Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Conditions
Keywords
Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Trans-Arterial Chemoembolization, Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy, HCC, TACE, SBRT
Brief summary
The purpose of this study is to develop better ways to treat liver cancer, known as hepatocellular carcinoma or HCC, while it is still in the liver. Many treatments exist to treat tumors in the liver when they are small but after they grow past a certain size, local therapies such as surgery, Trans-Arterial Chemo Embolization (TACE), or Radiofrequency Ablation (RFA) are not effective. The purpose of this study to test the combination of two known treatments - TACE and Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy (SBRT) - to be used together to treat larger or difficult to access liver tumors. Each treatment has been shown to work well but has limitations. The study will combine the treatments in an organized sequence and monitor closely how effective this combination controls tumors.
Detailed description
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third ranked cause of global cancer mortality. There is an increasing incidence of HCC in the United States over the last twenty years, largely due to the Hepatitis C epidemic but increasingly related as well to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. This is a non-randomized pilot study to assess the objective response rate and durability of response of combination Trans-Arterial Chemoembolization (TACE) with immediate stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) in the treatment of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Eligible patients will be selected based on having a lesion greater than 3 cm which would make them ineligible for other local therapies such as TACE and thermal ablation (TA). Eligible, consented, and registered patients will be treated with two sessions of standard TACE with ethiodol separated by a 4-week interval. After ensuring adequate return to baseline liver function, the patients will then be treated with SBRT to the targeted lesion to 30-45 Gy in 5 fractions. Tumor response will be assessed using mRECIST criteria as well diffusion weight imaging (DWI) via Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) surveillance. In addition, tolerability and toxicity will be recorded via CTCAE v. 4.0. The essential hypothesis of this study is that combination TACE and SBRT for \> 3 cm HCC will produce higher response rates and durable control compared to TACE alone.
Interventions
RADIATIONSBRT
Radiation is to be delivered to 30-45 Gy in 5 fractions. 40 Gy in 5 fractions will be utilized, unless dose constraints preclude it. Treatment will optimally be delivered every other day with no more than 3 fractions per week. The ideal treatment team will be less than 15 total days.
DRUGTACE
two sessions of standard TACE with ethiodol separated by a 4-week interval.
Sponsors
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
Study design
Allocation
NA
Intervention model
SINGLE_GROUP
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
NONE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* Participants must be diagnosed with HCC either pathologically or by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD) radiographic criteria (Bruix Hepatology 2011). The criteria specifies CT or MRI intense arterial uptake followed by washout of contrast in the venous-delayed phases. Any atypical lesions must be confirmed by biopsy. * A single liver lesion with tumor size ≥ 3 cm as defined as maximal diameter in the axial dimension on MRI. Included in the measurement are both enhancing and non-enhancing components of the lesion. * Maximum tumor size of 7 cm as defined as maximal diameter in the axial dimension on MRI. * Age ≥ 18 years * Child-Pugh class A or B7 without ascites * ECOG score 0 * No prior treatment of current HCC. However, recurrent HCC after resection may be included. * Ability to understand and the willingness to sign a written informed consent document.
Exclusion criteria
* Pregnancy which will be assessed via pregnancy test prior to TACE and repeated prior to SBRT. * Metastatic disease outside of the liver * Vascular invasion as evidenced by vessel occlusion or radiographic evidence of tumor thrombus. * Contraindications to MRI, including claustrophobia, metallic implants, and pacemakers * Tumor for which adequate radiation dosage cannot be safely delivered (see dose constraints below) * Prior therapeutic radiation therapy to the abdomen and/or lower thorax as defined as below the carina to the pelvic inlet. * Inability to provide informed consent based on persistent lack of understanding, inability to find adequate translation, impaired mental status such as mental retardation, drug induced, or traumatic brain injury. * Multiple liver tumors making the patient a BCLC Stage B * Prior treatment, except for surgical resection, to the lesion being targeted in the protocol.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Number of Participants With Objective Response Rate | up to 72 months | Tumor response will be assessed using mRECIST criteria as well diffusion weight imaging (DWI) via Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) surveillance. * Complete response (CR): Disappearance of all target lesions * Partial response (PR): At least a 30% decrease in the sum of the longest diameter (LD) of target lesions, taking as reference the baseline sum LD * Stable disease (SD): Neither sufficient shrinkage to qualify for PR nor sufficient increase to qualify for PD, taking as reference the smallest sum LD since the treatment started * Progressive disease (PD): At least a 20% increase in the sum of the LD of target lesions, taking as reference the smallest sum LD recorded since the treatment started or the appearance of one or more new lesions |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Time to CR | up to 72 months | Time to Complete Remission (CR) |
| Time to Progression (TTP) | up to 80 months | The time to progression of the treated lesion. Median TTP, as defined as progression events (not including death), was not reached because 50% of events were not achieved. Because a sufficient number of progression events did not happen at the time of study censure, a median could not be reported. Therefore, mean is reported which can be reported irrespective of events. |
| Number of Participants With Overall Survival (OS) | 2 years | The overall survival as defined from completion of treatment until death |
| Progression Free Survival (PFS) | up to 72 months | Progression-free survival (PFS), defined as time between enrollment and tumor progression assessed by mRECIST or death, local control (LC), and toxic effects. LC was defined as either absence of radiographic progression or a secondary intervention (ie, surgery or TACE) made to the index lesion due to a perceived incomplete treatment response. |
| Change in Child-Turcotte-Pugh (CTP) Score | 3 months | Overall rate of toxic effects as measured by change in Child-Turcotte-Pugh (CTP) score at 3 months as compared to baseline. The Child-Turcotte-Pugh (CTP) is a scale that assesses a patients baseline liver function and can help predict morbidity and mortality based on that score. Class A - 5 to 6 points, least severe liver disease, one- to five-year survival rate: 95 percent Class B - 7 to 9 points, moderately severe liver disease, one- to five-year survival rate: 75 percent Class C - 10 to 15 points, most severe liver disease, one- to five-year survival rate: 50 percent Higher scores correlate with more general mortality. |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Recruitment details
Between 2014 and 2020, of 33 potential candidates screened at the Liver Cancer Program at Mount Sinai Hospital in New York, NY, 32 patients were finally enrolled in the study.
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| TACE/SBRT Combination Participants with HCC with a lesion greater than 3 cm treated with TACE/SBRT combination.
SBRT: Radiation is to be delivered to 30-45 Gy in 5 fractions. 40 Gy in 5 fractions will be utilized, unless dose constraints preclude it. Treatment will optimally be delivered every other day with no more than 3 fractions per week. The ideal treatment team will be less than 15 total days.
TACE: two sessions of standard TACE with ethiodol separated by a 4-week interval. | 32 |
| Total | 32 |
Withdrawals & dropouts
| Period | Reason | FG000 |
|---|---|---|
| Follow-Up | Death | 11 |
| Treatment | Death | 1 |
| Treatment | Lost to Follow-up | 1 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | TACE/SBRT Combination | — |
|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | 67.5 years | — |
| ALBI Score | -2.45 ALBI score | — |
| Albumin-Bilirubin (ALBI) Grade Grade 1 | 15 Participants | — |
| Albumin-Bilirubin (ALBI) Grade Grade 2 | 16 Participants | — |
| Albumin-Bilirubin (ALBI) Grade Grade 3 | 1 Participants | — |
| Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) | 7.9 ng/mL | — |
| Biologic Effective Dose | 86 Gy | — |
| Child-Turcotte-Pugh (CTP) Score A5 | 18 Participants | — |
| Child-Turcotte-Pugh (CTP) Score A6 | 10 Participants | — |
| Child-Turcotte-Pugh (CTP) Score B7 or greater | 2 Participants | — |
| Number of Participants with AFP ≥400ng/mL | 5 Participants | — |
| Number of Participants with Alcohol Etiology for HCC | 4 Participants | — |
| Number of Participants with HBV Etiology | 3 Participants | — |
| Number of participants with HCV Etiology | 21 Participants | — |
| Number of Participants with NASH Etiology | 3 Participants | — |
| Number of Participants with Tumor Size ≥5 | 12 Participants | — |
| Platelet Count | 150 10^3 cells/uL | — |
| Race and Ethnicity Not Collected | — | — Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 10 Participants | — |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 22 Participants | — |
| Tumor Dose | 45 Gy | — |
| Tumor Size | 4.6 cm | — |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk |
|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 12 / 32 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 32 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 32 |
Outcome results
Primary
Number of Participants With Objective Response Rate
Tumor response will be assessed using mRECIST criteria as well diffusion weight imaging (DWI) via Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) surveillance. * Complete response (CR): Disappearance of all target lesions * Partial response (PR): At least a 30% decrease in the sum of the longest diameter (LD) of target lesions, taking as reference the baseline sum LD * Stable disease (SD): Neither sufficient shrinkage to qualify for PR nor sufficient increase to qualify for PD, taking as reference the smallest sum LD since the treatment started * Progressive disease (PD): At least a 20% increase in the sum of the LD of target lesions, taking as reference the smallest sum LD recorded since the treatment started or the appearance of one or more new lesions
Time frame: up to 72 months
| Arm | Measure | Category | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|---|
| TACE/SBRT Combination | Number of Participants With Objective Response Rate | Complete response (CR) | 20 Participants |
| TACE/SBRT Combination | Number of Participants With Objective Response Rate | Partial response (PR) | 9 Participants |
| TACE/SBRT Combination | Number of Participants With Objective Response Rate | Stable disease (SD) | 0 Participants |
| TACE/SBRT Combination | Number of Participants With Objective Response Rate | Progressive disease (PD) | 1 Participants |
Secondary
Change in Child-Turcotte-Pugh (CTP) Score
Overall rate of toxic effects as measured by change in Child-Turcotte-Pugh (CTP) score at 3 months as compared to baseline. The Child-Turcotte-Pugh (CTP) is a scale that assesses a patients baseline liver function and can help predict morbidity and mortality based on that score. Class A - 5 to 6 points, least severe liver disease, one- to five-year survival rate: 95 percent Class B - 7 to 9 points, moderately severe liver disease, one- to five-year survival rate: 75 percent Class C - 10 to 15 points, most severe liver disease, one- to five-year survival rate: 50 percent Higher scores correlate with more general mortality.
Time frame: 3 months
Population: one participant did not have pre and post-CTP scores.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|---|
| TACE/SBRT Combination | Change in Child-Turcotte-Pugh (CTP) Score | Increase | 3 Participants |
| TACE/SBRT Combination | Change in Child-Turcotte-Pugh (CTP) Score | Decrease | 3 Participants |
| TACE/SBRT Combination | Change in Child-Turcotte-Pugh (CTP) Score | No Change | 22 Participants |
| TACE/SBRT Combination | Change in Child-Turcotte-Pugh (CTP) Score | Decompensated | 1 Participants |
Secondary
Number of Participants With Overall Survival (OS)
The overall survival as defined from completion of treatment until death
Time frame: 2 years
| Arm | Measure | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|
| TACE/SBRT Combination | Number of Participants With Overall Survival (OS) | 20 Participants |
Secondary
Progression Free Survival (PFS)
Progression-free survival (PFS), defined as time between enrollment and tumor progression assessed by mRECIST or death, local control (LC), and toxic effects. LC was defined as either absence of radiographic progression or a secondary intervention (ie, surgery or TACE) made to the index lesion due to a perceived incomplete treatment response.
Time frame: up to 72 months
Population: under efficacy, median PFS 35 months. under conclusions, PFS median 2.9 years (34.8months) and later on says PFS was 13.9 months
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEDIAN) |
|---|---|---|
| TACE/SBRT Combination | Progression Free Survival (PFS) | 35 months |
Secondary
Time to CR
Time to Complete Remission (CR)
Time frame: up to 72 months
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEDIAN) |
|---|---|---|
| TACE/SBRT Combination | Time to CR | 10.1 months |
Secondary
Time to Progression (TTP)
The time to progression of the treated lesion. Median TTP, as defined as progression events (not including death), was not reached because 50% of events were not achieved. Because a sufficient number of progression events did not happen at the time of study censure, a median could not be reported. Therefore, mean is reported which can be reported irrespective of events.
Time frame: up to 80 months
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| TACE/SBRT Combination | Time to Progression (TTP) | 76.60 months | Standard Deviation 23.4 |