during the study.
Exclusion criteria
* Pregnancy or lactation * Any chronic disease, including diabetes type 1 or 2. CVD or cancer past 6 months * Elevated thyroid hormones or TSH levels * Elevated total cholesterol (\>7.8 mmol/L) or fasting triglycerides (\>4.0 mmol/L) * Use of prescription drugs that may affect triglycerides (e.g. diabetes drugs, Cyclosporin A, Orlistat and Sibutramine), except statins if stable dose past 3 months. * Blood pressure \> 160/100 mmHg * Hormone treatment (except stable doses the past three months of contraceptives or thyroxine) * Planned weight loss * The use of Vita Proactive or other food items enriched with plant sterols * Excessive alcohol consumption (\>40 g/day) * Habitual fish consumption of more than one serving of fatty fish per week
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| Fasting triglycerides | 8 weeks |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Gene expression of inflammatory markers and genes in lipid metabolism | 8 weeks | Measured with RT-qPCR |
| Plasmamlipids | 8 weeks | Such as total- LDL- and HDL-cholesterol |
| Lipoprotein subclasses | 8 weeks | — |
| Plasma fatty acid composition | 8 weeks | — |
| Blood pressure | 8 weeks | — |
| Circulating inflammatory markers | 8 weeks | Such as TNFalpha and IL-6 |
| Hemostatic markers | 8 weeks | Such as vWF and thrombomudulin |
| Muscle strength | 8 weeks | Measured by hand grip strength and chair stand test |
| Whole genome transcriptome analysis in PBMC | 8 weeks | Changes in the gene expression profile |
| Metabolome profile in blood | 8 weeks | In blood |
| Metabolome profile in urine | 8 weeks | In urine |
| Endothelial dysfunction markers | 8 weeks | Sush as NOx and ADMA |
Outcome results
None listed