Cancer of Prostate, Cancer of the Prostate, Prostate Cancer, Prostatic Cancer
Conditions
Brief summary
NC ProCESS is a cohort of patients from diverse backgrounds diagnosed with early prostate cancer, who were enrolled from January 2011-June 2013. These patients were recruited throughout North Carolina, and also in partnership with institutions across the country. Patients enrolled before they start treatment, and are then followed prospectively through treatment and then afterwards. This observational study collects information on quality of life, cancer control, and health care received inclusive of treatment and management of subsequent effects including complications and recurrence. The objective of this study is to examine comparative outcomes among different modern prostate cancer treatment options in this cohort of patients.
Detailed description
Localized prostate cancer treatment options is consistently a highest priority comparative effectiveness research (CER) topic according to the Institute of Medicine, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and other summary reports. Patients urgently need information on the comparative outcomes of modern treatment options to guide decision-making for this disease that causes significant burden based on its high prevalence, mortality and treatment effects on quality of life. The status quo as it pertains to prostate cancer is significant overtreatment causing potential patient harm, rapid diffusion of new/expensive technologies without proven benefit and patients lacking high quality research evidence to balance direct-to-consumer advertising and guide individualized decision-making. NC ProCESS is a population-based cohort designed specifically to address well-described knowledge gaps. It was designed in close collaboration with the unique AHRQ consortium stakeholder group, which included representatives from patients, clinicians and policymakers. Stakeholders helped define study design to emphasize real-world patients and select patient-centered and relevant outcomes, and have been involved throughout assembly of this patient cohort. The diverse cohort is well-represented by hard to reach patients; enrollment before treatment avoids biases with participation and recall. As clinical trials are not feasible to address the central questions in prostate cancer CER, this prospective study will yield the highest level of evidence to inform patients and other stakeholders. With an assembled cohort, this study is necessary to examine comparative outcomes.
Interventions
None listed
Sponsors
Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute
UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center
Study design
Observational model
COHORT
Time perspective
PROSPECTIVE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
MALE
Age
35 Years to 80 Years
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* Newly-diagnosed, histologically-proven, localized prostate adenocarcinoma. * Completion of baseline interview prior to initiating therapy. * Patient ability to complete study interview: no cognitive impairment, language or hearing problems. * Not diagnosed with prostate cancer through transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). * Age 35-80. * English speaking. * Has telephone.
Exclusion criteria
* Initiation of treatment for prostate cancer prior to completion of baseline interview. * Cognitive impairment. * Hearing problems. * Inability to speak or understand English.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Prostate Cancer Recurrence | From date of completion of treatment (radiation or surgery) until the date of recurrence or date of death from any cause, whichever came first, assessed up to 5 years. | Percentage of patients who had a recurrence of prostate cancer during 5 years of follow-up. |
| Overall Quality of Life | 4 years | Short Form-12 (SF12) - Measures health-related quality of life. Consists of Likert response formats that assess overall health, mental health, vitality, social functioning, and whether ones health or pain limits their daily physical activities. The SF-12 also contains four categorical questions (yes or no) that assess limitations in functioning due to physical and emotional health. The SF-12 provides the Mental Component Summary score (MCS) and Physical Component Summary score (PCS), calculated using norm-based scoring, with the mean set at 50 and standard deviation 10. A lower score indicates lower QOL. |
| Cancer-specific Quality of Life | 4 years | Prostate Cancer Symptom Indices (PCSI) - measures treatment-related morbidity and adverse effects and is comprised of 4 functional scales measuring Sexual Dysfunction, Bowel Problems, Urinary Incontinence, and Urinary Obstruction/Irritation. Four parallel distress indices measure distress from symptoms. In each index, patient answers are converted to a score from 0 (no symptom/distress) to 100 (maximum symptoms/distress). A 5-10 point difference in QOL is considered clinically meaningful. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| 5-year Mortality | From date of diagnosis until date of death or end of follow-up up to 5 years | Percentage of patients who died within 5 years of follow-up. |
| Prostate Cancer Anxiety | 4 years | Prostate cancer anxiety was measured by the validated Memorial Anxiety Scale for Prostate Cancer (MAX-PC), with 18 questions assessing anxiety related to prostate cancer (11 items, total score 0 to 33), PSA testing (3 items, total score 0 to 9), and fear of recurrence (4 items, total score 0 to 12). The subscale for prostate cancer anxiety asks the patient to report how frequently comments about prostate cancer were true for them during the past week (not at all, rarely, sometimes, or often). The subscale for PSA testing anxiety asks the patient to indicate how frequently situations have ever been true for them. The subscale for anxiety related to prostate cancer recurrence asks the patient to indicate how much they agree or disagree with statements about their own health during the past week. A higher score in each subscale indicates more anxiety. |
| Decisional Regret | 4 years | Decisional regret was measured by a validated scale for prostate cancer. The five items of the decisional regret scale assess (on a Likert scale) a patient's feeling that he chose the wrong treatment, a wish to change the decision, or doubt about treatment value. Answers are converted to a score from 0 (no regret) to 100 (maximum regret). Decisional regret provides an assessment of the overall decisional and treatment experience from a patient perspective. |
Other
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Number of Physician Visits During Follow-up | 4 years | Number of physician and specialist visits during treatment, subsequent monitoring of recurrence and management of prostate cancer treatment-related morbidity. Assessed through analysis of healthcare claims linked to cohort data. |
| Number of Diagnostic Tests and Procedures During Follow-up | 4 years | Number of diagnostic tests and procedures including biopsies, radiographic scans, laboratory tests, and procedures to assess cancer progression (active surveillance) or recurrence and work-up for treatment-related morbidity. Assessed through analysis of healthcare claims linked to cohort data. |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Active Surveillance Men placed on active surveillance (i.e., did not receive immediate treatment) | 390 |
| SBRT Men who received stereotactic body radiation therapy | 104 |
| Radical Prostatectomy Men treated with radical prostatectomy (i.e., surgery) | 547 |
| EBRT Men treated with external beam radiation therapy | 247 |
| Brachytherapy Men treated with brachytherapy | 125 |
| Total | 1,413 |
Withdrawals & dropouts
| Period | Reason | FG000 |
|---|---|---|
| Overall Study | Death | 58 |
| Overall Study | Did not return release forms | 160 |
| Overall Study | Other medical condition | 24 |
| Overall Study | Withdrawal by Subject | 204 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | SBRT | Radical Prostatectomy | EBRT | Active Surveillance | Brachytherapy | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | 65.3 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 6.8 | 61.1 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 7 | 66.8 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 7.1 | 66.3 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 7.5 | 64.6 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 7.3 | 64.2 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 7.2 |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized African American | 3 Participants | 143 Participants | 83 Participants | 97 Participants | 33 Participants | 359 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Other | 4 Participants | 22 Participants | 11 Participants | 6 Participants | 2 Participants | 45 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized White | 97 Participants | 382 Participants | 153 Participants | 287 Participants | 90 Participants | 1009 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment United States | 104 participants | 547 participants | 247 participants | 390 participants | 125 participants | 1413 participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 104 Participants | 547 Participants | 247 Participants | 390 Participants | 125 Participants | 1413 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk |
|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 58 / 1,110 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 0 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 0 |
Outcome results
Primary
Cancer-specific Quality of Life
Prostate Cancer Symptom Indices (PCSI) - measures treatment-related morbidity and adverse effects and is comprised of 4 functional scales measuring Sexual Dysfunction, Bowel Problems, Urinary Incontinence, and Urinary Obstruction/Irritation. Four parallel distress indices measure distress from symptoms. In each index, patient answers are converted to a score from 0 (no symptom/distress) to 100 (maximum symptoms/distress). A 5-10 point difference in QOL is considered clinically meaningful.
Time frame: 4 years
Population: We analyzed data from NC ProCESS, a population-based, prospective prostate cancer patient cohort. The analytic cohort were men who completed baseline survey info \& either underwent active surveillance or received initial treatment with stereotactic body radiation therapy, radical prostatectomy, external beam radiation therapy, or brachytherapy.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Active Surveillance | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Sexual Dysfunction - 3-months | 44.4 score on a scale |
| Active Surveillance | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Bowel Problems - 3-months | 7.1 score on a scale |
| Active Surveillance | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Sexual Dysfunction - 36-months | 50.9 score on a scale |
| Active Surveillance | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Urinary Obstruction & Irritation - 24-months | 25.1 score on a scale |
| Active Surveillance | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Sexual Dysfunction - Baseline | 44.7 score on a scale |
| Active Surveillance | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Bowel Problems - 24-months | 6.2 score on a scale |
| Active Surveillance | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Bowel Problems - Baseline | 6.1 score on a scale |
| Active Surveillance | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Sexual Dysfunction - 48-months | 56.5 score on a scale |
| Active Surveillance | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Urinary Incontinence - 12-months | 14.0 score on a scale |
| Active Surveillance | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Urinary Incontinence - Baseline | 11.0 score on a scale |
| Active Surveillance | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Sexual Dysfunction - 12-months | 48.2 score on a scale |
| Active Surveillance | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Urinary Obstruction & Irritation - 48-months | 24.3 score on a scale |
| Active Surveillance | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Urinary Incontinence - 3-months | 12.3 score on a scale |
| Active Surveillance | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Bowel Problems - 12-months | 7.1 score on a scale |
| Active Surveillance | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Urinary Incontinence - 48-months | 19.9 score on a scale |
| Active Surveillance | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Sexual Dysfunction - 24-months | 55.2 score on a scale |
| Active Surveillance | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Urinary Obstruction & Irritation - 3-months | 23.2 score on a scale |
| Active Surveillance | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Urinary Obstruction & Irritation - 36-months | 23.7 score on a scale |
| Active Surveillance | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Bowel Problems - 48-months | 7.1 score on a scale |
| Active Surveillance | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Urinary Incontinence - 36-months | 15.9 score on a scale |
| Active Surveillance | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Urinary Obstruction & Irritation - 12-months | 25.9 score on a scale |
| Active Surveillance | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Urinary Obstruction & Irritation - Baseline | 23.4 score on a scale |
| Active Surveillance | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Bowel Problems - 36-months | 6.9 score on a scale |
| Active Surveillance | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Urinary Incontinence -24-months | 18.6 score on a scale |
| Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Urinary Incontinence -24-months | 14.8 score on a scale |
| Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Urinary Obstruction & Irritation - 24-months | 26.4 score on a scale |
| Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Urinary Incontinence - 12-months | 15.2 score on a scale |
| Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Urinary Obstruction & Irritation - 36-months | 22.8 score on a scale |
| Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Sexual Dysfunction - 3-months | 42.1 score on a scale |
| Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Urinary Incontinence - Baseline | 8.3 score on a scale |
| Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Urinary Obstruction & Irritation - 48-months | 22.9 score on a scale |
| Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Urinary Incontinence - 3-months | 12.7 score on a scale |
| Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Bowel Problems - 24-months | 5.0 score on a scale |
| Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Sexual Dysfunction - 12-months | 48.2 score on a scale |
| Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Bowel Problems - 48-months | 4.4 score on a scale |
| Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Bowel Problems - 12-months | 5.9 score on a scale |
| Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Sexual Dysfunction - 24-months | 48.8 score on a scale |
| Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Bowel Problems - 3-months | 5.6 score on a scale |
| Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Sexual Dysfunction - 36-months | 52.3 score on a scale |
| Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Bowel Problems - Baseline | 5.5 score on a scale |
| Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Sexual Dysfunction - 48-months | 53.9 score on a scale |
| Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Sexual Dysfunction - Baseline | 42.0 score on a scale |
| Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Urinary Obstruction & Irritation - Baseline | 22.9 score on a scale |
| Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Urinary Incontinence - 48-months | 11.5 score on a scale |
| Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Urinary Incontinence - 36-months | 15.1 score on a scale |
| Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Urinary Obstruction & Irritation - 3-months | 24.3 score on a scale |
| Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Bowel Problems - 36-months | 5.9 score on a scale |
| Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Urinary Obstruction & Irritation - 12-months | 29.5 score on a scale |
| Radical Prostatectomy | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Urinary Incontinence - 48-months | 30.8 score on a scale |
| Radical Prostatectomy | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Bowel Problems - 36-months | 5.6 score on a scale |
| Radical Prostatectomy | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Sexual Dysfunction - Baseline | 35.9 score on a scale |
| Radical Prostatectomy | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Sexual Dysfunction - 3-months | 78.0 score on a scale |
| Radical Prostatectomy | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Sexual Dysfunction - 12-months | 70.8 score on a scale |
| Radical Prostatectomy | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Sexual Dysfunction - 24-months | 68.2 score on a scale |
| Radical Prostatectomy | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Sexual Dysfunction - 36-months | 68.6 score on a scale |
| Radical Prostatectomy | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Sexual Dysfunction - 48-months | 69.7 score on a scale |
| Radical Prostatectomy | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Urinary Obstruction & Irritation - Baseline | 23.3 score on a scale |
| Radical Prostatectomy | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Urinary Obstruction & Irritation - 3-months | 27.0 score on a scale |
| Radical Prostatectomy | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Urinary Obstruction & Irritation - 12-months | 21.4 score on a scale |
| Radical Prostatectomy | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Urinary Obstruction & Irritation - 24-months | 19.4 score on a scale |
| Radical Prostatectomy | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Urinary Obstruction & Irritation - 36-months | 19.5 score on a scale |
| Radical Prostatectomy | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Urinary Obstruction & Irritation - 48-months | 19.2 score on a scale |
| Radical Prostatectomy | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Urinary Incontinence - Baseline | 8.6 score on a scale |
| Radical Prostatectomy | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Urinary Incontinence - 3-months | 44.0 score on a scale |
| Radical Prostatectomy | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Urinary Incontinence - 12-months | 31.5 score on a scale |
| Radical Prostatectomy | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Urinary Incontinence -24-months | 29.7 score on a scale |
| Radical Prostatectomy | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Urinary Incontinence - 36-months | 28.8 score on a scale |
| Radical Prostatectomy | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Bowel Problems - Baseline | 5.8 score on a scale |
| Radical Prostatectomy | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Bowel Problems - 3-months | 7.1 score on a scale |
| Radical Prostatectomy | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Bowel Problems - 12-months | 6.2 score on a scale |
| Radical Prostatectomy | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Bowel Problems - 24-months | 5.6 score on a scale |
| Radical Prostatectomy | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Bowel Problems - 48-months | 5.3 score on a scale |
| External Body Radiation Therapy | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Urinary Obstruction & Irritation - 12-months | 25.3 score on a scale |
| External Body Radiation Therapy | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Sexual Dysfunction - Baseline | 52.1 score on a scale |
| External Body Radiation Therapy | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Sexual Dysfunction - 24-months | 64.9 score on a scale |
| External Body Radiation Therapy | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Urinary Incontinence - 36-months | 20.4 score on a scale |
| External Body Radiation Therapy | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Bowel Problems - 3-months | 12.6 score on a scale |
| External Body Radiation Therapy | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Urinary Incontinence -24-months | 20.1 score on a scale |
| External Body Radiation Therapy | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Urinary Obstruction & Irritation - Baseline | 24.2 score on a scale |
| External Body Radiation Therapy | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Sexual Dysfunction - 12-months | 62.8 score on a scale |
| External Body Radiation Therapy | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Urinary Obstruction & Irritation - 3-months | 35.6 score on a scale |
| External Body Radiation Therapy | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Bowel Problems - 12-months | 9.4 score on a scale |
| External Body Radiation Therapy | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Sexual Dysfunction - 48-months | 66.1 score on a scale |
| External Body Radiation Therapy | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Urinary Incontinence - 48-months | 19.9 score on a scale |
| External Body Radiation Therapy | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Sexual Dysfunction - 3-months | 65.2 score on a scale |
| External Body Radiation Therapy | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Bowel Problems - 48-months | 7.1 score on a scale |
| External Body Radiation Therapy | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Urinary Obstruction & Irritation - 48-months | 23.8 score on a scale |
| External Body Radiation Therapy | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Urinary Obstruction & Irritation - 24-months | 23.7 score on a scale |
| External Body Radiation Therapy | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Urinary Incontinence - 12-months | 18.7 score on a scale |
| External Body Radiation Therapy | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Urinary Obstruction & Irritation - 36-months | 22.5 score on a scale |
| External Body Radiation Therapy | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Bowel Problems - 24-months | 9.5 score on a scale |
| External Body Radiation Therapy | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Urinary Incontinence - Baseline | 14.1 score on a scale |
| External Body Radiation Therapy | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Sexual Dysfunction - 36-months | 64.2 score on a scale |
| External Body Radiation Therapy | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Bowel Problems - 36-months | 8.4 score on a scale |
| External Body Radiation Therapy | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Urinary Incontinence - 3-months | 17.6 score on a scale |
| External Body Radiation Therapy | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Bowel Problems - Baseline | 7.5 score on a scale |
| Brachytherapy | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Urinary Incontinence - 3-months | 15.1 score on a scale |
| Brachytherapy | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Sexual Dysfunction - Baseline | 44.9 score on a scale |
| Brachytherapy | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Urinary Incontinence - 12-months | 13.9 score on a scale |
| Brachytherapy | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Urinary Obstruction & Irritation - 12-months | 27.6 score on a scale |
| Brachytherapy | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Urinary Incontinence -24-months | 16.3 score on a scale |
| Brachytherapy | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Urinary Obstruction & Irritation - 3-months | 40.3 score on a scale |
| Brachytherapy | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Urinary Obstruction & Irritation - Baseline | 17.5 score on a scale |
| Brachytherapy | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Bowel Problems - 36-months | 5.8 score on a scale |
| Brachytherapy | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Urinary Incontinence - 36-months | 21.6 score on a scale |
| Brachytherapy | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Urinary Incontinence - 48-months | 16.5 score on a scale |
| Brachytherapy | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Sexual Dysfunction - 36-months | 63.7 score on a scale |
| Brachytherapy | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Bowel Problems - Baseline | 4.8 score on a scale |
| Brachytherapy | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Sexual Dysfunction - 24-months | 62.3 score on a scale |
| Brachytherapy | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Sexual Dysfunction - 48-months | 64.0 score on a scale |
| Brachytherapy | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Bowel Problems - 3-months | 9.0 score on a scale |
| Brachytherapy | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Sexual Dysfunction - 12-months | 59.3 score on a scale |
| Brachytherapy | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Bowel Problems - 48-months | 7.4 score on a scale |
| Brachytherapy | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Bowel Problems - 12-months | 7.2 score on a scale |
| Brachytherapy | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Sexual Dysfunction - 3-months | 59.0 score on a scale |
| Brachytherapy | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Urinary Obstruction & Irritation - 48-months | 22.2 score on a scale |
| Brachytherapy | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Urinary Obstruction & Irritation - 36-months | 19.5 score on a scale |
| Brachytherapy | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Urinary Incontinence - Baseline | 6.0 score on a scale |
| Brachytherapy | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Bowel Problems - 24-months | 6.1 score on a scale |
| Brachytherapy | Cancer-specific Quality of Life | Urinary Obstruction & Irritation - 24-months | 26.9 score on a scale |
Primary
Overall Quality of Life
Short Form-12 (SF12) - Measures health-related quality of life. Consists of Likert response formats that assess overall health, mental health, vitality, social functioning, and whether ones health or pain limits their daily physical activities. The SF-12 also contains four categorical questions (yes or no) that assess limitations in functioning due to physical and emotional health. The SF-12 provides the Mental Component Summary score (MCS) and Physical Component Summary score (PCS), calculated using norm-based scoring, with the mean set at 50 and standard deviation 10. A lower score indicates lower QOL.
Time frame: 4 years
Population: We analyzed data from NC ProCESS, a population-based, prospective prostate cancer patient cohort. The analytic cohort were men who completed baseline survey info \& either underwent active surveillance or received initial treatment with stereotactic body radiation therapy, radical prostatectomy, external beam radiation therapy, or brachytherapy.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Active Surveillance | Overall Quality of Life | Physical Health - 3-months | 47.6 score on a scale |
| Active Surveillance | Overall Quality of Life | Physical Health - Baseline | 47.8 score on a scale |
| Active Surveillance | Overall Quality of Life | Physical Health - 24-months | 46.8 score on a scale |
| Active Surveillance | Overall Quality of Life | Physical Health - 36-months | 46.8 score on a scale |
| Active Surveillance | Overall Quality of Life | Mental Health - 48-months | 54.9 score on a scale |
| Active Surveillance | Overall Quality of Life | Physical Health - 12-months | 48.2 score on a scale |
| Active Surveillance | Overall Quality of Life | Mental Health - 12-months | 54.2 score on a scale |
| Active Surveillance | Overall Quality of Life | Mental Health - 36-months | 55.3 score on a scale |
| Active Surveillance | Overall Quality of Life | Mental Health - 24-months | 55.6 score on a scale |
| Active Surveillance | Overall Quality of Life | Mental Health - 3-months | 55.0 score on a scale |
| Active Surveillance | Overall Quality of Life | Physical Health - 48-months | 46.1 score on a scale |
| Active Surveillance | Overall Quality of Life | Mental Health - Baseline | 54.6 score on a scale |
| Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy | Overall Quality of Life | Mental Health - Baseline | 53.2 score on a scale |
| Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy | Overall Quality of Life | Mental Health - 3-months | 54.8 score on a scale |
| Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy | Overall Quality of Life | Mental Health - 12-months | 55.2 score on a scale |
| Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy | Overall Quality of Life | Physical Health - Baseline | 52.1 score on a scale |
| Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy | Overall Quality of Life | Mental Health - 48-months | 55.1 score on a scale |
| Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy | Overall Quality of Life | Physical Health - 3-months | 50.8 score on a scale |
| Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy | Overall Quality of Life | Physical Health - 48-months | 50.7 score on a scale |
| Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy | Overall Quality of Life | Physical Health - 12-months | 50.8 score on a scale |
| Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy | Overall Quality of Life | Physical Health - 24-months | 51.2 score on a scale |
| Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy | Overall Quality of Life | Mental Health - 36-months | 54.5 score on a scale |
| Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy | Overall Quality of Life | Physical Health - 36-months | 50.8 score on a scale |
| Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy | Overall Quality of Life | Mental Health - 24-months | 54.7 score on a scale |
| Radical Prostatectomy | Overall Quality of Life | Physical Health - 24-months | 48.6 score on a scale |
| Radical Prostatectomy | Overall Quality of Life | Mental Health - Baseline | 52.0 score on a scale |
| Radical Prostatectomy | Overall Quality of Life | Mental Health - 12-months | 54.1 score on a scale |
| Radical Prostatectomy | Overall Quality of Life | Physical Health - Baseline | 51.1 score on a scale |
| Radical Prostatectomy | Overall Quality of Life | Physical Health - 36-months | 49.0 score on a scale |
| Radical Prostatectomy | Overall Quality of Life | Mental Health - 36-months | 53.9 score on a scale |
| Radical Prostatectomy | Overall Quality of Life | Mental Health - 24-months | 54.1 score on a scale |
| Radical Prostatectomy | Overall Quality of Life | Physical Health - 48-months | 48.4 score on a scale |
| Radical Prostatectomy | Overall Quality of Life | Mental Health - 3-months | 52.6 score on a scale |
| Radical Prostatectomy | Overall Quality of Life | Physical Health - 12-months | 49.8 score on a scale |
| Radical Prostatectomy | Overall Quality of Life | Physical Health - 3-months | 49.4 score on a scale |
| Radical Prostatectomy | Overall Quality of Life | Mental Health - 48-months | 54.5 score on a scale |
| External Body Radiation Therapy | Overall Quality of Life | Mental Health - 24-months | 54.1 score on a scale |
| External Body Radiation Therapy | Overall Quality of Life | Physical Health - Baseline | 47.6 score on a scale |
| External Body Radiation Therapy | Overall Quality of Life | Physical Health - 3-months | 46.4 score on a scale |
| External Body Radiation Therapy | Overall Quality of Life | Physical Health - 12-months | 46.9 score on a scale |
| External Body Radiation Therapy | Overall Quality of Life | Physical Health - 24-months | 46.2 score on a scale |
| External Body Radiation Therapy | Overall Quality of Life | Physical Health - 36-months | 46.6 score on a scale |
| External Body Radiation Therapy | Overall Quality of Life | Physical Health - 48-months | 45.9 score on a scale |
| External Body Radiation Therapy | Overall Quality of Life | Mental Health - Baseline | 52.9 score on a scale |
| External Body Radiation Therapy | Overall Quality of Life | Mental Health - 3-months | 52.9 score on a scale |
| External Body Radiation Therapy | Overall Quality of Life | Mental Health - 36-months | 54.2 score on a scale |
| External Body Radiation Therapy | Overall Quality of Life | Mental Health - 12-months | 54.0 score on a scale |
| External Body Radiation Therapy | Overall Quality of Life | Mental Health - 48-months | 54.0 score on a scale |
| Brachytherapy | Overall Quality of Life | Mental Health - 12-months | 55.6 score on a scale |
| Brachytherapy | Overall Quality of Life | Mental Health - Baseline | 54.8 score on a scale |
| Brachytherapy | Overall Quality of Life | Physical Health - 48-months | 45.8 score on a scale |
| Brachytherapy | Overall Quality of Life | Physical Health - 36-months | 48.0 score on a scale |
| Brachytherapy | Overall Quality of Life | Physical Health - 24-months | 47.3 score on a scale |
| Brachytherapy | Overall Quality of Life | Mental Health - 24-months | 55.8 score on a scale |
| Brachytherapy | Overall Quality of Life | Physical Health - 12-months | 48.7 score on a scale |
| Brachytherapy | Overall Quality of Life | Physical Health - 3-months | 49.0 score on a scale |
| Brachytherapy | Overall Quality of Life | Physical Health - Baseline | 50.4 score on a scale |
| Brachytherapy | Overall Quality of Life | Mental Health - 3-months | 53.4 score on a scale |
| Brachytherapy | Overall Quality of Life | Mental Health - 36-months | 55.4 score on a scale |
| Brachytherapy | Overall Quality of Life | Mental Health - 48-months | 56.2 score on a scale |
Primary
Prostate Cancer Recurrence
Percentage of patients who had a recurrence of prostate cancer during 5 years of follow-up.
Time frame: From date of completion of treatment (radiation or surgery) until the date of recurrence or date of death from any cause, whichever came first, assessed up to 5 years.
Population: We analyzed data from NC ProCESS, a population-based, prospective prostate cancer patient cohort. The analytic cohort were men who completed baseline survey info \& either underwent active surveillance or received initial treatment with stereotactic body radiation therapy, radical prostatectomy, external beam radiation therapy, or brachytherapy.
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| Active Surveillance | Prostate Cancer Recurrence | 6.7 percentage of participants |
| Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy | Prostate Cancer Recurrence | 13.5 percentage of participants |
| Radical Prostatectomy | Prostate Cancer Recurrence | 3.6 percentage of participants |
| External Body Radiation Therapy | Prostate Cancer Recurrence | 7.2 percentage of participants |
Secondary
5-year Mortality
Percentage of patients who died within 5 years of follow-up.
Time frame: From date of diagnosis until date of death or end of follow-up up to 5 years
Population: We analyzed data from NC ProCESS, a population-based, prospective prostate cancer patient cohort. The analytic cohort were men who completed baseline survey info \& either underwent active surveillance or received initial treatment with stereotactic body radiation therapy, radical prostatectomy, external beam radiation therapy, or brachytherapy.
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| Active Surveillance | 5-year Mortality | 9.5 percentage of participants |
| Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy | 5-year Mortality | 2.9 percentage of participants |
| Radical Prostatectomy | 5-year Mortality | 3.3 percentage of participants |
| External Body Radiation Therapy | 5-year Mortality | 11.3 percentage of participants |
| Brachytherapy | 5-year Mortality | 4.8 percentage of participants |
Secondary
Decisional Regret
Decisional regret was measured by a validated scale for prostate cancer. The five items of the decisional regret scale assess (on a Likert scale) a patient's feeling that he chose the wrong treatment, a wish to change the decision, or doubt about treatment value. Answers are converted to a score from 0 (no regret) to 100 (maximum regret). Decisional regret provides an assessment of the overall decisional and treatment experience from a patient perspective.
Time frame: 4 years
Population: We analyzed data from NC ProCESS, a population-based, prospective prostate cancer patient cohort. The analytic cohort were men who completed baseline survey info \& either underwent active surveillance or received initial treatment with stereotactic body radiation therapy, radical prostatectomy, external beam radiation therapy, or brachytherapy.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Active Surveillance | Decisional Regret | 12-months | 9.2 percentage of participants |
| Active Surveillance | Decisional Regret | 24-months | 6.5 percentage of participants |
| Active Surveillance | Decisional Regret | 36-months | 5.6 percentage of participants |
| Active Surveillance | Decisional Regret | 48-months | 5.9 percentage of participants |
| Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy | Decisional Regret | 12-months | 1.1 percentage of participants |
| Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy | Decisional Regret | 48-months | 7.5 percentage of participants |
| Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy | Decisional Regret | 24-months | 7.6 percentage of participants |
| Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy | Decisional Regret | 36-months | 9.5 percentage of participants |
| Radical Prostatectomy | Decisional Regret | 48-months | 14.0 percentage of participants |
| Radical Prostatectomy | Decisional Regret | 24-months | 18.8 percentage of participants |
| Radical Prostatectomy | Decisional Regret | 36-months | 13.9 percentage of participants |
| Radical Prostatectomy | Decisional Regret | 12-months | 15.0 percentage of participants |
| External Body Radiation Therapy | Decisional Regret | 12-months | 8.3 percentage of participants |
| External Body Radiation Therapy | Decisional Regret | 24-months | 8.6 percentage of participants |
| External Body Radiation Therapy | Decisional Regret | 48-months | 12.5 percentage of participants |
| External Body Radiation Therapy | Decisional Regret | 36-months | 10.1 percentage of participants |
| Brachytherapy | Decisional Regret | 48-months | 12.1 percentage of participants |
| Brachytherapy | Decisional Regret | 36-months | 9.5 percentage of participants |
| Brachytherapy | Decisional Regret | 24-months | 6.5 percentage of participants |
| Brachytherapy | Decisional Regret | 12-months | 9.7 percentage of participants |
Secondary
Prostate Cancer Anxiety
Prostate cancer anxiety was measured by the validated Memorial Anxiety Scale for Prostate Cancer (MAX-PC), with 18 questions assessing anxiety related to prostate cancer (11 items, total score 0 to 33), PSA testing (3 items, total score 0 to 9), and fear of recurrence (4 items, total score 0 to 12). The subscale for prostate cancer anxiety asks the patient to report how frequently comments about prostate cancer were true for them during the past week (not at all, rarely, sometimes, or often). The subscale for PSA testing anxiety asks the patient to indicate how frequently situations have ever been true for them. The subscale for anxiety related to prostate cancer recurrence asks the patient to indicate how much they agree or disagree with statements about their own health during the past week. A higher score in each subscale indicates more anxiety.
Time frame: 4 years
Population: We analyzed data from NC ProCESS, a population-based, prospective prostate cancer patient cohort. The analytic cohort were men who completed baseline survey info \& either underwent active surveillance or received initial treatment with stereotactic body radiation therapy, radical prostatectomy, external beam radiation therapy, or brachytherapy.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Active Surveillance | Prostate Cancer Anxiety | PSA test anxiety - 12-months | 1.2 score on a scale |
| Active Surveillance | Prostate Cancer Anxiety | PSA test anxiety - 48-months | 1.2 score on a scale |
| Active Surveillance | Prostate Cancer Anxiety | Prostate cancer anxiety - 24-months | 1.5 score on a scale |
| Active Surveillance | Prostate Cancer Anxiety | Prostate cancer anxiety - 48-months | 1.5 score on a scale |
| Active Surveillance | Prostate Cancer Anxiety | PSA test anxiety - 36-months | 1.2 score on a scale |
| Active Surveillance | Prostate Cancer Anxiety | Prostate cancer anxiety - 36-months | 1.4 score on a scale |
| Active Surveillance | Prostate Cancer Anxiety | Prostate cancer anxiety - 12-months | 1.6 score on a scale |
| Active Surveillance | Prostate Cancer Anxiety | PSA test anxiety - 24-months | 1.2 score on a scale |
| Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy | Prostate Cancer Anxiety | Prostate cancer anxiety - 12-months | 1.4 score on a scale |
| Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy | Prostate Cancer Anxiety | Prostate cancer anxiety - 24-months | 1.3 score on a scale |
| Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy | Prostate Cancer Anxiety | PSA test anxiety - 24-months | 1.1 score on a scale |
| Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy | Prostate Cancer Anxiety | PSA test anxiety - 12-months | 1.1 score on a scale |
| Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy | Prostate Cancer Anxiety | Prostate cancer anxiety - 48-months | 1.2 score on a scale |
| Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy | Prostate Cancer Anxiety | Recurrence anxiety - 12-months | 1.5 score on a scale |
| Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy | Prostate Cancer Anxiety | PSA test anxiety - 48-months | 1.1 score on a scale |
| Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy | Prostate Cancer Anxiety | Recurrence anxiety - 48-months | 1.5 score on a scale |
| Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy | Prostate Cancer Anxiety | Recurrence anxiety - 36-months | 1.5 score on a scale |
| Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy | Prostate Cancer Anxiety | Recurrence anxiety - 24-months | 1.6 score on a scale |
| Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy | Prostate Cancer Anxiety | Prostate cancer anxiety - 36-months | 1.3 score on a scale |
| Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy | Prostate Cancer Anxiety | PSA test anxiety - 36-months | 1.1 score on a scale |
| Radical Prostatectomy | Prostate Cancer Anxiety | Recurrence anxiety - 48-months | 1.7 score on a scale |
| Radical Prostatectomy | Prostate Cancer Anxiety | Prostate cancer anxiety - 12-months | 1.6 score on a scale |
| Radical Prostatectomy | Prostate Cancer Anxiety | Prostate cancer anxiety - 24-months | 1.5 score on a scale |
| Radical Prostatectomy | Prostate Cancer Anxiety | Prostate cancer anxiety - 36-months | 1.5 score on a scale |
| Radical Prostatectomy | Prostate Cancer Anxiety | Prostate cancer anxiety - 48-months | 1.5 score on a scale |
| Radical Prostatectomy | Prostate Cancer Anxiety | Recurrence anxiety - 12-months | 1.7 score on a scale |
| Radical Prostatectomy | Prostate Cancer Anxiety | Recurrence anxiety - 24-months | 1.7 score on a scale |
| Radical Prostatectomy | Prostate Cancer Anxiety | Recurrence anxiety - 36-months | 1.7 score on a scale |
| Radical Prostatectomy | Prostate Cancer Anxiety | PSA test anxiety - 12-months | 1.2 score on a scale |
| Radical Prostatectomy | Prostate Cancer Anxiety | PSA test anxiety - 24-months | 1.2 score on a scale |
| Radical Prostatectomy | Prostate Cancer Anxiety | PSA test anxiety - 36-months | 1.2 score on a scale |
| Radical Prostatectomy | Prostate Cancer Anxiety | PSA test anxiety - 48-months | 1.2 score on a scale |
| External Body Radiation Therapy | Prostate Cancer Anxiety | Recurrence anxiety - 36-months | 1.9 score on a scale |
| External Body Radiation Therapy | Prostate Cancer Anxiety | Recurrence anxiety - 12-months | 1.9 score on a scale |
| External Body Radiation Therapy | Prostate Cancer Anxiety | Recurrence anxiety - 48-months | 1.8 score on a scale |
| External Body Radiation Therapy | Prostate Cancer Anxiety | Prostate cancer anxiety - 48-months | 1.5 score on a scale |
| External Body Radiation Therapy | Prostate Cancer Anxiety | PSA test anxiety - 12-months | 1.2 score on a scale |
| External Body Radiation Therapy | Prostate Cancer Anxiety | Prostate cancer anxiety - 36-months | 1.5 score on a scale |
| External Body Radiation Therapy | Prostate Cancer Anxiety | PSA test anxiety - 24-months | 1.2 score on a scale |
| External Body Radiation Therapy | Prostate Cancer Anxiety | Prostate cancer anxiety - 24-months | 1.5 score on a scale |
| External Body Radiation Therapy | Prostate Cancer Anxiety | PSA test anxiety - 48-months | 1.2 score on a scale |
| External Body Radiation Therapy | Prostate Cancer Anxiety | PSA test anxiety - 36-months | 1.2 score on a scale |
| External Body Radiation Therapy | Prostate Cancer Anxiety | Recurrence anxiety - 24-months | 1.8 score on a scale |
| External Body Radiation Therapy | Prostate Cancer Anxiety | Prostate cancer anxiety - 12-months | 1.6 score on a scale |
| Brachytherapy | Prostate Cancer Anxiety | PSA test anxiety - 36-months | 1.1 score on a scale |
| Brachytherapy | Prostate Cancer Anxiety | PSA test anxiety - 24-months | 1.1 score on a scale |
| Brachytherapy | Prostate Cancer Anxiety | Recurrence anxiety - 36-months | 1.6 score on a scale |
| Brachytherapy | Prostate Cancer Anxiety | Recurrence anxiety - 48-months | 1.6 score on a scale |
| Brachytherapy | Prostate Cancer Anxiety | Prostate cancer anxiety - 48-months | 1.3 score on a scale |
| Brachytherapy | Prostate Cancer Anxiety | Prostate cancer anxiety - 12-months | 1.5 score on a scale |
| Brachytherapy | Prostate Cancer Anxiety | Prostate cancer anxiety - 24-months | 1.4 score on a scale |
| Brachytherapy | Prostate Cancer Anxiety | Recurrence anxiety - 24-months | 1.7 score on a scale |
| Brachytherapy | Prostate Cancer Anxiety | PSA test anxiety - 12-months | 1.1 score on a scale |
| Brachytherapy | Prostate Cancer Anxiety | Prostate cancer anxiety - 36-months | 1.3 score on a scale |
| Brachytherapy | Prostate Cancer Anxiety | Recurrence anxiety - 12-months | 1.8 score on a scale |
| Brachytherapy | Prostate Cancer Anxiety | PSA test anxiety - 48-months | 1.0 score on a scale |
Other Pre-specified
Number of Diagnostic Tests and Procedures During Follow-up
Number of diagnostic tests and procedures including biopsies, radiographic scans, laboratory tests, and procedures to assess cancer progression (active surveillance) or recurrence and work-up for treatment-related morbidity. Assessed through analysis of healthcare claims linked to cohort data.
Time frame: 4 years
Population: We analyzed data from NC ProCESS, a population-based, prospective prostate cancer patient cohort. The analytic cohort were men who completed baseline survey info \& either underwent active surveillance or received initial treatment with stereotactic body radiation therapy, radical prostatectomy, external beam radiation therapy, or brachytherapy.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Active Surveillance | Number of Diagnostic Tests and Procedures During Follow-up | PSA test | 4.6 tests or procedures | Standard Deviation 2.3 |
| Active Surveillance | Number of Diagnostic Tests and Procedures During Follow-up | Total tests and procedures | 6.0 tests or procedures | Standard Deviation 2.7 |
| Active Surveillance | Number of Diagnostic Tests and Procedures During Follow-up | Other tests and procedures | 1.4 tests or procedures | Standard Deviation 1.3 |
| Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy | Number of Diagnostic Tests and Procedures During Follow-up | Other tests and procedures | 0.4 tests or procedures | Standard Deviation 0.6 |
| Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy | Number of Diagnostic Tests and Procedures During Follow-up | PSA test | 4.7 tests or procedures | Standard Deviation 2.8 |
| Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy | Number of Diagnostic Tests and Procedures During Follow-up | Total tests and procedures | 5.1 tests or procedures | Standard Deviation 2.9 |
| Radical Prostatectomy | Number of Diagnostic Tests and Procedures During Follow-up | Other tests and procedures | 0.2 tests or procedures | Standard Deviation 0.5 |
| Radical Prostatectomy | Number of Diagnostic Tests and Procedures During Follow-up | PSA test | 5.3 tests or procedures | Standard Deviation 3.2 |
| Radical Prostatectomy | Number of Diagnostic Tests and Procedures During Follow-up | Total tests and procedures | 5.5 tests or procedures | Standard Deviation 3.3 |
| External Body Radiation Therapy | Number of Diagnostic Tests and Procedures During Follow-up | PSA test | 4.3 tests or procedures | Standard Deviation 2.4 |
| External Body Radiation Therapy | Number of Diagnostic Tests and Procedures During Follow-up | Total tests and procedures | 4.7 tests or procedures | Standard Deviation 2.4 |
| External Body Radiation Therapy | Number of Diagnostic Tests and Procedures During Follow-up | Other tests and procedures | 0.4 tests or procedures | Standard Deviation 0.6 |
| Brachytherapy | Number of Diagnostic Tests and Procedures During Follow-up | Other tests and procedures | 0.7 tests or procedures | Standard Deviation 0.7 |
| Brachytherapy | Number of Diagnostic Tests and Procedures During Follow-up | PSA test | 4.1 tests or procedures | Standard Deviation 2.4 |
| Brachytherapy | Number of Diagnostic Tests and Procedures During Follow-up | Total tests and procedures | 4.8 tests or procedures | Standard Deviation 2.5 |
Other Pre-specified
Number of Physician Visits During Follow-up
Number of physician and specialist visits during treatment, subsequent monitoring of recurrence and management of prostate cancer treatment-related morbidity. Assessed through analysis of healthcare claims linked to cohort data.
Time frame: 4 years
Population: We analyzed data from NC ProCESS, a population-based, prospective prostate cancer patient cohort. The analytic cohort were men who completed baseline survey info \& either underwent active surveillance or received initial treatment with stereotactic body radiation therapy, radical prostatectomy, external beam radiation therapy, or brachytherapy.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Active Surveillance | Number of Physician Visits During Follow-up | Urology/Oncology visits | 5.1 visits | Standard Deviation 3.3 |
| Active Surveillance | Number of Physician Visits During Follow-up | Total prostate cancer visits | 6.1 visits | Standard Deviation 3.3 |
| Active Surveillance | Number of Physician Visits During Follow-up | Other specialists visits | 0.1 visits | Standard Deviation 0.5 |
| Active Surveillance | Number of Physician Visits During Follow-up | Total physician visits | 7.6 visits | Standard Deviation 3.8 |
| Active Surveillance | Number of Physician Visits During Follow-up | General practitioner visits | 1.1 visits | Standard Deviation 1.4 |
| Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy | Number of Physician Visits During Follow-up | Urology/Oncology visits | 4.1 visits | Standard Deviation 2.6 |
| Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy | Number of Physician Visits During Follow-up | General practitioner visits | 0.8 visits | Standard Deviation 1.6 |
| Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy | Number of Physician Visits During Follow-up | Total physician visits | 6.1 visits | Standard Deviation 3.7 |
| Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy | Number of Physician Visits During Follow-up | Other specialists visits | 0.1 visits | Standard Deviation 0.6 |
| Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy | Number of Physician Visits During Follow-up | Total prostate cancer visits | 4.6 visits | Standard Deviation 3.2 |
| Radical Prostatectomy | Number of Physician Visits During Follow-up | General practitioner visits | 0.6 visits | Standard Deviation 1.4 |
| Radical Prostatectomy | Number of Physician Visits During Follow-up | Total prostate cancer visits | 4.4 visits | Standard Deviation 3.4 |
| Radical Prostatectomy | Number of Physician Visits During Follow-up | Total physician visits | 5.6 visits | Standard Deviation 3.9 |
| Radical Prostatectomy | Number of Physician Visits During Follow-up | Urology/Oncology visits | 4.0 visits | Standard Deviation 2.9 |
| Radical Prostatectomy | Number of Physician Visits During Follow-up | Other specialists visits | 0.1 visits | Standard Deviation 0.7 |
| External Body Radiation Therapy | Number of Physician Visits During Follow-up | Other specialists visits | 0.1 visits | Standard Deviation 0.5 |
| External Body Radiation Therapy | Number of Physician Visits During Follow-up | Total prostate cancer visits | 5.0 visits | Standard Deviation 3.1 |
| External Body Radiation Therapy | Number of Physician Visits During Follow-up | Urology/Oncology visits | 4.4 visits | Standard Deviation 2.5 |
| External Body Radiation Therapy | Number of Physician Visits During Follow-up | General practitioner visits | 1.1 visits | Standard Deviation 1.7 |
| External Body Radiation Therapy | Number of Physician Visits During Follow-up | Total physician visits | 6.8 visits | Standard Deviation 3.6 |
| Brachytherapy | Number of Physician Visits During Follow-up | General practitioner visits | 0.9 visits | Standard Deviation 1.8 |
| Brachytherapy | Number of Physician Visits During Follow-up | Urology/Oncology visits | 3.6 visits | Standard Deviation 2.2 |
| Brachytherapy | Number of Physician Visits During Follow-up | Total prostate cancer visits | 4.7 visits | Standard Deviation 2.7 |
| Brachytherapy | Number of Physician Visits During Follow-up | Other specialists visits | 0.0 visits | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Brachytherapy | Number of Physician Visits During Follow-up | Total physician visits | 6.0 visits | Standard Deviation 3.3 |