Bladder Cancer
Conditions
Keywords
Bladder Cancer, Non-muscle invasive bladder cancer, Apaziquone, TURBT, Stage Ta, G1-G2
Brief summary
This is a Phase 3, randomized, multicenter, multi-arm, placebo-controlled, double-blind study of apaziquone in participants with ≤4 non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), ≤3.5 centimeters (cm) in diameter, all of which must had been fully resected at TURBT. In addition to Screening, participants underwent an assessment of urothelial carcinoma of the bladder via cystoscopy for clinically apparent tumor Ta, G1-G2. Following TURBT on Day 1, eligible participants were randomized to one of three treatment arms in a 1:1:1 ratio. Arm 1 : One dose of Apaziquone. Arm 2 : Two Doses of Apaziquone. Arm 3 : Placebo. Primary endpoint was to evaluate the Time to Recurrence with either a one instillation of 4 mg apaziquone or two instillations of 4 milligram (mg) apaziquone relative to placebo instillation following TURBT in a participant with NMIBC who received TURBT.
Detailed description
This is a Phase 3, randomized, multicenter, multi-arm, placebo-controlled, double-blind study of apaziquone in participants with ≤4 non-muscle invasive bladder tumors, ≤3.5 cm in diameter, all of which must have been fully resected at TURBT. In addition to Screening, participants underwent an assessment of urothelial carcinoma of the bladder via cystoscopy for clinically apparent tumor Ta, G1-G2. Following TURBT on Day 1, eligible participants were randomized to one of three treatment arms in a 1:1:1 ratio : Arm 1 : One Dose of Apaziquone: * Day 1: administration of 4 mg of apaziquone 60±30 minutes post-TURBT * Day 15 (±5 days): administration of placebo Arm 2 : Two Doses of Apaziquone : * Day 1: administration of 4 mg of apaziquone 60±30 minutes post-TURBT * Day 15 (±5 days): administration of 4 mg of apaziquone Arm 3: Placebo : * Day 1 : administration of placebo 60±30 minutes post-TURBT * Day 15 (±5 days) : administration of placebo Once randomized, Day 1 study drug instillation occurred 60 ±30 minutes post TURBT. Participants returned on Day 15 (±5 days) for a second instillation unless their pathology results showed non Ta, G1-G2 histology; in the absence of local pathology results by the Day 15 visit, participants received a second instillation of study drug. All histology specimens were reviewed by a local pathology laboratory and all clinical treatment decisions and study analyses were based on the local pathology review. Participants whose pathology was other than Ta, G1-G2 were followed for safety at Day 35 (±5 days) from the last dose of study drug and then discontinued from the study. Participants with pathology confirmed Ta, G1-G2 disease were followed according to the schedule below : * Cystoscopic examination and urine cytology every 90 days (±10 days) (calculated from date of TURBT) through 24 months for tumor recurrence and progression. * If at any time during the 24 months follow up period there was a tumor recurrence, the participant continued on study with follow-up cystoscopic examination and urine cytology every 90 days (±10 days) (calculated from date of TURBT) through the end of 24 months. Participants with a recurrence were permitted to have a follow-up TURBT. * If at any time during the 24 months follow up period there was a tumor recurrence and/or participant started on another therapy, the participant was followed by telephone, for safety every 90 days (±10 days) (calculated from date of TURBT) through the end of 24 months. Duration of Study: The duration of the study for each participant was approximately 24 months including: * Screening Period : 30-days * Treatment Period : Day 1 and Day 15 (±5 days) * Safety and Follow-up Period: 24-months
Interventions
DRUGApaziquone
One dose of apaziquone administered by intravesical administration
OTHERPlacebo
Matching placebo (containing 12 mg FD&C red #40, 15 mg sodium chloride, and 10 mg mannitol was supplied in identical appearing vials) by intravesical administration.
Sponsors
Spectrum Pharmaceuticals, Inc
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
TRIPLE (Subject, Caregiver, Investigator)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
1. Participant must have had a diagnosis with urothelial carcinoma of the bladder with clinically apparent tumor Ta, G1-G2. 2. Participant had ≤4 tumors, none of which exceeded 3.5 cm in diameter. 3. Participant must have been willing to give written informed consent, able to adhere to dosing and visit schedules, and meet all study requirements. 4. Participant was at least 18 years of age at randomization. 5. Participant must have been willing to practice two forms of contraception, one of which must have been a barrier method, from study entry until at least 35 days after the last dose of the study drug. 6. Female participant of childbearing potential must have had a negative pregnancy test within 30 days prior to randomization. Female participant who was postmenopausal for at least 1 year (defined as more than 12 months since last menses) or were surgically sterilized did not require this test.
Exclusion criteria
1. Participant had an active concurrent malignancy/life-threatening disease. If there was a history of prior malignancies/life-threatening diseases, the participant was to be disease-free for at least 5 years. Participant with other prior malignancies less than 5 years before study entry could have still been enrolled if they had received treatment resulting in complete resolution of the cancer and currently had no clinical, radiologic, or laboratory evidence of active or recurrent disease. 2. Participant had positive urine cytology for malignancy at Screening. 3. Participant had an active uncontrolled infection, including a urinary tract infection, underlying medical condition, or other serious illness that would impair the ability of the participant to receive protocol treatment. 4. Participant had used any investigational drugs, biologics, or devices within 30 days prior to study treatment or planned to use any of these during the course of the study. 5. Participant had any prior intravesical chemotherapy, immunotherapy, or previous exposure to apaziquone. 6. Participant had or has ever had * Upper tract Transitional Cell Carcinoma (TCC). * Urethral tumor (prostatic urethra included). * Any invasive bladder tumor known to be other than tumor Ta, G1-G2. * Any evidence of lymph node or distant metastasis. * Any bladder tumor with histology other than TCC. * Carcinoma in situ (CIS). 7. Participant had a tumor in a bladder diverticulum. 8. Participant had received any pelvic radiotherapy (including external beam and/or brachytherapy.) 9. Participant had a bleeding disorder or a screening platelet count \<100×10\^9/L. 10. Participant had screening hemoglobin \<10 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL). 11. Participant had any unstable medical condition that would make it unsafe to undergo TURBT. 12. Participant had a history of interstitial cystitis. 13. Participant had a history of allergy to red color food dye. 14. For a participant with a recurrent tumor, the participant had at least a 6-month cystoscopically-confirmed tumor-free interval between the last tumor recurrence and screening cystoscopic examination. 15. Participant was pregnant or breast-feeding.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Time to Recurrence | From randomization to the date of first histologically confirmed recurrence of bladder cancer (up to 1.5 years) | Time from randomization to the date of histologically confirmed recurrence of bladder cancer. A recurrence was defined as any pathologically confirmed disease of ≥Ta tumor histology or carcinoma in situ (CIS) post-treatment. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| 2-Year Recurrence Rate | 2 years | The percentage of participants with histologically confirmed recurrence of the bladder tumor at any time after randomization and on or before Year 2. A recurrence was defined as any pathologically confirmed disease of ≥Ta tumor histology or CIS post-treatment. |
| 1-Year Recurrence Rate | 1 year | The percentage of participants with histologically confirmed recurrence of the bladder tumor at any time after randomization and on or before Year 1. A recurrence was defined as any pathologically confirmed disease of ≥Ta tumor histology or CIS post-treatment. |
| Time to Progression | From randomization to the date of first disease progression (up to 1.5 years) | Time to disease progression was defined as the time from randomization to the first disease progression. The development of T2 or greater disease was only included in the assessment of time to disease progression. |
| Number of Participants With Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events (TEAEs), Treatment-Related Adverse Events, Serious Adverse Events (SAEs), TEAEs Leading to Discontinuation and Death | Up to 1.5 Years | An adverse event (AE) was defined as any untoward medical occurrence in a clinical investigation participant administered a drug; it did not necessarily have to have a causal relationship with this treatment. TEAEs were adverse events that occurred from the first dose of study treatment until 40 days after the last dose of study drug administration or 40 days after the date of participant early discontinuation. Treatment-related AEs included TEAEs with relationship to study treatment reported as possible, probable, definite, or missing. An SAE was an AE resulting in any of the outcomes: death; initial/prolonged inpatient hospitalization; life-threatening experience; persistent or significant disability/incapacity; congenital anomaly. |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Recruitment details
Participants who underwent Transurethral Resection for Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer (NIMBC) were enrolled at 17 investigative sites in the United States and Canada from 09 Oct 2015 to 10 March 2017.
Pre-assignment details
A total of 62 participants were randomized into the study, out of which 6 participants completed the study.
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| 1 Dose Apaziquone Participants were randomized to receive first dose of 4 mg of apaziquone by intravesical administration into the bladder at 60 ± 30 minutes post transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) on Day 1 via an indwelling 100% Silicone Foley catheter. Followed by second dose of placebo by intravesical administration via an indwelling catheter on Day 15 (±5 days). | 19 |
| 2 Dose Apaziquone Participants were randomized to receive first dose of 4 mg of apaziquone by intravesical administration into the bladder at 60 ± 30 minutes post TURBT on Day 1 via an indwelling 100% Silicone Foley catheter. Followed by second dose of 4 mg of apaziquone by intravesical administration via an indwelling catheter on Day 15 (±5 days). | 21 |
| Placebo Participants were randomized to receive first dose of matching placebo by intravesical administration into the bladder at 60 ± 30 minutes post TURBT on Day 1 via an indwelling 100% Silicone Foley catheter. Followed by second dose of matching placebo by intravesical administration via an indwelling catheter on Day 15 (±5 days). | 17 |
| Total | 57 |
Withdrawals & dropouts
| Period | Reason | FG000 | FG001 | FG002 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study | Histology Other than Ta, G1-G2 | 3 | 6 | 6 |
| Overall Study | Investigator Decision | 3 | 4 | 2 |
| Overall Study | Lost to Follow-up | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Overall Study | Other | 1 | 5 | 2 |
| Overall Study | Participant Had Recurrence and Received Therapy | 4 | 2 | 1 |
| Overall Study | Sponsor Decision | 5 | 2 | 4 |
| Overall Study | Withdrew of Consent | 1 | 1 | 2 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Placebo | Total | 1 Dose Apaziquone | 2 Dose Apaziquone |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | 66.1 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 12.4 | 66.7 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 11.2 | 67.5 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 9.2 | 66.6 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 12.4 |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Hispanic or Latino | 3 Participants | 4 Participants | 1 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Not Hispanic or Latino | 14 Participants | 53 Participants | 18 Participants | 21 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Asian | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American | 0 Participants | 2 Participants | 1 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) White | 17 Participants | 55 Participants | 18 Participants | 20 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 6 Participants | 18 Participants | 5 Participants | 7 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 11 Participants | 39 Participants | 14 Participants | 14 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk | EG002 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 19 | 0 / 21 | 0 / 17 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 10 / 19 | 12 / 21 | 7 / 17 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 19 | 2 / 21 | 1 / 17 |
Outcome results
Primary
Time to Recurrence
Time from randomization to the date of histologically confirmed recurrence of bladder cancer. A recurrence was defined as any pathologically confirmed disease of ≥Ta tumor histology or carcinoma in situ (CIS) post-treatment.
Time frame: From randomization to the date of first histologically confirmed recurrence of bladder cancer (up to 1.5 years)
Population: Data for this outcome measure was not collected due to early termination of study.
Secondary
1-Year Recurrence Rate
The percentage of participants with histologically confirmed recurrence of the bladder tumor at any time after randomization and on or before Year 1. A recurrence was defined as any pathologically confirmed disease of ≥Ta tumor histology or CIS post-treatment.
Time frame: 1 year
Population: Data for this outcome measure was not collected due to early termination of study.
Secondary
2-Year Recurrence Rate
The percentage of participants with histologically confirmed recurrence of the bladder tumor at any time after randomization and on or before Year 2. A recurrence was defined as any pathologically confirmed disease of ≥Ta tumor histology or CIS post-treatment.
Time frame: 2 years
Population: Data for this outcome measure was not collected due to early termination of study.
Secondary
Number of Participants With Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events (TEAEs), Treatment-Related Adverse Events, Serious Adverse Events (SAEs), TEAEs Leading to Discontinuation and Death
An adverse event (AE) was defined as any untoward medical occurrence in a clinical investigation participant administered a drug; it did not necessarily have to have a causal relationship with this treatment. TEAEs were adverse events that occurred from the first dose of study treatment until 40 days after the last dose of study drug administration or 40 days after the date of participant early discontinuation. Treatment-related AEs included TEAEs with relationship to study treatment reported as possible, probable, definite, or missing. An SAE was an AE resulting in any of the outcomes: death; initial/prolonged inpatient hospitalization; life-threatening experience; persistent or significant disability/incapacity; congenital anomaly.
Time frame: Up to 1.5 Years
Population: Safety Population included all randomized participants classified according to the actual treatment received, regardless of random assignment.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 Dose Apaziquone | Number of Participants With Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events (TEAEs), Treatment-Related Adverse Events, Serious Adverse Events (SAEs), TEAEs Leading to Discontinuation and Death | Treatment-Related AEs | 4 Participants |
| 1 Dose Apaziquone | Number of Participants With Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events (TEAEs), Treatment-Related Adverse Events, Serious Adverse Events (SAEs), TEAEs Leading to Discontinuation and Death | TEAEs | 10 Participants |
| 1 Dose Apaziquone | Number of Participants With Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events (TEAEs), Treatment-Related Adverse Events, Serious Adverse Events (SAEs), TEAEs Leading to Discontinuation and Death | SAEs | 0 Participants |
| 1 Dose Apaziquone | Number of Participants With Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events (TEAEs), Treatment-Related Adverse Events, Serious Adverse Events (SAEs), TEAEs Leading to Discontinuation and Death | TEAEs Leading to Discontinuation | 0 Participants |
| 1 Dose Apaziquone | Number of Participants With Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events (TEAEs), Treatment-Related Adverse Events, Serious Adverse Events (SAEs), TEAEs Leading to Discontinuation and Death | Death | 0 Participants |
| 2 Dose Apaziquone | Number of Participants With Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events (TEAEs), Treatment-Related Adverse Events, Serious Adverse Events (SAEs), TEAEs Leading to Discontinuation and Death | Treatment-Related AEs | 4 Participants |
| 2 Dose Apaziquone | Number of Participants With Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events (TEAEs), Treatment-Related Adverse Events, Serious Adverse Events (SAEs), TEAEs Leading to Discontinuation and Death | SAEs | 2 Participants |
| 2 Dose Apaziquone | Number of Participants With Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events (TEAEs), Treatment-Related Adverse Events, Serious Adverse Events (SAEs), TEAEs Leading to Discontinuation and Death | Death | 0 Participants |
| 2 Dose Apaziquone | Number of Participants With Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events (TEAEs), Treatment-Related Adverse Events, Serious Adverse Events (SAEs), TEAEs Leading to Discontinuation and Death | TEAEs Leading to Discontinuation | 0 Participants |
| 2 Dose Apaziquone | Number of Participants With Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events (TEAEs), Treatment-Related Adverse Events, Serious Adverse Events (SAEs), TEAEs Leading to Discontinuation and Death | TEAEs | 13 Participants |
| Placebo | Number of Participants With Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events (TEAEs), Treatment-Related Adverse Events, Serious Adverse Events (SAEs), TEAEs Leading to Discontinuation and Death | TEAEs | 7 Participants |
| Placebo | Number of Participants With Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events (TEAEs), Treatment-Related Adverse Events, Serious Adverse Events (SAEs), TEAEs Leading to Discontinuation and Death | Treatment-Related AEs | 5 Participants |
| Placebo | Number of Participants With Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events (TEAEs), Treatment-Related Adverse Events, Serious Adverse Events (SAEs), TEAEs Leading to Discontinuation and Death | Death | 0 Participants |
| Placebo | Number of Participants With Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events (TEAEs), Treatment-Related Adverse Events, Serious Adverse Events (SAEs), TEAEs Leading to Discontinuation and Death | SAEs | 1 Participants |
| Placebo | Number of Participants With Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events (TEAEs), Treatment-Related Adverse Events, Serious Adverse Events (SAEs), TEAEs Leading to Discontinuation and Death | TEAEs Leading to Discontinuation | 0 Participants |
Secondary
Time to Progression
Time to disease progression was defined as the time from randomization to the first disease progression. The development of T2 or greater disease was only included in the assessment of time to disease progression.
Time frame: From randomization to the date of first disease progression (up to 1.5 years)
Population: Data for this outcome measure was not collected due to early termination of study.