Healthy
Conditions
Keywords
cryotherapy, recovery, athletic performance, maximum voluntary contraction, rated perceived exertion, delayed onset muscle soreness, jump performance
Brief summary
This study investigates the effects of cooling on the recovery and performance characteristic in young healthy subjects. The study is divided in two projects: Project A: investigates the effects of 20 min. post-exercise cooling on vertical jump performance and delayed onset muscle soreness and rated perceived exertion. Project B: investigates the effects of 20 min. pre-exercise cooling on maximal voluntary contraction of the right M. quadriceps femoris and delayed onset muscle soreness and rated perceived exertion.
Detailed description
The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of a 20 min. external cooling application (+8°C ) versus a external thermo neutral application (+32°C) up to 72 hours post application. The study is divided in two projects: Project A: This study is focusing on the recovery process after a max. jump performance (3x30 counter movement jumps). Directly after the exercise subjects receive a cooling or thermo-neutral application. Recovery characteristics measured by vertical jump performance (objective) and delayed onset muscle soreness and rated perceived exertion (subjective) are measured in function of time up to 72 hours post cooling intervention. Project B: This study is focusing on the effect of 20 min. cooling or thermo-neutral application on the M. quadriceps femoris performance (MVC). After the thermo-application, the 60% endurance MVC is measured by means of surface EMG (OT Bioelettronica 10-750 Hz) in a ergometer chair 90° degrees knee flexion (Cor 1 Bioelettronica). Muscle conduction velocity, MVC (objective), delayed onset muscle soreness and rated perceived exertion (subjective) are measured in function of time up to 72 hours post thermo-application.
Interventions
DEVICEZamar Therapy CT clinic
Zamar Therapy is a certified medical product (directive 93/42/EEC and ISO 134 85:2012) (www.zamarmedical.com)
Sponsors
THIM - die internationale Hochschule für Physiotherapie
Vrije Universiteit Brussel
Universiteit Antwerpen
University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
TRIPLE (Subject, Investigator, Outcomes Assessor)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to 30 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* only healthy young subjects 18-30 years * no musculoskeletal surgery in trunk and lower extremities * injury history in trunk and lower extremity for more than one year * subjects taking anticonceptive medication are allowed to participate
Exclusion criteria
* actual injuries or injuries for less than one year in trunk and /or lower extremities * injury history in trunk and lower extremity for more than one year with complaints * anxiety of cooling * subjects on medication * pace maker * cardiovascular disease * pregnancy * skeletal problems * appendectomy for less than two years * Morbus Raynaud syndrome
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Delayed-onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS) | 72 hours | The subjective recovery characteristics Delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) was rated on a 0-10 cm visual analog scale. DOMS was assessed in a squat position (90° knee angle, with brief holding of maximum 3 seconds) ranging from zero (no soreness) to ten (severe soreness). Higher values mean mean more DOMS and therefore less recovery. |
| Ratings of Perceived Exertion (RPE) | 72 hours | The subjective recovery characteristics Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) was rated on a 6-20 Borg scale (from 6 = no exertion at all to 20 = Maximal exertion) in a standing position. The higher value means more exertion and therefore less recovery. |
| Vertical Jump Performance (VJP) | 72 hours | Vertical jump performance (VJP) was assessed performing three maximal counter mouvemet jumps (CMJs) with a 30-second pause between the three jumps on the Just Jump system (Probotics Inc, Huntsville, AL, USA). The highest jump was recorded. |
| Peak Power Output (PPO) | 72 hours | Peak power output (PPO) was assessed performing three maximal counter movement jumps (CMJs) on the Just Jump system (Probotics Inc, Huntsville, AL, USA) with a 30-second pause between the three jumps. PPO (presented in watts) was calculated. |
Countries
Switzerland
Participant flow
Recruitment details
Twenty-four participants wanted to take part in this study. Two participants had to be excluded due to current pain symptoms.
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Single Cooling Intervention subjects in this study receive a single post-exercise (3x 30 counter movement jumps) recovery intervention, consisting of a 20 minutes external cooling application (Zamar Therapy CT clinic) of 8°C applied to both thighs.
Zamar Therapy CT clinic: Zamar Therapy is a certified medical product (directive 93/42/EEC and ISO 134 85:2012) (www.zamarmedical.com) | 11 |
| Single Thermoneutral Intervention subjects in the control group receive a single post-exercise (3x 30 counter movement jumps) sham intervention, consisting of a 20 minute external thermoneutral application (Zamar Therapy CT clinic) of 32°C applied to both thighs.
Zamar Therapy CT clinic: Zamar Therapy is a certified medical product (directive 93/42/EEC and ISO 134 85:2012) (www.zamarmedical.com) | 11 |
| Total | 22 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Single Cooling Intervention | Total | Single Thermoneutral Intervention |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | 22.8 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.3 | 22.6 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 2 | 22.4 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.8 |
| Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Asian | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) White | 11 Participants | 22 Participants | 11 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment Switzerland | 11 Participants | 22 Participants | 11 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 8 Participants | 17 Participants | 9 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 3 Participants | 5 Participants | 2 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 11 | 0 / 11 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 11 | 0 / 11 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 11 | 0 / 11 |
Outcome results
Primary
Delayed-onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS)
The subjective recovery characteristics Delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) was rated on a 0-10 cm visual analog scale. DOMS was assessed in a squat position (90° knee angle, with brief holding of maximum 3 seconds) ranging from zero (no soreness) to ten (severe soreness). Higher values mean mean more DOMS and therefore less recovery.
Time frame: 72 hours
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Single Cooling Intervention | Delayed-onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS) | 0 hours | 5 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.9 |
| Single Cooling Intervention | Delayed-onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS) | 48 hours | 7.7 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.9 |
| Single Cooling Intervention | Delayed-onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS) | 24 hours | 5.6 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.2 |
| Single Cooling Intervention | Delayed-onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS) | 72 hours | 7.7 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.75 |
| Single Cooling Intervention | Delayed-onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS) | Baseline | 0.1 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Single Thermoneutral Intervention | Delayed-onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS) | 72 hours | 6.3 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.4 |
| Single Thermoneutral Intervention | Delayed-onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS) | Baseline | 0.1 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.1 |
| Single Thermoneutral Intervention | Delayed-onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS) | 0 hours | 4.1 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.35 |
| Single Thermoneutral Intervention | Delayed-onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS) | 24 hours | 5.0 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.6 |
| Single Thermoneutral Intervention | Delayed-onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS) | 48 hours | 6.3 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.2 |
Primary
Peak Power Output (PPO)
Peak power output (PPO) was assessed performing three maximal counter movement jumps (CMJs) on the Just Jump system (Probotics Inc, Huntsville, AL, USA) with a 30-second pause between the three jumps. PPO (presented in watts) was calculated.
Time frame: 72 hours
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Single Cooling Intervention | Peak Power Output (PPO) | 0 hours | 2,920 Watt | Standard Deviation 855 |
| Single Cooling Intervention | Peak Power Output (PPO) | 48 hours | 2,846 Watt | — |
| Single Cooling Intervention | Peak Power Output (PPO) | 24 hours | 3,137 Watt | Standard Deviation 953 |
| Single Cooling Intervention | Peak Power Output (PPO) | 72 hours | 2,763 Watt | — |
| Single Cooling Intervention | Peak Power Output (PPO) | Baseline | 3,375 Watt | Standard Deviation 876 |
| Single Thermoneutral Intervention | Peak Power Output (PPO) | 72 hours | 2,877 Watt | Standard Deviation 896 |
| Single Thermoneutral Intervention | Peak Power Output (PPO) | Baseline | 3,267 Watt | Standard Deviation 636 |
| Single Thermoneutral Intervention | Peak Power Output (PPO) | 0 hours | 2,963 Watt | Standard Deviation 702 |
| Single Thermoneutral Intervention | Peak Power Output (PPO) | 24 hours | 3,130 Watt | Standard Deviation 677 |
| Single Thermoneutral Intervention | Peak Power Output (PPO) | 48 hours | 2,890 Watt | Standard Deviation 844 |
Primary
Ratings of Perceived Exertion (RPE)
The subjective recovery characteristics Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) was rated on a 6-20 Borg scale (from 6 = no exertion at all to 20 = Maximal exertion) in a standing position. The higher value means more exertion and therefore less recovery.
Time frame: 72 hours
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Single Cooling Intervention | Ratings of Perceived Exertion (RPE) | 0 hours | 14 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 2 |
| Single Cooling Intervention | Ratings of Perceived Exertion (RPE) | 48 hours | 12 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.5 |
| Single Cooling Intervention | Ratings of Perceived Exertion (RPE) | 24 hours | 9 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.5 |
| Single Cooling Intervention | Ratings of Perceived Exertion (RPE) | 72 hours | 11 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.5 |
| Single Cooling Intervention | Ratings of Perceived Exertion (RPE) | Baseline | 8 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 2 |
| Single Thermoneutral Intervention | Ratings of Perceived Exertion (RPE) | 72 hours | 7 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 4 |
| Single Thermoneutral Intervention | Ratings of Perceived Exertion (RPE) | Baseline | 7 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 2 |
| Single Thermoneutral Intervention | Ratings of Perceived Exertion (RPE) | 0 hours | 14 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 2 |
| Single Thermoneutral Intervention | Ratings of Perceived Exertion (RPE) | 24 hours | 8 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.5 |
| Single Thermoneutral Intervention | Ratings of Perceived Exertion (RPE) | 48 hours | 8 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.5 |
Primary
Vertical Jump Performance (VJP)
Vertical jump performance (VJP) was assessed performing three maximal counter mouvemet jumps (CMJs) with a 30-second pause between the three jumps on the Just Jump system (Probotics Inc, Huntsville, AL, USA). The highest jump was recorded.
Time frame: 72 hours
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Single Cooling Intervention | Vertical Jump Performance (VJP) | 0 hours | 31.02 height in centimeter | Standard Deviation 7.16 |
| Single Cooling Intervention | Vertical Jump Performance (VJP) | 48 hours | 29.81 height in centimeter | Standard Deviation 12.89 |
| Single Cooling Intervention | Vertical Jump Performance (VJP) | 24 hours | 34.59 height in centimeter | Standard Deviation 8.07 |
| Single Cooling Intervention | Vertical Jump Performance (VJP) | 72 hours | 28.44 height in centimeter | Standard Deviation 13.77 |
| Single Cooling Intervention | Vertical Jump Performance (VJP) | Baseline | 38.51 height in centimeter | Standard Deviation 6.86 |
| Single Thermoneutral Intervention | Vertical Jump Performance (VJP) | 72 hours | 33.65 height in centimeter | Standard Deviation 11.92 |
| Single Thermoneutral Intervention | Vertical Jump Performance (VJP) | Baseline | 40.08 height in centimeter | Standard Deviation 6.99 |
| Single Thermoneutral Intervention | Vertical Jump Performance (VJP) | 0 hours | 35.06 height in centimeter | Standard Deviation 8.39 |
| Single Thermoneutral Intervention | Vertical Jump Performance (VJP) | 24 hours | 37.82 height in centimeter | Standard Deviation 7.76 |
| Single Thermoneutral Intervention | Vertical Jump Performance (VJP) | 48 hours | 33.87 height in centimeter | Standard Deviation 10.81 |