Physical Activity
Conditions
Keywords
physical activity, activity monitor, older adults, 5 A's counseling
Brief summary
Cardiovascular disease accounts for 1 in 3 deaths among US adults and is strongly related to physical activity. Most older adults do not participate in healthy levels of physical activity. Physical activity promotion and counseling from a primary health care provider is important for disease prevention. In addition to counseling, an activity monitor can increase physical activity through self-regulation. Two types of monitors are available: pedometers and electronic activity monitors (EAMs). Research shows that both monitors are motivational devices that can increase physical activity. Pedometers count steps of the wearer. EAMs can monitor steps, monitor burned calories, quality of sleep, and sedentary time. EAMs may also offer more behavioral change techniques and opportunities for self-monitoring. The goal of this study is to compare the effectiveness of EAMs compared to a pedometer on increasing physical activity and decreasing cardiovascular risk within older adult, primary care patients. The study will include sedentary, overweight primary care patients, 55-74 years of age with access to a smart phone or tablet. All participants will receive brief physical activity counseling. Participants will then be randomized to receive a self-monitoring device (Digi-walker CW-700/701 or UP24 by Jawbone) to wear for 3 months. Investigators will evaluate the following outcomes: physical activity, cardiovascular risk (Framingham risk calculator, fitness), psychological feeling toward exercise, physical function, health status, exercise motivation and self-regulation. The investigators hypothesize that EAMs will be more effective than pedometers in improving these outcomes. The results of this pilot test will aid in the translation of effective physical activity intervention components to primary care clinics for cardiovascular disease prevention.
Detailed description
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is prevalent and the leading cause for mortality in the United States. The American Heart Association's (AHA) 2020 Impact Goal is to improve the cardiovascular health of all Americans by 20 percent while reducing deaths from CVD and stroke by 20 percent. Maintaining healthy levels of physical activity (PA) is critical in maintaining cardiovascular health, but older adults are inactive. Inactivity may be influenced by low levels of motivation. Standard behavioral counseling techniques typically implemented within the primary care setting target increased motivation, but lack the key component of self-control. The addition of electronic activity monitors (EAMs) that provide interactive self-monitoring, feedback, and social support may further increase motivation for exercise by providing more effective behavior change techniques than standard protocols. Investigators will conduct a three month intervention trial that will test the feasibility of adding an EAM system to brief counseling within a primary care setting. Participants (N = 40) will be randomized to receive evidence-based brief counseling plus either an EAM or a pedometer. Investigators propose two Specific Aims: AIM 1: Evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of implementing a technology-enhanced brief intervention to increase physical activity in a primary care setting. Measures of feasibility will include days the EAM was worn, usage of the app, technological problems, attrition, and adverse events. Acceptability will be measured by self-report and focus groups. AIM 2: Compare the counseling plus EAM intervention to a counseling plus pedometer intervention. Primary outcomes will be changes in PA and cardiovascular risk. We will also investigate secondary outcomes (differences in adherence, weight and body composition, health status, motivation, physical function, psychological feelings, self-regulation).
Interventions
DEVICEEAM
The monitor provides the participant feedback on their daily steps, active time, idle time, burned calories, and distance traveled through the mobile application (app). Participants can review all of their feedback while in the intervention. If the participants chose, they are also able to monitor their sleep and dietary intake. The app also provides health tips and daily challenges. The participants will also have the opportunity to interact with other participants through the social features of the app.
BEHAVIORAL5 A's counseling
Brief counseling to encourage behavioral change. The counseling is intended to be administered by a health care provider. The component of the counseling are assess, advise, agree, assist, and arrange.
DEVICEPedometer
The pedometer provides the participant feedback on their daily steps, activity time, distance traveled, and calories burned. Participants can review the feedback for the past 7 days.
Sponsors
American Heart Association
The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
PREVENTION
Masking
NONE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
55 Years to 74 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* physically inactive (less than 60 minutes per week) * BMI between 25-35 * in good health measured by Par-Q+ * access to a smart phone
Exclusion criteria
* physical activity is inadvisable by their doctor * involved in another physical activity intervention within the past 6 months * used an activity monitor in the past 6 months * unwilling to travel for scheduled visits * currently taking medications that affect body composition * current smoker * report alcohol or drug problem * institutionalized for psychiatric illness within the last year * do not consent
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Physical Activity Minutes Measured by a SenseWear Armband | Physical activity minutes at the end of the 12 week intervention | Minutes of moderate-vigorous physical activity over a 7 day period |
| Composite Measure for Cardiovascular Risk Measured by the Framingham Non-laboratory Risk Calculator | Cardiovascular risk at the end of the 12 week intervention | Factors within the risk calculator include of age in years, systolic blood pressure, gender, and body mass index. These factors are used to create a composite score to estimate the individual's risk for a cardiac event within the next 10 years. The risk score is not bound by maximums and minimums, however a lower number is more favorable. Among women, a composite risk score of 10 equates to a 6% risk of a cardiovascular event, a risk score of 15 equates to a 13% risk, a risk score of 20 equates to a 28.5% risk, and a risk score of 21 or higher equates to \>30% risk of a cardiovascular event within the next 10 years. Among men, a composite risk score of 10 equates to a 9% risk, a risk score of 15 equates to a 21.5% risk, and a risk score of 18 or higher equates to \>30% risk of a cardiovascular event within the next 10 years. |
| 6-minute Walk Test | Fitness at the end of the 12 week intervention | distance walked in 6 minutes |
| Steps Per Day | Steps per day at the end of the 12 week intervention | Measured by a SenseWear Armband. Average steps per day over a 7 day period |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Exercise Motivation | Exercise motivation at the end of the 12 week intervention | Measured by Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire-2. Sub-scales include intrinsic, identified, introjected, extrinsic, and amotivation. Each subscale ranges from 0 - 4, with 0 being lowest and 4 being highest level of motivation for the given subscale. The different subscales measure varying forms of autonomous motivation; therefore high scores (maximum of 4) of intrinsic and identified are better. Alternatively, low scores of introjected, extrinsic, and amotivation are better. |
| Quality of Life Measured by the SF-36 Questionnaire | Quality of life at the end of the 12 week intervention | Sub-scales include physical functioning, social functioning, physical role limitations, emotional role limitations, mental health, energy/vitality, and pain. All sub-scales have a range of 0 to 100. High scores and scores closer to 100 represent a better outcome for each sub-scale. |
| Physical Function Measured by the Short Physical Performance Battery | Physical function at the end of the 12 week intervention | Physical function is operationalized by 3 functional tests, including repeated chair stands (5 consecutive stands), balance (semi-tandem stand, side-by-side stand, tandem stand) and 8 feet walk. The time it took for participants to complete each test was timed in seconds. The faster the repeated chair stand and 8 feet walk tests were performed, the better the function of the individual. Therefore, lower scores represent a better outcome. These tests were not bound by maximums. The higher score for tandem balance, maximum of 10, represents a better outcome. The balance test is comprised of three positions but time is only recorded for one. Participants start with the semi-tandem, then if they are able to hold the position for 10 seconds they continue to tandem balance test. If they are not able to hold the semi-tandem position for 10 seconds, they then complete the side by side test. In this study, all participants proceeded to the tandem test, so outcome is labeled tandem balance. |
| Weight | Weight at the end of the 12 week intervention | — |
| Resting Pulse | Resting pulse at the end of the 12 week intervention | — |
| Change From Baseline in Self-regulation | Change in self-regulation from baseline and 12-weeks | Measured by the Rovinak et al scale. Sub-scales include exercise goals and exercise plans. The possible scores on both subscales range between 10 and 50, with higher scores representing more favorable outcomes in exercise goals and planning. |
| Psychological Feelings | Psychological feelings at the end of the 12 week intervention | Measured by the Psychological Need Satisfaction in Exercise Scale. Sub-scales include perceived competence, perceived autonomy, and perceived relatedness. Each sub-scale had a range from 1 to 5. Higher scores, in each sub-scale, represent a more favorable outcome. |
| Body Mass Index (BMI) | BMI at the end of the 12 week intervention | — |
| Waist-to-Hip Ratio | Waist-to-hip ratio at the end of the 12 week intervention | Waist-to-Hip ratio was calculated by divided the waist circumference (in inches) by the hip circumference (in inches). |
| Blood Pressure | Blood pressure at the end of the 12 week intervention | — |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Pedometer All participants will be given 5 A's counseling and a digital pedometer (Digi-walker CW-700/701, YAMAX, San Antonio, TX). Participants will be asked to log their daily steps measured by the pedometer in an activity diary.
5 A's counseling: Brief counseling to encourage behavioral change. The counseling is intended to be administered by a health care provider. The component of the counseling are assess, advise, agree, assist, and arrange.
Pedometer: The pedometer provides the participant feedback on their daily steps, activity time, distance traveled, and calories burned. Participants can review the feedback for the past 7 days. | 20 |
| Electronic Activity Monitor All participants will be given an EAM (UP24 by Jawbone, San Francisco, CA) and the corresponding UP24 application (app) on their smart device. In addition to monitoring activity, the app allows for social comparison and social interaction. Participants will friend other participants to utilize these features.
EAM: The monitor provides the participant feedback on their daily steps, active time, idle time, burned calories, and distance traveled through the mobile application (app). Participants can review all of their feedback while in the intervention. The app also provides health tips and daily challenges. The participants will also have the opportunity to interact with other participants through the social features of the app.
5 A's counseling: Brief counseling to encourage behavioral change. The counseling is intended to be administered by a health care provider. The component of the counseling are assess, advise, agree, assist, and arrange. | 20 |
| Total | 40 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Pedometer | Electronic Activity Monitor | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | 63.2 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 5.7 | 64.0 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 5.1 | 63.7 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 5.3 |
| Physical Activity | 40.0 minutes per day STANDARD_DEVIATION 33.9 | 22.5 minutes per day STANDARD_DEVIATION 21.5 | 31.3 minutes per day STANDARD_DEVIATION 29.4 |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Black/African-American | 3 Participants | 4 Participants | 7 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Hispanic | 2 Participants | 3 Participants | 5 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Non-Hispanic White | 14 Participants | 12 Participants | 26 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Other | 1 Participants | 1 Participants | 2 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 13 Participants | 17 Participants | 30 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 7 Participants | 3 Participants | 10 Participants |
| Steps | 4560.18 steps per day STANDARD_DEVIATION 2285.6 | 3849.4 steps per day STANDARD_DEVIATION 2107.8 | 4204.8 steps per day STANDARD_DEVIATION 2199.8 |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | — / — | — / — |
| other Total, other adverse events | 1 / 20 | 3 / 20 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 20 | 0 / 20 |
Outcome results
Primary
6-minute Walk Test
distance walked in 6 minutes
Time frame: Fitness at the end of the 12 week intervention
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pedometer | 6-minute Walk Test | 1642.9 feet | Standard Deviation 287.3 |
| Electronic Activity Monitor | 6-minute Walk Test | 1561 feet | Standard Deviation 353.6 |
Primary
Composite Measure for Cardiovascular Risk Measured by the Framingham Non-laboratory Risk Calculator
Factors within the risk calculator include of age in years, systolic blood pressure, gender, and body mass index. These factors are used to create a composite score to estimate the individual's risk for a cardiac event within the next 10 years. The risk score is not bound by maximums and minimums, however a lower number is more favorable. Among women, a composite risk score of 10 equates to a 6% risk of a cardiovascular event, a risk score of 15 equates to a 13% risk, a risk score of 20 equates to a 28.5% risk, and a risk score of 21 or higher equates to \>30% risk of a cardiovascular event within the next 10 years. Among men, a composite risk score of 10 equates to a 9% risk, a risk score of 15 equates to a 21.5% risk, and a risk score of 18 or higher equates to \>30% risk of a cardiovascular event within the next 10 years.
Time frame: Cardiovascular risk at the end of the 12 week intervention
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pedometer | Composite Measure for Cardiovascular Risk Measured by the Framingham Non-laboratory Risk Calculator | 21.2 Risk score | Standard Deviation 12.6 |
| Electronic Activity Monitor | Composite Measure for Cardiovascular Risk Measured by the Framingham Non-laboratory Risk Calculator | 16.6 Risk score | Standard Deviation 13.2 |
Primary
Physical Activity Minutes Measured by a SenseWear Armband
Minutes of moderate-vigorous physical activity over a 7 day period
Time frame: Physical activity minutes at the end of the 12 week intervention
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pedometer | Physical Activity Minutes Measured by a SenseWear Armband | 40.2 minutes per day | Standard Deviation 3.7 |
| Electronic Activity Monitor | Physical Activity Minutes Measured by a SenseWear Armband | 33.8 minutes per day | Standard Deviation 27.6 |
Primary
Steps Per Day
Measured by a SenseWear Armband. Average steps per day over a 7 day period
Time frame: Steps per day at the end of the 12 week intervention
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pedometer | Steps Per Day | 4702 steps | Standard Deviation 2259.7 |
| Electronic Activity Monitor | Steps Per Day | 4353 steps | Standard Deviation 2021.4 |
Secondary
Blood Pressure
Time frame: Blood pressure at the end of the 12 week intervention
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pedometer | Blood Pressure | Diastolic blood pressure | 83.4 mmHg | Standard Deviation 10 |
| Pedometer | Blood Pressure | Systolic blood pressure | 134.3 mmHg | Standard Deviation 14.6 |
| Electronic Activity Monitor | Blood Pressure | Systolic blood pressure | 125.0 mmHg | Standard Deviation 14.5 |
| Electronic Activity Monitor | Blood Pressure | Diastolic blood pressure | 80 mmHg | Standard Deviation 9.8 |
Secondary
Body Mass Index (BMI)
Time frame: BMI at the end of the 12 week intervention
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pedometer | Body Mass Index (BMI) | 30.5 kg/m^2 | Standard Deviation 3.1 |
| Electronic Activity Monitor | Body Mass Index (BMI) | 30.0 kg/m^2 | Standard Deviation 3.5 |
Secondary
Change From Baseline in Self-regulation
Measured by the Rovinak et al scale. Sub-scales include exercise goals and exercise plans. The possible scores on both subscales range between 10 and 50, with higher scores representing more favorable outcomes in exercise goals and planning.
Time frame: Change in self-regulation from baseline and 12-weeks
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pedometer | Change From Baseline in Self-regulation | Goal-setting | 22.1 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.3 |
| Pedometer | Change From Baseline in Self-regulation | Planning | 24.3 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.1 |
| Electronic Activity Monitor | Change From Baseline in Self-regulation | Goal-setting | 31.3 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 9.8 |
| Electronic Activity Monitor | Change From Baseline in Self-regulation | Planning | 26.4 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 7.6 |
Secondary
Exercise Motivation
Measured by Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire-2. Sub-scales include intrinsic, identified, introjected, extrinsic, and amotivation. Each subscale ranges from 0 - 4, with 0 being lowest and 4 being highest level of motivation for the given subscale. The different subscales measure varying forms of autonomous motivation; therefore high scores (maximum of 4) of intrinsic and identified are better. Alternatively, low scores of introjected, extrinsic, and amotivation are better.
Time frame: Exercise motivation at the end of the 12 week intervention
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pedometer | Exercise Motivation | Intrinsic | 1.48 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 1 |
| Pedometer | Exercise Motivation | Extrinsic | 0.49 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.69 |
| Pedometer | Exercise Motivation | Identified | 2.24 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.04 |
| Pedometer | Exercise Motivation | Amotivation | 0.61 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.78 |
| Pedometer | Exercise Motivation | Introjected | 1.12 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.06 |
| Electronic Activity Monitor | Exercise Motivation | Amotivation | 0.15 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.38 |
| Electronic Activity Monitor | Exercise Motivation | Intrinsic | 2.84 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.77 |
| Electronic Activity Monitor | Exercise Motivation | Introjected | 1.68 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.88 |
| Electronic Activity Monitor | Exercise Motivation | Extrinsic | 0.51 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.58 |
| Electronic Activity Monitor | Exercise Motivation | Identified | 2.92 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.59 |
Secondary
Physical Function Measured by the Short Physical Performance Battery
Physical function is operationalized by 3 functional tests, including repeated chair stands (5 consecutive stands), balance (semi-tandem stand, side-by-side stand, tandem stand) and 8 feet walk. The time it took for participants to complete each test was timed in seconds. The faster the repeated chair stand and 8 feet walk tests were performed, the better the function of the individual. Therefore, lower scores represent a better outcome. These tests were not bound by maximums. The higher score for tandem balance, maximum of 10, represents a better outcome. The balance test is comprised of three positions but time is only recorded for one. Participants start with the semi-tandem, then if they are able to hold the position for 10 seconds they continue to tandem balance test. If they are not able to hold the semi-tandem position for 10 seconds, they then complete the side by side test. In this study, all participants proceeded to the tandem test, so outcome is labeled tandem balance.
Time frame: Physical function at the end of the 12 week intervention
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pedometer | Physical Function Measured by the Short Physical Performance Battery | Chair stand | 14.2 seconds | Standard Deviation 3.7 |
| Pedometer | Physical Function Measured by the Short Physical Performance Battery | Tandem balance | 9.2 seconds | Standard Deviation 2.2 |
| Pedometer | Physical Function Measured by the Short Physical Performance Battery | 8 feet up and go | 5.9 seconds | Standard Deviation 1.4 |
| Electronic Activity Monitor | Physical Function Measured by the Short Physical Performance Battery | Tandem balance | 9.1 seconds | Standard Deviation 2.4 |
| Electronic Activity Monitor | Physical Function Measured by the Short Physical Performance Battery | Chair stand | 14.7 seconds | Standard Deviation 5.5 |
| Electronic Activity Monitor | Physical Function Measured by the Short Physical Performance Battery | 8 feet up and go | 6.4 seconds | Standard Deviation 3 |
Secondary
Psychological Feelings
Measured by the Psychological Need Satisfaction in Exercise Scale. Sub-scales include perceived competence, perceived autonomy, and perceived relatedness. Each sub-scale had a range from 1 to 5. Higher scores, in each sub-scale, represent a more favorable outcome.
Time frame: Psychological feelings at the end of the 12 week intervention
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pedometer | Psychological Feelings | Competence | 2.49 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.94 |
| Pedometer | Psychological Feelings | Autonomy | 3.16 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.95 |
| Pedometer | Psychological Feelings | Relatedness | 2.72 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.33 |
| Electronic Activity Monitor | Psychological Feelings | Competence | 3.43 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.95 |
| Electronic Activity Monitor | Psychological Feelings | Autonomy | 4.01 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.95 |
| Electronic Activity Monitor | Psychological Feelings | Relatedness | 3.53 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.03 |
Secondary
Quality of Life Measured by the SF-36 Questionnaire
Sub-scales include physical functioning, social functioning, physical role limitations, emotional role limitations, mental health, energy/vitality, and pain. All sub-scales have a range of 0 to 100. High scores and scores closer to 100 represent a better outcome for each sub-scale.
Time frame: Quality of life at the end of the 12 week intervention
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pedometer | Quality of Life Measured by the SF-36 Questionnaire | Physical functioning | 62.3 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 29.3 |
| Pedometer | Quality of Life Measured by the SF-36 Questionnaire | Physical role limitations | 67.9 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 26.6 |
| Pedometer | Quality of Life Measured by the SF-36 Questionnaire | Energy/vitality | 53.1 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 15.1 |
| Pedometer | Quality of Life Measured by the SF-36 Questionnaire | Emotional role limitations | 75.8 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 25.5 |
| Pedometer | Quality of Life Measured by the SF-36 Questionnaire | Social functioning | 75.8 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 25.5 |
| Pedometer | Quality of Life Measured by the SF-36 Questionnaire | Pain | 56.8 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 29.1 |
| Pedometer | Quality of Life Measured by the SF-36 Questionnaire | Mental health | 70 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 18.6 |
| Electronic Activity Monitor | Quality of Life Measured by the SF-36 Questionnaire | Pain | 60.3 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 26.1 |
| Electronic Activity Monitor | Quality of Life Measured by the SF-36 Questionnaire | Mental health | 76.3 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 18.7 |
| Electronic Activity Monitor | Quality of Life Measured by the SF-36 Questionnaire | Energy/vitality | 58.1 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 16.7 |
| Electronic Activity Monitor | Quality of Life Measured by the SF-36 Questionnaire | Physical functioning | 73.1 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 19.3 |
| Electronic Activity Monitor | Quality of Life Measured by the SF-36 Questionnaire | Social functioning | 71.3 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 31.4 |
| Electronic Activity Monitor | Quality of Life Measured by the SF-36 Questionnaire | Physical role limitations | 72.2 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 24.2 |
| Electronic Activity Monitor | Quality of Life Measured by the SF-36 Questionnaire | Emotional role limitations | 71.3 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 31.4 |
Secondary
Resting Pulse
Time frame: Resting pulse at the end of the 12 week intervention
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pedometer | Resting Pulse | 76.5 bpm | Standard Deviation 11.9 |
| Electronic Activity Monitor | Resting Pulse | 69.1 bpm | Standard Deviation 14 |
Secondary
Waist-to-Hip Ratio
Waist-to-Hip ratio was calculated by divided the waist circumference (in inches) by the hip circumference (in inches).
Time frame: Waist-to-hip ratio at the end of the 12 week intervention
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pedometer | Waist-to-Hip Ratio | .84 ratio | Standard Deviation 0.1 |
| Electronic Activity Monitor | Waist-to-Hip Ratio | 0.80 ratio | Standard Deviation 0.1 |
Secondary
Weight
Time frame: Weight at the end of the 12 week intervention
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pedometer | Weight | 86.8 kg | Standard Deviation 13.6 |
| Electronic Activity Monitor | Weight | 81.9 kg | Standard Deviation 11.2 |