Cardiovascular Diseases, Hypovitaminosis D
Conditions
Keywords
vitamin D3, 25(OH)D3, vitamin D status, risk factors of cardiovascular diease
Brief summary
This study aims to compare the acute effect of consuming milk and butter fortified with either vitamin D3 or 25 (OH) D3 on serum/plasma vitamin D status in humans. In addition, the effect of vitamin D3 or 25 (OH) D3 in milk and butter on certain CVD risk markers and cognitive function will be examined.
Detailed description
There is mounting evidence to show that vitamin D deficiency may increase the risk of many common and serious diseases, including osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease, some cancers and type 1 diabetes (Holick and Chen, 2008). Hypovitaminosis D is now prevalent in the UK general population. Due to diet and lifestyle changes and the use of sun block products most people do not endogenously synthesise sufficient vitamin D from sunlight exposure (Hyppönen and Power, 2007). Therefore, vitamin D intakes from dietary sources have become very important, however this is limited as there are only a few foods naturally rich in vitamin D. Some countries (e.g. USA, Canada) fortify milk with vitamin D which results in milk being the major contributor to vitamin D intake. Vitamin D3 is the most common form used for the fortification of currently fortified foods. However, there is now some evidence that 25(OH)D3 can increase vitamin D status of humans more effectively than vitamin D3 (Bischoff-Ferrari et al, 2012; Cashman et al, 2012). To our knowledge, very few human intervention studies have compared the efficacy of 25(OH)D3 versus vitamin D3 to increase vitamin D status, and there has been no acute human study to examine the effect of the both forms of vitamin D fortified dairy products on vitamin D status in humans.
Interventions
DIETARY_SUPPLEMENTvitamin D3
Subjects are asked to consume a breakfast rich in 20 µg vitamin D3
DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT25(OH) D3
Subjects are asked to consume a breakfast rich in 20 µg 25(OH)D3
DIETARY_SUPPLEMENTControl
Subjects are asked to consume a breakfast without vitamin D
Sponsors
University of Reading
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
CROSSOVER
Primary purpose
PREVENTION
Masking
TRIPLE (Subject, Investigator, Outcomes Assessor)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
MALE
Age
30 Years to 65 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* BMI: 20-35 kg/m2 * Glucose \<7 mmol/l (not diagnosed with diabetes) * Total cholesterol \<7 mmol/l * TAG \<4 mmol/l * Serum 25(OH)D3 ≤50 nmol/L * Normal liver and kidney function * Haemoglobin: adult male \>125 g/L
Exclusion criteria
* Milk allergy/intolerance or lactose intolerance * Cardiovascular, renal, gastrointestinal, respiratory, endocrine disease or cancer * Use of nutritional supplements, particularly those containing vitamin D * Outdoor workers and use of tanning beds * Overseas holidays two months before or during study period
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| Change from baseline in the concentrations of vitamin D3, 25(OH)D3, 1, 25(OH)2D3 of the blood | Acute study: measured at 0 (baseline), 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 300, 360, 420, 480 min and 24 hour |
| Change from baseline in the concentrations of vitamin D3 and 25(OH)D3 of the chylomicron | Acute study: measured at 0 (baseline), 3, 6, 8 hour |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| change from baseline in plasma lipids (primarily triacylglycerol, apolipoprotein B, apolipoprotein B-48, apolipoprotien B-100, total-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, non-esterified fatty acids) | from 0 to 24 hour, but different measured time points for diferent lipids | non-esterified fatty acids, apolipoprotein B, apolipoprotein B-48, apolipoprotein B-100 are taken at 0(baseline), 60, 120, 240, 360, 480 min and 24 hour; triacylglycerol is taken at 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 300, 360, 420, 480 min and 24 hour; total and HDL-cholesterol only be measured at 0 (baseline) |
| change from baseline in markers of insulin resistance (glucose and insulin) | Acute study: measured at 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 300, 360, 420, 480 min and 24 hour | — |
| change from baseline in nitric oxide | Acute study: measured at 0, 60, 120, 240, 360, 480 min and 24 hour | — |
| change from baseline in vascular reactivity measured by Endo-PAT | Acute study: measured at 0 (baseline) and the 24 hour | — |
| change from baseline in blood pressure | Acute study: measured at 0, 120, 240, 360, 480 min and 24 hour | — |
| change from baseline in cognitive test | Acute study: measured at 0, 480 min and 24 hour | Trail Making Test (TMT) will be used for cognitive test, which can provides information on visual search, scanning, speed of processing, mental flexibility, and executive function. The TMT consists of two parts: TMT-A requires a participant to draw lines sequentially connecting 25 encircled numbers distributed on a computer screen, whilst in the TMT-B the participant must alternate between numbers and letters (e.g., 1, A, 2, B, 3, C, etc.). TMT-A and TMT-B will be administered using a laptop computer. Results from this two tasks reported as the number of seconds required to complete the task (completion time). The longer time spent reveal greater cognitive impairment. |
| change from baseline in inflammatory markers (tumor necrosis factor alpha, C-reactive protein and interleukin 6) of the blood | Acute study: measured at 0, 60, 120, 240, 360, 480 min and 24 hour | — |
| change from baseline in vascular reactivity measured by digital volume pulse (DVP) | Acute study: measured at 0 (baseline), 120, 240, 360, 480 min and 24 hour | — |
Countries
United Kingdom
Outcome results
None listed