Purchasing Behaviors, Nutrition
Conditions
Keywords
Financial incentives, Messaging
Brief summary
In collaboration with Vitality/Discovery in South Africa, an RCT amongst adult enrolled in the lowest tier of Vitality's HealthyFood benefit will be conducted. We will compare the effect of various messaging, and financial incentive strategies on healthy food purchasing behaviors in this population.
Detailed description
The Vitality HealthyFood benefit is a three-tiered incentive program designed to encourage healthier food choices amongst members of Discovery Health's Vitality program. Once enrolled in the benefit, participating members can receive 10%, 15%, or 25% cash-back on the healthy foods they purchase at selected grocers. And, while overall enrolment in the program is high, there was been difficulty documenting change in purchasing behaviors; healthy foods have remained a consistent 25-30% of food spend, and unhealthy foods at around 15%. In the current study we would like to test whether differing types of messages and financial incentive structures may be more salient and motivating and have a greater impact on food-purchasing decisions. The proposed study will be a collaboration between Discovery Health/Vitality and researchers at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania. In the proposed RCT, Vitality members currently enrolled in the lowest tier (10% level) of the HealthyFood will be randomized to various messaging and financial incentive structures. We will then compare the effectiveness of these different interventions at increasing healthy food purchases among enrolled members. This study will be a randomized field trial of the combination of several theoretically-motivated interventions: varying weekly messaging, financial incentives, and monthly messaging. Messaging and financial incentives Weekly Messaging strategies There are three weekly messaging strategies we want to test. The goal of the messages is to increase the salience of the HealthyFood programme for enrolled members. The three strategies were chosen to enable us to compare the impact of no weekly message vs. a general weekly message vs. a tailored weekly message. The messages will be sent via SMS to all subjects and will be delivered on the same day of the week. No weekly message-A subset of study subjects will receive no weekly SMS message. This is consistent with the current benefit structure. General weekly message-A subset of study subjects will receive a weekly SMS that provides general information on the HealthyFood programme and on eating a healthier diet. Personalized (tailored) weekly message-A subset of study subjects will receive a weekly SMS that includes details about their individual purchasing behavior over the past week. This message will highlight both the percentage and item breakdown of their purchases that were healthy vs. unhealthy. Financial Incentive Structures There are three different incentive structures we will test in this study. The goal of the financial incentives is to increase members' motivation to purchase healthy foods. Two of the strategies are currently part of the HealthyFood programme, the third is a new structure which introduces a economic disincentive on the purchase of unhealthy foods. 10% cash-back: This is the current cash-back level for all subjects at the start of on the study. This group is included as a comparison for the other incentive structures. 25% cash back: A subset of study subjects will experience an increase in their cash-back percentage from 10% to 25% of healthy food purchases. The purpose of this group is to assess whether the increase from a 10% level to a 25% level of cash-back is sufficiently large to influence purchasing behaviors. 10% + 15% (healthy-unhealthy): A subset of study subjects will become eligible for additional 15% cash-back above their current 10% level. This additional 15% cash-back will be based on the net monetary amount between their healthy and unhealthy purchases. With this structure, an individual will only receive additional cash-back (above the 10%) if they spend more on healthy foods than on unhealthy foods, and will be able to maximize their cash-back rewards by purchasing only healthy foods. Monthly Messaging Strategies Currently all Vitality members enrolled in the HealthyFood programme receive a monthly SMS message informing them of their cash-back deposit. Bundled deposit SMS (standard)-This message will be the same message that Vitality currently sends to members enrolled in the program me. Unbundled deposit SMS-Given the introduction of a new incentive structure which includes a penalty for unhealthy purchases, we wanted to test a message strategy which increases the salience of these potential financial losses. By combining these different weekly messages, incentive structures, and monthly message, the study team determined the aforementioned 6 study arms of interest.
Interventions
OTHERMessaging
See detailed study description for overview of the different messaging interventions in this study
OTHERFinancial incentives
See detailed study description for overview of the different financial incentive-based interventions in this study
Sponsors
University of Pennsylvania
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
HEALTH_SERVICES_RESEARCH
Masking
NONE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* For this study, we will focus on the following individuals: 1. Adult members of Vitality Health who have activated their HealthyFood benefit in 2014 but have not completed the Vitality Age calculation or Vitality Healthy Check, and therefore are on a 10% cash- back reward level on healthy food purchases. 2. Members who have chosen Woolworths as their preferred HealthyFood partner. 3. Members with an available email address and SMS-capable telephone 4. Members with meeting specified spending cutoff (R1000 total spend in the previous month, at least 90% of which was spent at Woolworth's.)
Exclusion criteria
* Anyone who does not meet all of the above inclusion criteria
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Monthly % Healthy Food Expenditure | Monthly over 6 month intervention period | The difference in monthly healthy food expenditures between arms. This measure is defined as the monthly amount spent on healthy foods divided by the total monthly amount spent on food, multiplied by 100. For those individuals who had no recorded expenditure in a given month, they will be assigned 0% healthy food expenditure that month; in this way, this outcome can be considered a composite score of being engaged in the healthy food program (0%=not engaged) and the level of engagement (if monthly expenditure \>0). Each individual's data will be averaged across the intervention period. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Monthly % Healthy Items | Monthly over 6 month intervention period | The difference in monthly healthy food items purchased between arms. This measure is defined as the monthly number of healthy food items divided by the total monthly number of food items. The average over the full intervention months will be calculated within an individual and compared between arms. To be complementary with the primary endpoint analysis, in a month where an individual is not engaged in the program (0 total monthly expenditure) the worst-score (0) is imputed for that month. A similar MI approach will also be conducted as a sensitivity analysis. |
| Monthly % Unhealthy Items | Monthly over 6 month intervention period | The difference in monthly unhealthy food items purchased between arms. This measure is defined as the monthly number of unhealthy food items divided by the total monthly number of food items. The average over the full intervention months will be calculated within an individual and compared between arms. To be complementary with the primary endpoint analysis, in a month where an individual is not engaged in the program (0 total monthly expenditure) the worst-score (100) is imputed for that month. A similar MI approach will also be conducted as a sensitivity analysis. |
| Percentage Change in Monthly % Healthy Food Expenditures Between Arms | During the 6 month intervention period | Examining the difference in healthy food expenditure trends between arms where the % health food expenditure is defined as describe for outcome 1 (above) |
| Monthly % Unhealthy Food Expenditure | Monthly over 6 month intervention period | The difference in monthly unhealthy food expenditures between arms. This measure is defined as the monthly amount spent on unhealthy foods divided by the total monthly amount spent on food, multiplied by 100. The average over the full intervention months will be calculated within an individual and compared between arms. To be complementary with the primary endpoint analysis, in a month where an individual is not engaged in the program (0 total monthly expenditure) the worst-score (100) is imputed for that month. A similar MI approach will also be conducted as a sensitivity analysis. |
| Percent Change for Monthly % Healthy Food Items Between Arms | During the 6 month intervention period | Examining the difference in proportion healthy food item trends between arms where % healthy food items is defined as described for Outcome 3 (above) |
| Percent Change in Monthly %Unhealthy Food Items Between Arms | During the 6 month intervention period | Examining the difference in proportion unhealthy food item trends between arms where % unhealthy food items is defined as described for Outcome 5 (above). |
| Percent Change in Monthly %Unhealthy Food Expenditures Between Arms | During the 6 month intervention period | Examining the difference in unhealthy food expenditure trends between arms where %unhealthy food expenditure is defined as described for Outcome 2 (above). |
Participant flow
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| 10% Cash, no Weekly SMS, Standard Monthly SMS 10% cash back level, no weekly message, and the standard monthly message | 450 |
| 10% Cash, General Weekly SMS, Standard Monthly SMS 10% cash back, general weekly message, standard monthly message
Messaging: See detailed study description for overview of the different messaging interventions in this study
Financial incentives: See detailed study description for overview of the different financial incentive-based interventions in this study | 502 |
| 10% Cash Back, Personal Weekly SMS, Standard Monthly SMS 10 % cash back, personalized weekly message, standard monthly message
Messaging: See detailed study description for overview of the different messaging interventions in this study
Financial incentives: See detailed study description for overview of the different financial incentive-based interventions in this study | 465 |
| 25% Cash Back, Personal Weekly SMS, Standard Monthly SMS 25% cash back, personal weekly message, standard monthly message
Messaging: See detailed study description for overview of the different messaging interventions in this study
Financial incentives: See detailed study description for overview of the different financial incentive-based interventions in this study | 468 |
| 10+15%NET Cash, Personal Weekly SMS, Standard Weekly SMS 10%+15% cash back, personal weekly message, standard monthly message
Messaging: See detailed study description for overview of the different messaging interventions in this study
Financial incentives: See detailed study description for overview of the different financial incentive-based interventions in this study | 497 |
| 10+15%NET Cash, Personal Weekly SMS, Unbundled Monthly SMS 10%+15% cash back, personal weekly message, unbundled monthly message
Messaging: See detailed study description for overview of the different messaging interventions in this study
Financial incentives: See detailed study description for overview of the different financial incentive-based interventions in this study | 459 |
| Total | 2,841 |
Withdrawals & dropouts
| Period | Reason | FG000 | FG001 | FG002 | FG003 | FG004 | FG005 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study | Randomized in error- ineligible | 738 | 750 | 755 | 738 | 746 | 746 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Total | 10% Cash, no Weekly SMS, Standard Monthly SMS | 10% Cash, General Weekly SMS, Standard Monthly SMS | 10% Cash Back, Personal Weekly SMS, Standard Monthly SMS | 25% Cash Back, Personal Weekly SMS, Standard Monthly SMS | 10+15%NET Cash, Personal Weekly SMS, Standard Weekly SMS | 10+15%NET Cash, Personal Weekly SMS, Unbundled Monthly SMS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | 47.8 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 11.8 | 47.9 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 11.8 | 48.3 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 11.7 | 47 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 11.6 | 47.4 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 11.6 | 47.7 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 11.9 | 48.5 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 12 |
| Household Size | 2.9 people STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.2 | 3 people STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.3 | 2.9 people STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.3 | 3 people STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.2 | 3 people STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.2 | 2.9 people STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.2 | 2.9 people STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.3 |
| Monthly healthy items | 36.1 Items per month STANDARD_DEVIATION 21.5 | 36.1 Items per month STANDARD_DEVIATION 21.2 | 37.5 Items per month STANDARD_DEVIATION 23.7 | 34.9 Items per month STANDARD_DEVIATION 20.5 | 34.8 Items per month STANDARD_DEVIATION 21 | 35.9 Items per month STANDARD_DEVIATION 21.6 | 37.1 Items per month STANDARD_DEVIATION 20.6 |
| Monthly healthy spending | 883.4 Rand (South African currency) per month STANDARD_DEVIATION 541.9 | 895 Rand (South African currency) per month STANDARD_DEVIATION 548.9 | 923.4 Rand (South African currency) per month STANDARD_DEVIATION 608.9 | 851.8 Rand (South African currency) per month STANDARD_DEVIATION 511.9 | 843.5 Rand (South African currency) per month STANDARD_DEVIATION 506 | 878.9 Rand (South African currency) per month STANDARD_DEVIATION 540.5 | 901.1 Rand (South African currency) per month STANDARD_DEVIATION 521.4 |
| Monthly neutral items | 51.9 Items per month STANDARD_DEVIATION 26.8 | 53.7 Items per month STANDARD_DEVIATION 28.8 | 51.8 Items per month STANDARD_DEVIATION 26.2 | 52.8 Items per month STANDARD_DEVIATION 27 | 50.2 Items per month STANDARD_DEVIATION 25.7 | 50.7 Items per month STANDARD_DEVIATION 26.1 | 52.2 Items per month STANDARD_DEVIATION 27 |
| Monthly neutral spending | 1774.6 Rand (South African Currency) per month STANDARD_DEVIATION 918.1 | 1823.5 Rand (South African Currency) per month STANDARD_DEVIATION 963.5 | 1760.5 Rand (South African Currency) per month STANDARD_DEVIATION 881.9 | 1818.8 Rand (South African Currency) per month STANDARD_DEVIATION 944.6 | 1727.3 Rand (South African Currency) per month STANDARD_DEVIATION 888.4 | 1736.5 Rand (South African Currency) per month STANDARD_DEVIATION 930.6 | 1786.6 Rand (South African Currency) per month STANDARD_DEVIATION 900.5 |
| Monthly proportion of food items that were healthy | 32 Percent of items STANDARD_DEVIATION 11.8 | 31.4 Percent of items STANDARD_DEVIATION 11.2 | 32.5 Percent of items STANDARD_DEVIATION 12.7 | 30.8 Percent of items STANDARD_DEVIATION 10.7 | 32.1 Percent of items STANDARD_DEVIATION 11.3 | 32.2 Percent of items STANDARD_DEVIATION 11.6 | 33.1 Percent of items STANDARD_DEVIATION 12.8 |
| Monthly proportion of food items that were unhealthy | 22.1 Percent of items STANDARD_DEVIATION 9.3 | 22.6 Percent of items STANDARD_DEVIATION 9.5 | 22.1 Percent of items STANDARD_DEVIATION 9.3 | 22.5 Percent of items STANDARD_DEVIATION 9.4 | 21.9 Percent of items STANDARD_DEVIATION 9 | 22.1 Percent of items STANDARD_DEVIATION 9.2 | 21.1 Percent of items STANDARD_DEVIATION 9.3 |
| Monthly proportion of spending on healthy foods | 27.7 Percent of spending STANDARD_DEVIATION 10.7 | 27.5 Percent of spending STANDARD_DEVIATION 10.4 | 28.3 Percent of spending STANDARD_DEVIATION 11.8 | 26.6 Percent of spending STANDARD_DEVIATION 9.7 | 27.7 Percent of spending STANDARD_DEVIATION 10.2 | 27.9 Percent of spending STANDARD_DEVIATION 10.5 | 28.5 Percent of spending STANDARD_DEVIATION 11.4 |
| Monthly proportion of spending on unhealthy foods | 17.5 Percent of spending STANDARD_DEVIATION 7.4 | 17.8 Percent of spending STANDARD_DEVIATION 7.6 | 17.7 Percent of spending STANDARD_DEVIATION 7.3 | 17.7 Percent of spending STANDARD_DEVIATION 7.6 | 17.3 Percent of spending STANDARD_DEVIATION 6.8 | 17.7 Percent of spending STANDARD_DEVIATION 7.5 | 16.9 Percent of spending STANDARD_DEVIATION 7.5 |
| Monthly unhealthy items | 24.7 Items per month STANDARD_DEVIATION 16 | 26.4 Items per month STANDARD_DEVIATION 18.4 | 24.6 Items per month STANDARD_DEVIATION 14.9 | 25.2 Items per month STANDARD_DEVIATION 15.8 | 23.7 Items per month STANDARD_DEVIATION 15.1 | 24.2 Items per month STANDARD_DEVIATION 15.4 | 24.1 Items per month STANDARD_DEVIATION 16.4 |
| Monthly unhealthy spending | 536.5 Rand (South African currency) per month STANDARD_DEVIATION 320.6 | 558.3 Rand (South African currency) per month STANDARD_DEVIATION 347.1 | 539 Rand (South African currency) per month STANDARD_DEVIATION 302.2 | 549 Rand (South African currency) per month STANDARD_DEVIATION 326.1 | 515 Rand (South African currency) per month STANDARD_DEVIATION 303.6 | 532 Rand (South African currency) per month STANDARD_DEVIATION 313 | 526.6 Rand (South African currency) per month STANDARD_DEVIATION 332.4 |
| Region Gauteng | 1866 Participants | 289 Participants | 329 Participants | 302 Participants | 326 Participants | 329 Participants | 291 Participants |
| Region Kwazulu-Natal | 255 Participants | 39 Participants | 41 Participants | 46 Participants | 35 Participants | 51 Participants | 43 Participants |
| Region Other | 216 Participants | 36 Participants | 30 Participants | 41 Participants | 35 Participants | 34 Participants | 40 Participants |
| Region Western Cape | 504 Participants | 86 Participants | 102 Participants | 76 Participants | 72 Participants | 83 Participants | 85 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 1321 Participants | 212 Participants | 225 Participants | 220 Participants | 207 Participants | 245 Participants | 212 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 1520 Participants | 238 Participants | 277 Participants | 245 Participants | 261 Participants | 252 Participants | 247 Participants |
| Shopping trips | 8 trips per month STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.2 | 7.9 trips per month STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.4 | 7.9 trips per month STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.1 | 8.1 trips per month STANDARD_DEVIATION 4 | 7.7 trips per month STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.3 | 7.9 trips per month STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.1 | 8.3 trips per month STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.2 |
| Vitality membership length | 110.7 Weeks STANDARD_DEVIATION 57.1 | 110.5 Weeks STANDARD_DEVIATION 56.9 | 110.1 Weeks STANDARD_DEVIATION 56.2 | 111.7 Weeks STANDARD_DEVIATION 58.3 | 107.3 Weeks STANDARD_DEVIATION 55.6 | 112.2 Weeks STANDARD_DEVIATION 58.2 | 112.4 Weeks STANDARD_DEVIATION 57.8 |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk | EG002 affected / at risk | EG003 affected / at risk | EG004 affected / at risk | EG005 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | — / — | — / — | — / — | — / — | — / — | — / — |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 1,188 | 0 / 1,252 | 0 / 1,220 | 0 / 1,206 | 0 / 1,243 | 0 / 1,205 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 1,188 | 0 / 1,252 | 0 / 1,220 | 0 / 1,206 | 0 / 1,243 | 0 / 1,205 |
Outcome results
Primary
Monthly % Healthy Food Expenditure
The difference in monthly healthy food expenditures between arms. This measure is defined as the monthly amount spent on healthy foods divided by the total monthly amount spent on food, multiplied by 100. For those individuals who had no recorded expenditure in a given month, they will be assigned 0% healthy food expenditure that month; in this way, this outcome can be considered a composite score of being engaged in the healthy food program (0%=not engaged) and the level of engagement (if monthly expenditure \>0). Each individual's data will be averaged across the intervention period.
Time frame: Monthly over 6 month intervention period
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| 10% Cash, no Weekly SMS, Standard Monthly SMS | Monthly % Healthy Food Expenditure | 24.8 Percentage of money per month | Standard Deviation 11.4 |
| 10% Cash, General Weekly SMS, Standard Monthly SMS | Monthly % Healthy Food Expenditure | 26.8 Percentage of money per month | Standard Deviation 12.9 |
| 10% Cash, Personal Weekly SMS, Standard Monthly SMS | Monthly % Healthy Food Expenditure | 24.9 Percentage of money per month | Standard Deviation 11.7 |
| 25% Cash, Personal Weekly SMS, Standard Monthly SMS | Monthly % Healthy Food Expenditure | 25.7 Percentage of money per month | Standard Deviation 11.5 |
| 10+15% Cash, Personal Weekly SMS, Standard Monthly SMS | Monthly % Healthy Food Expenditure | 25.9 Percentage of money per month | Standard Deviation 12.7 |
| 10+15%NET Cash, Personal Weekly SMS, Unbundled Monthly SMS | Monthly % Healthy Food Expenditure | 26.5 Percentage of money per month | Standard Deviation 13 |
Secondary
Monthly % Healthy Items
The difference in monthly healthy food items purchased between arms. This measure is defined as the monthly number of healthy food items divided by the total monthly number of food items. The average over the full intervention months will be calculated within an individual and compared between arms. To be complementary with the primary endpoint analysis, in a month where an individual is not engaged in the program (0 total monthly expenditure) the worst-score (0) is imputed for that month. A similar MI approach will also be conducted as a sensitivity analysis.
Time frame: Monthly over 6 month intervention period
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| 10% Cash, no Weekly SMS, Standard Monthly SMS | Monthly % Healthy Items | 27.8 Percentage of items per month | Standard Deviation 12.5 |
| 10% Cash, General Weekly SMS, Standard Monthly SMS | Monthly % Healthy Items | 30.2 Percentage of items per month | Standard Deviation 13.9 |
| 10% Cash, Personal Weekly SMS, Standard Monthly SMS | Monthly % Healthy Items | 28.4 Percentage of items per month | Standard Deviation 12.7 |
| 25% Cash, Personal Weekly SMS, Standard Monthly SMS | Monthly % Healthy Items | 29.5 Percentage of items per month | Standard Deviation 12.8 |
| 10+15% Cash, Personal Weekly SMS, Standard Monthly SMS | Monthly % Healthy Items | 28.9 Percentage of items per month | Standard Deviation 13.6 |
| 10+15%NET Cash, Personal Weekly SMS, Unbundled Monthly SMS | Monthly % Healthy Items | 30 Percentage of items per month | Standard Deviation 14.5 |
Secondary
Monthly % Unhealthy Food Expenditure
The difference in monthly unhealthy food expenditures between arms. This measure is defined as the monthly amount spent on unhealthy foods divided by the total monthly amount spent on food, multiplied by 100. The average over the full intervention months will be calculated within an individual and compared between arms. To be complementary with the primary endpoint analysis, in a month where an individual is not engaged in the program (0 total monthly expenditure) the worst-score (100) is imputed for that month. A similar MI approach will also be conducted as a sensitivity analysis.
Time frame: Monthly over 6 month intervention period
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| 10% Cash, no Weekly SMS, Standard Monthly SMS | Monthly % Unhealthy Food Expenditure | 24.4 Percentage of money per month | Standard Error 20.1 |
| 10% Cash, General Weekly SMS, Standard Monthly SMS | Monthly % Unhealthy Food Expenditure | 21.7 Percentage of money per month | Standard Error 17.2 |
| 10% Cash, Personal Weekly SMS, Standard Monthly SMS | Monthly % Unhealthy Food Expenditure | 22.4 Percentage of money per month | Standard Error 17.7 |
| 25% Cash, Personal Weekly SMS, Standard Monthly SMS | Monthly % Unhealthy Food Expenditure | 21.7 Percentage of money per month | Standard Error 17.1 |
| 10+15% Cash, Personal Weekly SMS, Standard Monthly SMS | Monthly % Unhealthy Food Expenditure | 23.9 Percentage of money per month | Standard Error 19.9 |
| 10+15%NET Cash, Personal Weekly SMS, Unbundled Monthly SMS | Monthly % Unhealthy Food Expenditure | 22.3 Percentage of money per month | Standard Error 19.1 |
Secondary
Monthly % Unhealthy Items
The difference in monthly unhealthy food items purchased between arms. This measure is defined as the monthly number of unhealthy food items divided by the total monthly number of food items. The average over the full intervention months will be calculated within an individual and compared between arms. To be complementary with the primary endpoint analysis, in a month where an individual is not engaged in the program (0 total monthly expenditure) the worst-score (100) is imputed for that month. A similar MI approach will also be conducted as a sensitivity analysis.
Time frame: Monthly over 6 month intervention period
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| 10% Cash, no Weekly SMS, Standard Monthly SMS | Monthly % Unhealthy Items | 29.4 Percentage of items per month | Standard Deviation 19.8 |
| 10% Cash, General Weekly SMS, Standard Monthly SMS | Monthly % Unhealthy Items | 26.6 Percentage of items per month | Standard Deviation 17.5 |
| 10% Cash, Personal Weekly SMS, Standard Monthly SMS | Monthly % Unhealthy Items | 27.2 Percentage of items per month | Standard Deviation 17.7 |
| 25% Cash, Personal Weekly SMS, Standard Monthly SMS | Monthly % Unhealthy Items | 26.3 Percentage of items per month | Standard Deviation 17.2 |
| 10+15% Cash, Personal Weekly SMS, Standard Monthly SMS | Monthly % Unhealthy Items | 28.5 Percentage of items per month | Standard Deviation 19.8 |
| 10+15%NET Cash, Personal Weekly SMS, Unbundled Monthly SMS | Monthly % Unhealthy Items | 26.9 Percentage of items per month | Standard Deviation 19.2 |
Secondary
Percentage Change in Monthly % Healthy Food Expenditures Between Arms
Examining the difference in healthy food expenditure trends between arms where the % health food expenditure is defined as describe for outcome 1 (above)
Time frame: During the 6 month intervention period
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| 10% Cash, no Weekly SMS, Standard Monthly SMS | Percentage Change in Monthly % Healthy Food Expenditures Between Arms | -.0839 percentage change in % healthy spending | Standard Error 0.0062 |
| 10% Cash, General Weekly SMS, Standard Monthly SMS | Percentage Change in Monthly % Healthy Food Expenditures Between Arms | -.0777 percentage change in % healthy spending | Standard Error 0.0059 |
| 10% Cash, Personal Weekly SMS, Standard Monthly SMS | Percentage Change in Monthly % Healthy Food Expenditures Between Arms | -.0717 percentage change in % healthy spending | Standard Error 0.0061 |
| 25% Cash, Personal Weekly SMS, Standard Monthly SMS | Percentage Change in Monthly % Healthy Food Expenditures Between Arms | -.0769 percentage change in % healthy spending | Standard Error 0.0062 |
| 10+15% Cash, Personal Weekly SMS, Standard Monthly SMS | Percentage Change in Monthly % Healthy Food Expenditures Between Arms | -.0729 percentage change in % healthy spending | Standard Error 0.0059 |
| 10+15%NET Cash, Personal Weekly SMS, Unbundled Monthly SMS | Percentage Change in Monthly % Healthy Food Expenditures Between Arms | -.0742 percentage change in % healthy spending | Standard Error 0.0062 |
Secondary
Percent Change for Monthly % Healthy Food Items Between Arms
Examining the difference in proportion healthy food item trends between arms where % healthy food items is defined as described for Outcome 3 (above)
Time frame: During the 6 month intervention period
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| 10% Cash, no Weekly SMS, Standard Monthly SMS | Percent Change for Monthly % Healthy Food Items Between Arms | -.0753 Percent change in % healthy food items | Standard Error 0.0066 |
| 10% Cash, General Weekly SMS, Standard Monthly SMS | Percent Change for Monthly % Healthy Food Items Between Arms | -.0650 Percent change in % healthy food items | Standard Error 0.0062 |
| 10% Cash, Personal Weekly SMS, Standard Monthly SMS | Percent Change for Monthly % Healthy Food Items Between Arms | -.0571 Percent change in % healthy food items | Standard Error 0.0064 |
| 25% Cash, Personal Weekly SMS, Standard Monthly SMS | Percent Change for Monthly % Healthy Food Items Between Arms | -.0659 Percent change in % healthy food items | Standard Error 0.0064 |
| 10+15% Cash, Personal Weekly SMS, Standard Monthly SMS | Percent Change for Monthly % Healthy Food Items Between Arms | -.0684 Percent change in % healthy food items | Standard Error 0.0062 |
| 10+15%NET Cash, Personal Weekly SMS, Unbundled Monthly SMS | Percent Change for Monthly % Healthy Food Items Between Arms | -.0722 Percent change in % healthy food items | Standard Error 0.0065 |
Secondary
Percent Change in Monthly %Unhealthy Food Expenditures Between Arms
Examining the difference in unhealthy food expenditure trends between arms where %unhealthy food expenditure is defined as described for Outcome 2 (above).
Time frame: During the 6 month intervention period
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| 10% Cash, no Weekly SMS, Standard Monthly SMS | Percent Change in Monthly %Unhealthy Food Expenditures Between Arms | .0836 Percent change in % unhealthy food spend | Standard Error 0.01 |
| 10% Cash, General Weekly SMS, Standard Monthly SMS | Percent Change in Monthly %Unhealthy Food Expenditures Between Arms | .0679 Percent change in % unhealthy food spend | Standard Error 0.0095 |
| 10% Cash, Personal Weekly SMS, Standard Monthly SMS | Percent Change in Monthly %Unhealthy Food Expenditures Between Arms | .0579 Percent change in % unhealthy food spend | Standard Error 0.0099 |
| 25% Cash, Personal Weekly SMS, Standard Monthly SMS | Percent Change in Monthly %Unhealthy Food Expenditures Between Arms | .0823 Percent change in % unhealthy food spend | Standard Error 0.0098 |
| 10+15% Cash, Personal Weekly SMS, Standard Monthly SMS | Percent Change in Monthly %Unhealthy Food Expenditures Between Arms | .0928 Percent change in % unhealthy food spend | Standard Error 0.0095 |
| 10+15%NET Cash, Personal Weekly SMS, Unbundled Monthly SMS | Percent Change in Monthly %Unhealthy Food Expenditures Between Arms | .0786 Percent change in % unhealthy food spend | Standard Error 0.0099 |
Secondary
Percent Change in Monthly %Unhealthy Food Items Between Arms
Examining the difference in proportion unhealthy food item trends between arms where % unhealthy food items is defined as described for Outcome 5 (above).
Time frame: During the 6 month intervention period
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| 10% Cash, no Weekly SMS, Standard Monthly SMS | Percent Change in Monthly %Unhealthy Food Items Between Arms | .0896 Percent change in % unhealthy food items | Standard Error 0.0099 |
| 10% Cash, General Weekly SMS, Standard Monthly SMS | Percent Change in Monthly %Unhealthy Food Items Between Arms | .0698 Percent change in % unhealthy food items | Standard Error 0.0094 |
| 10% Cash, Personal Weekly SMS, Standard Monthly SMS | Percent Change in Monthly %Unhealthy Food Items Between Arms | .0639 Percent change in % unhealthy food items | Standard Error 0.0098 |
| 25% Cash, Personal Weekly SMS, Standard Monthly SMS | Percent Change in Monthly %Unhealthy Food Items Between Arms | .0854 Percent change in % unhealthy food items | Standard Error 0.0097 |
| 10+15% Cash, Personal Weekly SMS, Standard Monthly SMS | Percent Change in Monthly %Unhealthy Food Items Between Arms | .1000 Percent change in % unhealthy food items | Standard Error 0.0094 |
| 10+15%NET Cash, Personal Weekly SMS, Unbundled Monthly SMS | Percent Change in Monthly %Unhealthy Food Items Between Arms | .0817 Percent change in % unhealthy food items | Standard Error 0.0098 |