Cardiovascular Disease, Metabolic Disease
Conditions
Brief summary
This study examines the effect of meal frequency and meal composition on risk factors of cardiometabolic disease.
Detailed description
Cardio-Metabolic Disease (CMD) is the leading cause of death globally & in Singapore. Large scale epidemiological evidence confirmed that elevated postprandial Glucose, Insulin, Triglycerides are major risk factors for CMD. Recent evidence suggests benefits from high protein diets but the health effects of eating smaller meals remain enigmatic. The aim of this study is to examine Meal frequency (2-large vs 6-smaller isocaloric meals), under High or Low Protein loads on acute postprandial health biomarkers . The investigators hypothesized that Higher Protein & Higher Meal Frequency would be beneficial for cardiometabolic health.
Interventions
OTHERMeal (Eating) Frequency
Dividing meal intake into 2 or 6 meals with equal energy content
OTHERProtein Composition
Consuming meals with higher or lower protein.
Sponsors
Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
CROSSOVER
Primary purpose
PREVENTION
Masking
NONE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
MALE
Age
21 Years to 40 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* Chinese Males * Age: 21 - 50 years. * Body mass stable within the last 2 months by self-report. * Body mass index (BMI): \< 30kg/m2. * Normal fasting blood glucose level≤ 6.0 mmol/L * Blood pressure ≤ 140/90 mmHg * Not participating in any dietary interventions in the past 2-months.
Exclusion criteria
* Special dietary practice (e.g. Vegetarians, Atkins diet) or diets due to religious reasons during the study period (e.g. Fasting for Ramadan) * Smoking. * Excessive alcohol consumption: consuming alcohol on \>4 days per week with ≥5 alcoholic drinks (males) and ≥4 alcoholic drinks (females) per time (National Health Survey, 2010). * Metabolic Diseases (including thyroid dysfunction) * Using Medication affecting carbohydrate and fat metabolism * Allergy to any components of the provided meals (gluten, nuts, milk, dairy)
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Venous Plasma Insulin | Postprandially 8.5 hours in response to the various diets | Biochemical variable on a continuous scale. |
| Blood Pressure | Postprandially 8.5 hours in response to the various diets | Systolic and Diastolic Pressure measured in mmHg |
| Interstitial Glucose | Postprandially 8.5 hours in response to the various diets | Measured using a continuous glucose monitor. |
| Venous Plasma Glucose | Postprandially 8.5 hours in response to the various diets | Biochemical variable on a continuous scale. |
| Venous Plasma Triglyceride | Postprandially 8.5 hours in response to the various diets | Biochemical variable on a continuous scale. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Subjective Appetite Ratings | Postprandially 8.5 hours in response to the various diets | Measured on a 100mm Visual Analog Scale (VAS). 0mm=Not full at all, 100mm= Extremely full. |
| Urinary F2 Isoprostanes | Postprandially 8.5 hours in response to the various diets | Biochemical variable on a continuous scale. |
Outcome results
None listed