Adolescent Behavior
Conditions
Keywords
Adolescent Health, Sexual Health, Parent-Teen Communication, Teen Driving, Alcohol Prevention
Brief summary
The primary objective is to conduct a pilot study to determine the efficacy of evidence-based interventions delivered in primary care clinic settings on parent-teen health communication.
Detailed description
Primary care provides a means by which to connect evidence-based interventions with patients; however, many interventions have been evaluated using randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in non-healthcare settings. The primary objective is to conduct a pilot study to determine the effect of evidence-based interventions delivered in primary care clinic settings on parent-teen communication about alcohol use, sexual health, and safe driving. Eligible participants are healthy adolescent patients from the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) primary care network with a well-child visit scheduled between the ages of 14 to 17 years with one parent willing to participate. Adolescents that hold an intermediate driver's license, that are pregnant, or that have pervasive development disorder or a developmental delay are excluded from this study. Parents will be given written psychoeducational intervention materials on communicating with their adolescents about alcohol use, sexual health, or safe driving (e.g.,booklets, tip sheet brochures, activity workbooks, web links), receive coaching about using the intervention materials, and provider endorsement of the materials during the well-child visit, as well as follow-up phone health coaching 2 weeks after the appointment. The primary endpoints are evaluating the difference between the intervention and control groups on parent-teen communication on the targeted health topics.
Interventions
BEHAVIORALSexual Health
Psychoeducational workbook, worksheets, tip sheets, and health coaching session about sexual health, sexually transmitted disease (STD) prevention, and safe sex practices for teenager.
BEHAVIORALAlcohol Prevention
Psychoeducational workbook, worksheets, tip sheets, and health coaching session about alcohol prevention and safety, underage drinking, and drinking and driving.
BEHAVIORALTeen Driving
Psychoeducational workbook, worksheets, videos, tip sheets, and health coaching session about how parents can help supervise their teens' safe driving practices and how to talk with their teen about important safety topics for teen drivers.
Sponsors
Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
FACTORIAL
Primary purpose
PREVENTION
Masking
NONE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
14 Years to 17 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
1. CHOP Primary Care patient 2. Scheduled for a well-child visit that parent and teen both plan to attend within 3 weeks of enrollment 3. \[Teen Driving Arm Only\] Planning on having the medical certification for the permit application completed at their next well child visit and planning on taking their driving permit test in the next 8 weeks
Exclusion criteria
1. Not fluent in written or spoken English 2. Developmental Delay or Pervasive Developmental Disorder 3. Pregnant female 4. \[Teen Driving Arm Only\] Already has driving permit (has taken and passed the knowledge test) and/or the medical certification for the permit application was not completed at the well child visit
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Quality of Parent-teen Communication (General- All Groups) | 4-6 months post-enrollment | Parents completed the 20-item Parent-Adolescent Communication Scale (PACS) (Barnes & Olson, 1985) which is scored such that a higher total score (sum of all items across scales) indicated better parent-adolescent communication. Teens answered the same questions, with only minor changes in wording when necessary. Scores were summed into an index that ranged from 41-96, α parent = 0.84, and 43-96, α teen = 0.87. |
| Frequency of Communication About Alcohol | 4-6 months post-enrollment | Frequency of communication about alcohol was measured with a single item followed by 4-point Likert-type response categories. Parents were asked: Since your teen's last well-child visit how much have you talked with your teen about alcohol? (Not at all (1), A little bit (2), Quite a bit (3), or A lot (4)). Teens were asked: Since your last well-child visit, how often have you and your (mother/father) talked about alcohol? (Never (1), Rarely (2), Sometimes (3), or Often (4)). |
| Frequency of Communication About Sex | 4-6 months post-enrollment | Frequency of communication about sex was measured with a single item followed by 4-point Likert-type response categories. Parents were asked: Since your teen's last well-child visit how much have you talked with your teen about sex? (Not at all (1), A little bit (2), Quite a bit (3), or A lot (4)). Teens were asked: Since your last well-child visit, how often have you and your (mother/father) talked about sex? (Never (1), Rarely (2), Sometimes (3), or Often (4)). |
| Parent-teen Communication About Reasons the Teen Wants to Drive | 6 months post-enrollment | Six months after baseline, parents reported on the frequency that they talked about reasons the teen wants to drive. Parents selected from one of the following response choices: never talked about (0); talked about once or twice (1); talked about three or four times (2); talked about a lot, about 5 times or more (3). |
| Parent-teen Communication About the Kinds of Risky Driving Situations That Might Come up in His or Her Friend Group | 6 months post-enrollment | Six months after baseline, parents reported on the frequency that they talked about the kinds of risky driving situations that might come up in his or her friend group. Parents selected from one of the following response choices: never talked about (0); talked about once or twice (1); talked about three or four times (2); talked about a lot, about 5 times or more (3). |
| Parent-teen Communication About Pennsylvania's Graduated Driver Licensing Laws | 6 months post-enrollment | Six months after baseline, parents reported on the frequency that they talked about about Pennsylvania's GDL laws. Parents selected from one of the following response choices: never talked about (0); talked about once or twice (1); talked about three or four times (2); talked about a lot, about 5 times or more (3). |
| Parent-teen Communication About Wearing a Seatbelt | 6 months post-enrollment | Six months after baseline, parents reported on the frequency that they talked about wearing a seatbelt. Parents selected from one of the following response choices: never talked about (0); talked about once or twice (1); talked about three or four times (2); talked about a lot, about 5 times or more (3). |
| Parent-teen Communication About Dangers of Distracted Driving | 6 months post-enrollment | Six months after baseline, parents reported on the frequency that they talked about dangers of distracted driving. Parents selected from one of the following response choices: never talked about (0); talked about once or twice (1); talked about three or four times (2); talked about a lot, about 5 times or more (3). |
| Parent-teen Communication About Being a Safe Passenger | 6 months post-enrollment | Six months after baseline, parents reported on the frequency that they talked about being a safe passenger. Parents selected from one of the following response choices: never talked about (0); talked about once or twice (1); talked about three or four times (2); talked about a lot, about 5 times or more (3). |
| Parent-teen Communication About What to do in a Crash | 6 months post-enrollment | Six months after baseline, parents reported on the frequency that they talked about what to do in a crash. Parents selected from one of the following response choices: never talked about (0); talked about once or twice (1); talked about three or four times (2); talked about a lot, about 5 times or more (3). |
| Parent-teen Communication About What to do if Stopped by a Police Officer | 6 months post-enrollment | Six months after baseline, parents reported on the frequency that they talked about what to do if stopped by a police officer. Parents selected from one of the following response choices: never talked about (0); talked about once or twice (1); talked about three or four times (2); talked about a lot, about 5 times or more (3). |
| Parent-teen Communication About Driving Under the Influence of Drugs or Alcohol | 6 months post-enrollment | Six months after baseline, parents reported on the frequency that they talked about driving under the influence of drugs or alcohol. Parents selected from one of the following response choices: never talked about (0); talked about once or twice (1); talked about three or four times (2); talked about a lot, about 5 times or more (3). |
| Parent-teen Communication About What to do if the Teen Needs a Safe Ride Home | 6 months post-enrollment | Six months after baseline, parents reported on the frequency that they talked about what to do if the teen needs a safe ride home. Parents selected from one of the following response choices: never talked about (0); talked about once or twice (1); talked about three or four times (2); talked about a lot, about 5 times or more (3). |
| Parent-teen Communication About Stopping a Friend From Driving Under the Influence of Drugs or Alcohol | 6 months post-enrollment | Six months after baseline, parents reported on the frequency that they talked about stopping a friend from driving under the influence of drugs or alcohol. Parents selected from one of the following response choices: never talked about (0); talked about once or twice (1); talked about three or four times (2); talked about a lot, about 5 times or more (3).stopping a friend from riding with a driver who is under the influence of drugs or alcohol |
| Parent-teen Communication About Stopping a Friend From Riding With a Driver Who is Under the Influence of Drugs or Alcohol | 6 months post-enrollment | Six months after baseline, parents reported on the frequency that they talked about stopping a friend from riding with a driver who is under the influence of drugs or alcohol. Parents selected from one of the following response choices: never talked about (0); talked about once or twice (1); talked about three or four times (2); talked about a lot, about 5 times or more (3). |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Recruitment details
Adolescents between 14 and 17 years of age with an upcoming well-child visit and a parent were recruited from January 2016 through September 2016 from one urban primary care practice in the Pediatrics Research Consortium (PeRC) at Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP).
Pre-assignment details
A total of 425 parent-adolescent dyads were contacted and screened. Of these, 188 (44%) did not meet eligibility criteria, 26 (6%) declined, and 37 (9%) could not be scheduled or reached again. 174 participant dyads we randomized into one of the five assignment groups.
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Sexual Health (Teen) Teens between the ages of 14 and 15 will review psychoeducational workbooks related to sexual health at a well-child visit appointment with the primary care giver (baseline); 2 weeks after baseline they will received a follow-up phone call and health coaching session to review the materials and ask questions; and then at 4 to 5 months post baseline we will collect data to assess the efficacy of the study materials.
Sexual Health: Psychoeducational workbook, worksheets, tip sheets, and health coaching session about sexual health, sexually transmitted disease (STD) prevention, and safe sex practices for teenager. | 38 |
| Sexual Health (Parent) Parents of teens between the ages of 14 and 15 will review psychoeducational workbooks related to sexual health at a well-child visit appointment with the primary care giver (baseline); 2 weeks after baseline they will received a follow-up phone call and health coaching session to review the materials and ask questions; and then at 4 to 5 months post baseline we will collect data to assess the efficacy of the study materials.
Sexual Health: Psychoeducational workbook, worksheets, tip sheets, and health coaching session about sexual health, sexually transmitted disease (STD) prevention, and safe sex practices for teenager. | 38 |
| Alcohol Prevention (Teen) Teens between the ages of 14 and 15 will review psychoeducational workbooks related to alcohol prevention at a well-child visit appointment with the primary care giver (baseline); 2 weeks after baseline they will received a follow-up phone call and health coaching session to review the materials and ask questions; and then at 4 to 5 months post baseline we will collect data to assess the efficacy of the study materials.
Alcohol Prevention: Psychoeducational workbook, worksheets, tip sheets, and health coaching session about alcohol prevention and safety, underage drinking, and drinking and driving. | 40 |
| Alcohol Prevention (Parent) Parents of teens between the ages of 14 and 15 will review psychoeducational workbooks related to alcohol prevention at a well-child visit appointment with the primary care giver (baseline); 2 weeks after baseline they will received a follow-up phone call and health coaching session to review the materials and ask questions; and then at 4 to 5 months post baseline we will collect data to assess the efficacy of the study materials.
Alcohol Prevention: Psychoeducational workbook, worksheets, tip sheets, and health coaching session about alcohol prevention and safety, underage drinking, and drinking and driving. | 40 |
| Sexual Health & Alcohol Control Group (Teen) Teens between the ages of 14 and 15 will receive their usual care at their well-child visit appointment with their primary care giver (baseline) and then at 4 to 5 months post baseline we will collect data. At the end of the post data collection, the control group will get all of the study materials from both the sexual health and alcohol prevention groups. | 40 |
| Sexual Health & Alcohol Control Group (Parent) Parents of teens between the ages of 14 and 15 will receive their usual care at their well-child visit appointment with their primary care giver (baseline) and then at 4 to 5 months post baseline we will collect data. At the end of the post data collection, the control group will get all of the study materials from both the sexual health and alcohol prevention groups. | 40 |
| Teen Driving (Teen) Teens between the ages of 16 and 17 who are planning on having the medical certification for the permit application completed and plan on taking their driving permit test in the next 8 weeks will review psychoeducational workbooks related to teen driving at a well-child visit appointment with the primary care giver (baseline); 2 weeks after baseline they will received a follow-up phone call and health coaching session to review the materials and ask questions; and then at 6 months post baseline we will collect data to assess the effectiveness of the study materials.
Teen Driving: Psychoeducational workbook, worksheets, videos, tip sheets, and health coaching session about how parents can help supervise their teens' safe driving practices and how to talk with their teen about important safety topics for teen drivers. | 28 |
| Teen Driving (Parent) Parents of teens between the ages of 16 and 17 who are planning on having the medical certification for the permit application completed and plan on taking their driving permit test in the next 8 weeks will review psychoeducational workbooks related to teen driving at a well-child visit appointment with the primary care giver (baseline); 2 weeks after baseline they will received a follow-up phone call and health coaching session to review the materials and ask questions; and then at 6 months post baseline we will collect data to assess the effectiveness of the study materials.
Teen Driving: Psychoeducational workbook, worksheets, videos, tip sheets, and health coaching session about how parents can help supervise their teens' safe driving practices and how to talk with their teen about important safety topics for teen drivers. | 28 |
| Teen Driving Control (Teens) Teens between the ages of 16 and 17 who are planning on having the medical certification for the permit application completed and plan on taking their driving permit test in the next 8 weeks will receive their usual care at their well-child visit appointment with their primary care giver (baseline) and then at 6 months post baseline we will collect data. At the end of the post data collection, the control group will get all of the study materials from the teen driving group. | 26 |
| Teen Driving Control (Parent) Parents of teens between the ages of 16 and 17 who are planning on having the medical certification for the permit application completed and plan on taking their driving permit test in the next 8 weeks will receive their usual care at their well-child visit appointment with their primary care giver (baseline) and then at 6 months post baseline we will collect data. At the end of the post data collection, the control group will get all of the study materials from the teen driving group. | 26 |
| Total | 344 |
Withdrawals & dropouts
| Period | Reason | FG000 | FG001 | FG002 | FG003 | FG004 | FG005 | FG006 | FG007 | FG008 | FG009 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study | Lost to Follow-up | 11 | 9 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 6 | 6 | 2 | 2 |
| Overall Study | Physician Decision | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Overall Study | Withdrawal by Subject | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Total | Alcohol Prevention (Teen) | Sexual Health (Parent) | Alcohol Prevention (Parent) | Sexual Health & Alcohol Control Group (Teen) | Sexual Health & Alcohol Control Group (Parent) | Teen Driving (Teen) | Teen Driving (Parent) | Teen Driving Control (Teens) | Sexual Health (Teen) | Teen Driving Control (Parent) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Categorical <=18 years | 172 Participants | 40 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 40 Participants | 0 Participants | 28 Participants | 0 Participants | 26 Participants | 38 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical >=65 years | 2 Participants | 0 Participants | 1 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Age, Categorical Between 18 and 65 years | 170 Participants | 0 Participants | 37 Participants | 40 Participants | 0 Participants | 40 Participants | 0 Participants | 28 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 25 Participants |
| Age, Continuous | 31.13 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 16.47 | 14.83 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.53 | 45.13 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 8.6 | 45.20 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 5.8 | 15.05 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.58 | 47.05 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 5.9 | 16.81 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.56 | 46.57 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 7.88 | 16.40 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.4 | 14.71 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.53 | 49.58 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 8.5 |
| Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native | 3 Participants | 2 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 1 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Asian | 5 Participants | 1 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 1 Participants | 1 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 1 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American | 200 Participants | 22 Participants | 20 Participants | 22 Participants | 19 Participants | 20 Participants | 24 Participants | 19 Participants | 18 Participants | 19 Participants | 17 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race | 17 Participants | 2 Participants | 1 Participants | 3 Participants | 1 Participants | 1 Participants | 0 Participants | 4 Participants | 1 Participants | 2 Participants | 2 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 1 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 1 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) White | 118 Participants | 13 Participants | 17 Participants | 15 Participants | 18 Participants | 18 Participants | 4 Participants | 4 Participants | 7 Participants | 16 Participants | 6 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment United States | 344 Participants | 40 Participants | 38 Participants | 40 Participants | 40 Participants | 40 Participants | 28 Participants | 28 Participants | 26 Participants | 38 Participants | 26 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 250 Participants | 21 Participants | 35 Participants | 39 Participants | 21 Participants | 38 Participants | 14 Participants | 28 Participants | 13 Participants | 18 Participants | 23 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 94 Participants | 19 Participants | 3 Participants | 1 Participants | 19 Participants | 2 Participants | 14 Participants | 0 Participants | 13 Participants | 20 Participants | 3 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk | EG002 affected / at risk | EG003 affected / at risk | EG004 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 80 | 0 / 80 | 0 / 80 | 0 / 56 | 0 / 52 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 80 | 0 / 80 | 0 / 80 | 0 / 56 | 0 / 52 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 80 | 0 / 80 | 0 / 80 | 0 / 56 | 0 / 52 |
Outcome results
Primary
Frequency of Communication About Alcohol
Frequency of communication about alcohol was measured with a single item followed by 4-point Likert-type response categories. Parents were asked: Since your teen's last well-child visit how much have you talked with your teen about alcohol? (Not at all (1), A little bit (2), Quite a bit (3), or A lot (4)). Teens were asked: Since your last well-child visit, how often have you and your (mother/father) talked about alcohol? (Never (1), Rarely (2), Sometimes (3), or Often (4)).
Time frame: 4-6 months post-enrollment
Population: Arm 1 only. Parents and teens analyzed separately. Arm 2 (teen driving) had different primary outcomes (see outcomes 4-15) and therefore was not included here.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sexual Health (Parent) | Frequency of Communication About Alcohol | 2.7 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 1 |
| Sexual Health (Teen) | Frequency of Communication About Alcohol | 2.5 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.8 |
| Alcohol Prevention (Parent) | Frequency of Communication About Alcohol | 2.9 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.8 |
| Alcohol (Teen) | Frequency of Communication About Alcohol | 2.6 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.8 |
| Sexual Health & Alcohol Control Group (Parent) | Frequency of Communication About Alcohol | 2.4 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.2 |
| Sexual Health and Alcohol Control Group (Teen) | Frequency of Communication About Alcohol | 2.5 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.9 |
p-value: 0.677Generalized Linear Model
p-value: 0.02Generalized Linear Model
p-value: 0.952Generalized Linear Model
p-value: 0.21Generalized Linear Model
Primary
Frequency of Communication About Sex
Frequency of communication about sex was measured with a single item followed by 4-point Likert-type response categories. Parents were asked: Since your teen's last well-child visit how much have you talked with your teen about sex? (Not at all (1), A little bit (2), Quite a bit (3), or A lot (4)). Teens were asked: Since your last well-child visit, how often have you and your (mother/father) talked about sex? (Never (1), Rarely (2), Sometimes (3), or Often (4)).
Time frame: 4-6 months post-enrollment
Population: Arm 1 only. Parents and teens analyzed separately. Arm 2 (teen driving) had different primary outcomes (see outcomes 4-15) and therefore was not included here.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sexual Health (Parent) | Frequency of Communication About Sex | 2.3 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.8 |
| Sexual Health (Teen) | Frequency of Communication About Sex | 2.8 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.8 |
| Alcohol Prevention (Parent) | Frequency of Communication About Sex | 2.1 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.1 |
| Alcohol (Teen) | Frequency of Communication About Sex | 2.3 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.9 |
| Sexual Health & Alcohol Control Group (Parent) | Frequency of Communication About Sex | 1.8 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.8 |
| Sexual Health and Alcohol Control Group (Teen) | Frequency of Communication About Sex | 2.4 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 1 |
p-value: 0.505Generalized Linear Model
p-value: 0.176Generalized Linear Model
p-value: 0.134Generalized Linear Model
p-value: 0.029Generalized Linear Model
Primary
Parent-teen Communication About Being a Safe Passenger
Six months after baseline, parents reported on the frequency that they talked about being a safe passenger. Parents selected from one of the following response choices: never talked about (0); talked about once or twice (1); talked about three or four times (2); talked about a lot, about 5 times or more (3).
Time frame: 6 months post-enrollment
Population: Parent Population
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sexual Health (Parent) | Parent-teen Communication About Being a Safe Passenger | 2.55 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.67 |
| Sexual Health (Teen) | Parent-teen Communication About Being a Safe Passenger | 1.71 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.27 |
p-value: 0.008t-test, 2 sided
Primary
Parent-teen Communication About Dangers of Distracted Driving
Six months after baseline, parents reported on the frequency that they talked about dangers of distracted driving. Parents selected from one of the following response choices: never talked about (0); talked about once or twice (1); talked about three or four times (2); talked about a lot, about 5 times or more (3).
Time frame: 6 months post-enrollment
Population: Parent Population
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sexual Health (Parent) | Parent-teen Communication About Dangers of Distracted Driving | 2.77 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.43 |
| Sexual Health (Teen) | Parent-teen Communication About Dangers of Distracted Driving | 2.63 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.71 |
p-value: 0.394t-test, 2 sided
Primary
Parent-teen Communication About Driving Under the Influence of Drugs or Alcohol
Six months after baseline, parents reported on the frequency that they talked about driving under the influence of drugs or alcohol. Parents selected from one of the following response choices: never talked about (0); talked about once or twice (1); talked about three or four times (2); talked about a lot, about 5 times or more (3).
Time frame: 6 months post-enrollment
Population: Parent Population
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sexual Health (Parent) | Parent-teen Communication About Driving Under the Influence of Drugs or Alcohol | 1.73 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.16 |
| Sexual Health (Teen) | Parent-teen Communication About Driving Under the Influence of Drugs or Alcohol | 1.21 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.29 |
p-value: 0.159t-test, 2 sided
Primary
Parent-teen Communication About Pennsylvania's Graduated Driver Licensing Laws
Six months after baseline, parents reported on the frequency that they talked about about Pennsylvania's GDL laws. Parents selected from one of the following response choices: never talked about (0); talked about once or twice (1); talked about three or four times (2); talked about a lot, about 5 times or more (3).
Time frame: 6 months post-enrollment
Population: Parent Population
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sexual Health (Parent) | Parent-teen Communication About Pennsylvania's Graduated Driver Licensing Laws | 1.82 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.85 |
| Sexual Health (Teen) | Parent-teen Communication About Pennsylvania's Graduated Driver Licensing Laws | .71 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.08 |
p-value: <0.001t-test, 2 sided
Primary
Parent-teen Communication About Reasons the Teen Wants to Drive
Six months after baseline, parents reported on the frequency that they talked about reasons the teen wants to drive. Parents selected from one of the following response choices: never talked about (0); talked about once or twice (1); talked about three or four times (2); talked about a lot, about 5 times or more (3).
Time frame: 6 months post-enrollment
Population: Parent Population
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sexual Health (Parent) | Parent-teen Communication About Reasons the Teen Wants to Drive | 2.32 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.89 |
| Sexual Health (Teen) | Parent-teen Communication About Reasons the Teen Wants to Drive | 1.75 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.9 |
p-value: 0.037t-test, 2 sided
Primary
Parent-teen Communication About Stopping a Friend From Driving Under the Influence of Drugs or Alcohol
Six months after baseline, parents reported on the frequency that they talked about stopping a friend from driving under the influence of drugs or alcohol. Parents selected from one of the following response choices: never talked about (0); talked about once or twice (1); talked about three or four times (2); talked about a lot, about 5 times or more (3).stopping a friend from riding with a driver who is under the influence of drugs or alcohol
Time frame: 6 months post-enrollment
Population: Parent Population
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sexual Health (Parent) | Parent-teen Communication About Stopping a Friend From Driving Under the Influence of Drugs or Alcohol | 2.64 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.66 |
| Sexual Health (Teen) | Parent-teen Communication About Stopping a Friend From Driving Under the Influence of Drugs or Alcohol | 2.29 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.955 |
p-value: 0.165t-test, 2 sided
Primary
Parent-teen Communication About Stopping a Friend From Riding With a Driver Who is Under the Influence of Drugs or Alcohol
Six months after baseline, parents reported on the frequency that they talked about stopping a friend from riding with a driver who is under the influence of drugs or alcohol. Parents selected from one of the following response choices: never talked about (0); talked about once or twice (1); talked about three or four times (2); talked about a lot, about 5 times or more (3).
Time frame: 6 months post-enrollment
Population: Parent Population
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sexual Health (Parent) | Parent-teen Communication About Stopping a Friend From Riding With a Driver Who is Under the Influence of Drugs or Alcohol | 1.68 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.17 |
| Sexual Health (Teen) | Parent-teen Communication About Stopping a Friend From Riding With a Driver Who is Under the Influence of Drugs or Alcohol | .71 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.12 |
p-value: 0.006t-test, 2 sided
Primary
Parent-teen Communication About the Kinds of Risky Driving Situations That Might Come up in His or Her Friend Group
Six months after baseline, parents reported on the frequency that they talked about the kinds of risky driving situations that might come up in his or her friend group. Parents selected from one of the following response choices: never talked about (0); talked about once or twice (1); talked about three or four times (2); talked about a lot, about 5 times or more (3).
Time frame: 6 months post-enrollment
Population: Parent Population
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sexual Health (Parent) | Parent-teen Communication About the Kinds of Risky Driving Situations That Might Come up in His or Her Friend Group | 2.59 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.73 |
| Sexual Health (Teen) | Parent-teen Communication About the Kinds of Risky Driving Situations That Might Come up in His or Her Friend Group | 1.79 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.98 |
p-value: 0.003t-test, 2 sided
Primary
Parent-teen Communication About Wearing a Seatbelt
Six months after baseline, parents reported on the frequency that they talked about wearing a seatbelt. Parents selected from one of the following response choices: never talked about (0); talked about once or twice (1); talked about three or four times (2); talked about a lot, about 5 times or more (3).
Time frame: 6 months post-enrollment
Population: Parent Population
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sexual Health (Parent) | Parent-teen Communication About Wearing a Seatbelt | 2.68 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.72 |
| Sexual Health (Teen) | Parent-teen Communication About Wearing a Seatbelt | 2.79 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.59 |
p-value: 0.571t-test, 2 sided
Primary
Parent-teen Communication About What to do if Stopped by a Police Officer
Six months after baseline, parents reported on the frequency that they talked about what to do if stopped by a police officer. Parents selected from one of the following response choices: never talked about (0); talked about once or twice (1); talked about three or four times (2); talked about a lot, about 5 times or more (3).
Time frame: 6 months post-enrollment
Population: Parent Population
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sexual Health (Parent) | Parent-teen Communication About What to do if Stopped by a Police Officer | 2.27 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.88 |
| Sexual Health (Teen) | Parent-teen Communication About What to do if Stopped by a Police Officer | 1.25 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.07 |
p-value: 0.001t-test, 2 sided
Primary
Parent-teen Communication About What to do if the Teen Needs a Safe Ride Home
Six months after baseline, parents reported on the frequency that they talked about what to do if the teen needs a safe ride home. Parents selected from one of the following response choices: never talked about (0); talked about once or twice (1); talked about three or four times (2); talked about a lot, about 5 times or more (3).
Time frame: 6 months post-enrollment
Population: Parent Population
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sexual Health (Parent) | Parent-teen Communication About What to do if the Teen Needs a Safe Ride Home | 2.45 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.86 |
| Sexual Health (Teen) | Parent-teen Communication About What to do if the Teen Needs a Safe Ride Home | 1.96 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.2 |
p-value: 0.112t-test, 2 sided
Primary
Parent-teen Communication About What to do in a Crash
Six months after baseline, parents reported on the frequency that they talked about what to do in a crash. Parents selected from one of the following response choices: never talked about (0); talked about once or twice (1); talked about three or four times (2); talked about a lot, about 5 times or more (3).
Time frame: 6 months post-enrollment
Population: Parent Population
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sexual Health (Parent) | Parent-teen Communication About What to do in a Crash | 2.00 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.23 |
| Sexual Health (Teen) | Parent-teen Communication About What to do in a Crash | .46 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.83 |
p-value: <0.001t-test, 2 sided
Primary
Quality of Parent-teen Communication (General- All Groups)
Parents completed the 20-item Parent-Adolescent Communication Scale (PACS) (Barnes & Olson, 1985) which is scored such that a higher total score (sum of all items across scales) indicated better parent-adolescent communication. Teens answered the same questions, with only minor changes in wording when necessary. Scores were summed into an index that ranged from 41-96, α parent = 0.84, and 43-96, α teen = 0.87.
Time frame: 4-6 months post-enrollment
Population: Arm 1 only. Parents and teens analyzed separately. Arm 2 (teen driving) had different primary outcomes (see outcomes 4-15) and therefore was not included here.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sexual Health (Parent) | Quality of Parent-teen Communication (General- All Groups) | 77.8 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 10.5 |
| Sexual Health (Teen) | Quality of Parent-teen Communication (General- All Groups) | 73.0 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 9.4 |
| Alcohol Prevention (Parent) | Quality of Parent-teen Communication (General- All Groups) | 77.2 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 8.6 |
| Alcohol (Teen) | Quality of Parent-teen Communication (General- All Groups) | 69.1 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 8.4 |
| Sexual Health & Alcohol Control Group (Parent) | Quality of Parent-teen Communication (General- All Groups) | 77.4 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 10.3 |
| Sexual Health and Alcohol Control Group (Teen) | Quality of Parent-teen Communication (General- All Groups) | 68.6 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 11.1 |
p-value: 0.906Generalized Linear Model
p-value: 0.796Generalized Linear Model
p-value: 0.886Generalized Linear Model
p-value: 0.082Generalized Linear Model