Refractory Chronic Cough
Conditions
Brief summary
The primary objective of this study was to assess the effect of a single dose of gefapixant 100 mg on cough reflex sensitivity to various challenge agents (capsaicin, citric acid, adenosine triphosphate \[ATP\], and distilled water) in healthy and chronic cough participants.
Detailed description
The study had a Screening period to determine participant inclusion, two Baseline Visits, and two treatment periods with a minimum 48-hour washout between the treatment periods. At Baseline and during each treatment period, cough sensitivity was measured by standard clinical methodology incorporating four cough challenges. Daytime cough monitoring was performed at Baseline and during each of the two treatment periods (chronic cough participants only).
Interventions
DRUGGefapixant 100 mg
Gefapixant 100 mg (2 x 50 mg tablets), administered orally as a single dose in treatment Period 1 or treatment Period 2
DRUGPlacebo
Placebo (two tablets matching gefapixant 50 mg), administered orally as a single dose in treatment Period 1 or treatment Period 2
Sponsors
Afferent Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc. (Rahway, New Jersey USA)
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
CROSSOVER
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
TRIPLE (Subject, Investigator, Outcomes Assessor)
Intervention model description
Chronic cough and healthy participants were randomly assigned to receive gefapixant and placebo in one of two treatment sequences: Sequence A (placebo in treatment period 1, then gefapixant in treatment period 2) or Sequence B (gefapixant in treatment period 1, then placebo in treatment period 2). There was at least a 48-hour washout between the treatment periods. Daytime cough monitoring was performed in chronic cough participants only.
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to 80 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* Have provided written informed voluntary consent; * Be able to speak, read, and understand English; * Be males or females, of any race, between 18 and 80 years of age, inclusive; * Have a body mass index (BMI) \>= 18 and \< 35 kg/m\^2; * Be in good general health with no clinically relevant abnormalities based on the medical history, physical examination, clinical laboratory evaluations (hematology, clinical chemistry, and urinalysis), and 12 lead electrocardiogram; * Be non-smokers for at least 5 years; * If a female of child-bearing potential (I. e., have not undergone a hysterectomy or bilateral oophorectomy) or not post-menopausal (defined as no menses for at least 12 months), agree to use 2 forms of acceptable birth control; or if a male, they and/or their partner of child-bearing potential agree to use 2 forms of acceptable birth control; * Be able to communicate effectively with the Investigator and other study center personnel and agree to comply with the study procedures and restrictions. * Subjects with chronic cough must have treatment-refractory chronic cough for at least one year, with no objective evidence of an underlying trigger (e. g., asthma)
Exclusion criteria
* History of upper respiratory tract infection or recent significant change in pulmonary status within 4 weeks of the Baseline Visit (Day 0); * Have acute worsening of asthma; * Do not cough during the ATP or Capsaicin or Citric acid challenge at Screening or only cough twice at the two highest concentrations of the test solution; * History of concurrent malignancy or recurrence of malignancy within 2 years prior to Screening (not including subjects with \<3 excised basal cell carcinomas); * History of a diagnosis of drug or alcohol dependency or abuse within approximately the last 3 years; * Clinically significant abnormal electrocardiogram (ECG) at Screening; * Significantly abnormal laboratory tests at Screening; * Pregnant or breastfeeding; * Other severe, acute, or chronic medical or psychiatric condition or laboratory abnormality that may increase the risk associated with trial participation or investigational product administration or may interfere with the interpretation of trial results and, in the judgment of the Investigator or Sponsor, would make the subject inappropriate for entry into this trial.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Cough Reflex Sensitivity to Capsaicin in Participants Who Received Gefapixant 100 mg and Placebo (Period 1 & Period 2 Combined) | Average of 1, 3, and 5 hours post-dose | The concentration of capsaicin inducing at least 2 coughs (C2) and at least 5 coughs (C5) was assessed at 1, 3, and 5 hours post-dose in healthy and chronic cough participants. The concentrations of capsaicin for cough challenge were 0.3 micromoles (µM), 1 µM, 3 µM, 10 µM, 30 µM, 100 µM, 300 µM, and 1000 µM. The Measure Type is least-squares mean in natural log scale. The challenge agent was prepared by dilution of capsaicin with saline, and was administered by inhalation. A mixed effects model used natural log-transformed values for the lowest concentrations of inhaled solution required to evoke at least 2 (C2) or at least 5 (C5) coughs to estimate the average of C2 or C5 across 3 time points for each treatment group, and to compare treatment difference relative to placebo. When applying the mixed model repeated measure analysis, if there is a missing value for concentration, it was imputed as 1.5 times the maximum concentration (=150%). |
| Cough Reflex Sensitivity to Citric Acid in Participants Who Received Gefapixant 100 mg and Placebo (Period 1 & Period 2 Combined) | Average of 1, 3, and 5 hours post-dose | The concentration of citric acid inducing at least 2 coughs (C2) and at least 5 coughs (C5) was assessed at 1, 3, and 5 hours post-dose in healthy and chronic cough participants. The concentrations of citric acid for cough challenge were 1 millimoles (mM), 3 mM, 10 mM, 30 mM, 100 mM, 300 mM, 1 M, and 3 M. The Measure Type is least-squares mean in natural log scale. The challenge agent was prepared by dilution of citric acid with saline, and was administered by inhalation. A mixed effects model used natural log-transformed values for the lowest concentrations of inhaled solution required to evoke at least 2 (C2) or at least 5 (C5) coughs to estimate the average of C2 or C5 across 3 time points for each treatment group, and to compare treatment difference relative to placebo. When applying the mixed model repeated measure analysis, if there is a missing value for concentration, it was imputed as 1.5 times the maximum concentration (=150%). |
| Cough Reflex Sensitivity to ATP in Participants Who Received Gefapixant 100 mg and Placebo (Period 1 & Period 2 Combined) | Average of 1, 3, and 5 hours post-dose | The concentration of ATP inducing at least 2 coughs (C2) and at least 5 coughs (C5) was assessed at 1, 3, and 5 hours post-dose in healthy and chronic cough participants. The concentrations of ATP for cough challenge were 0.1 mM, 0.3 mM, 1 mM, 3 mM, 10 mM, 30 mM, 100 mM, and 300 mM. The Measure Type is least-squares mean in natural log scale. The challenge agent was prepared by dilution of ATP with saline, and was administered by inhalation. A mixed effects model used natural log-transformed values for the lowest concentrations of inhaled solution required to evoke at least 2 (C2) or at least 5 (C5) coughs to estimate the average of C2 or C5 across 3 time points for each treatment group, and to compare treatment difference relative to placebo. When applying the mixed model repeated measure analysis, if there is a missing value for concentration, it was imputed as 1.5 times the maximum concentration (=150%). |
| Cough Reflex Sensitivity to Distilled Water in Participants Who Received Gefapixant 100 mg and Placebo (Period 1 & Period 2 Combined) | Average of 1, 3, and 5 hours post-dose | The concentration of distilled water inducing at least 2 coughs (C2) and at least 5 coughs (C5) was assessed at 1, 3, and 5 hours post-dose in healthy and chronic cough participants. The concentrations of distilled water for cough challenge were 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%. The Measure Type is least-squares mean in natural log scale. The number of coughs generated in 1 minute of exposure was recorded. The challenge agent was prepared by dilution of distilled water with saline, and was administered by inhalation. A mixed effects model used natural log-transformed values for the lowest concentrations of inhaled solution required to evoke at least 2 (C2) or at least 5 (C5) coughs to estimate the average of C2 or C5 across 3 time points for each treatment group, and to compare treatment difference relative to placebo. When applying the mixed model repeated measure analysis, if there is a missing value for concentration, it was imputed as 1.5 times the maximum concentration (=150%). |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Change From Baseline in Cough Severity Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) After Cough Challenge Testing in Participants Who Received Gefapixant 100 mg and Placebo (Chronic Cough Participants Only) | Baseline and one hour after the final cough challenge on treatment days | Chronic cough participants completed a visual analogue scale (VAS) to record cough severity, prior to dosing on the treatment day in each treatment period, and one hour after the final cough challenge on the treatment days. This was a 100mm VAS of cough severity from 'No Cough' (0) up to 'Worst Cough' (100). Participants were instructed to draw a line on the scale to indicate how severe they felt their cough was during the previous 1 hour on the treatment days. A negative change from Baseline was considered to indicate improvement in cough severity. |
| Percentage of Participants Who Discontinued From the Study Due to an Adverse Event | Up to Day 4 | A secondary endpoint of the trial was the percentage of participants receiving gefapixant 100 mg and placebo who discontinued from the study due to an AE. The percentage of participants who discontinued from the study due to an AE was assessed for days 1-4. |
| Change From Baseline in Urge to Cough VAS After Cough Challenge Testing in Participants Who Received Gefapixant 100 mg and Placebo (Chronic Cough Participants Only) | Baseline and one hour after final cough challenge on treatment days | Chronic cough participants completed a VAS to record the severity of their urge to cough, prior to dosing on the treatment day in each treatment period, and one hour after the final cough challenge on the treatment days. Participants marked the 100mm VAS at the extremes as 'No urge-to-cough' (0) and 'Worst urge-to-cough' (100). Participants were instructed to draw a single vertical line on the scale to indicate how severe their urge to cough was during the previous 1 hour on the treatment days. A negative change from Baseline was considered to indicate improvement in urge to cough. |
| Change From Baseline in Cough Frequency After Cough Challenge Testing in Participants Who Received Gefapixant 100 mg and Placebo (Chronic Cough Participants Only) | Baseline and for 24 hours after cough challenge on treatment days | An ambulatory cough recording device recorded all sounds chronic cough participants made during cough monitoring to measure the change from baseline in objective cough frequency on the treatment days. A negative change from Baseline was considered to indicate improvement in cough frequency |
| Percentage of Participants Who Experienced One or More Adverse Events During Study Treatment and Follow up | Up to Day 18 | A secondary endpoint of the trial was the percentage of participants receiving gefapixant 100 mg and placebo who had at least 1 adverse event (AE) over 4 days of treatment (including washout periods) in addition to 14 days (+3 days) until a post-treatment follow-up visit. An AE is defined as any untoward medical occurrence in a participant administered study drug and which does not necessarily have to have a causal relationship with this treatment. Any worsening of a preexisting condition that is temporally associated with the use of the study drug is also an AE. The percentage of participants in any treatment group with at least 1 AE was assessed. |
Participant flow
Pre-assignment details
A 6-day Screening period (Day -6 to Day -1) ensured that each participant met all the specified eligibility criteria. In addition, cough reflex sensitivity was measured at Screening by standard clinical methodology using cough challenge in response to four agents (capsaicin, citric acid, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and distilled water).
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Placebo Then Gefapixant 100 mg/Healthy (Sequence A) Healthy participants in Sequence A were randomized to receive placebo in treatment Period 1, then gefapixant 100 mg in treatment Period 2. | 6 |
| Gefapixant 100 mg Then Placebo/Healthy (Sequence B) Healthy participants in Sequence B were randomized to receive gefapixant 100 mg in treatment Period 1, then placebo in treatment Period 2. | 6 |
| Placebo Then Gefapixant 100 mg/Chronic Cough (Sequence A) Chronic Cough Participants in Sequence A were randomized to receive placebo in treatment Period 1, then gefapixant 100 mg in treatment Period 2. | 12 |
| Gefapixant 100 mg Then Placebo/Chronic Cough (Sequence B) Chronic Cough participants in Sequence B were randomized to receive gefapixant 100 mg in treatment Period 1, then placebo in treatment Period 2. | 12 |
| Total | 36 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Placebo Then Gefapixant 100 mg/Healthy (Sequence A) | Gefapixant 100 mg Then Placebo/Healthy (Sequence B) | Placebo Then Gefapixant 100 mg/Chronic Cough (Sequence A) | Gefapixant 100 mg Then Placebo/Chronic Cough (Sequence B) | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | 40.0 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 10.79 | 35.7 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 6.09 | 61.6 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 9.15 | 60.6 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 8.58 | 53.3 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 14 |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 6 Participants | 5 Participants | 11 Participants | 10 Participants | 32 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 0 Participants | 1 Participants | 1 Participants | 2 Participants | 4 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk | EG002 affected / at risk | EG003 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 12 | 0 / 12 | 0 / 24 | 0 / 24 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 12 / 12 | 6 / 12 | 21 / 24 | 7 / 24 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 12 | 0 / 12 | 0 / 24 | 0 / 24 |
Outcome results
Primary
Cough Reflex Sensitivity to ATP in Participants Who Received Gefapixant 100 mg and Placebo (Period 1 & Period 2 Combined)
The concentration of ATP inducing at least 2 coughs (C2) and at least 5 coughs (C5) was assessed at 1, 3, and 5 hours post-dose in healthy and chronic cough participants. The concentrations of ATP for cough challenge were 0.1 mM, 0.3 mM, 1 mM, 3 mM, 10 mM, 30 mM, 100 mM, and 300 mM. The Measure Type is least-squares mean in natural log scale. The challenge agent was prepared by dilution of ATP with saline, and was administered by inhalation. A mixed effects model used natural log-transformed values for the lowest concentrations of inhaled solution required to evoke at least 2 (C2) or at least 5 (C5) coughs to estimate the average of C2 or C5 across 3 time points for each treatment group, and to compare treatment difference relative to placebo. When applying the mixed model repeated measure analysis, if there is a missing value for concentration, it was imputed as 1.5 times the maximum concentration (=150%).
Time frame: Average of 1, 3, and 5 hours post-dose
Population: The analyzed population was all treated participants who had at least 1 post-dose primary endpoint assessment of cough reflex sensitivity in response to ATP challenge.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (LEAST_SQUARES_MEAN) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gefapixant 100 mg/Healthy | Cough Reflex Sensitivity to ATP in Participants Who Received Gefapixant 100 mg and Placebo (Period 1 & Period 2 Combined) | C2 Response to ATP (Periods 1 & 2) | 4.79 natural log (mM) |
| Gefapixant 100 mg/Healthy | Cough Reflex Sensitivity to ATP in Participants Who Received Gefapixant 100 mg and Placebo (Period 1 & Period 2 Combined) | C5 Response to ATP (Periods 1 & 2) | 5.61 natural log (mM) |
| Placebo/Healthy | Cough Reflex Sensitivity to ATP in Participants Who Received Gefapixant 100 mg and Placebo (Period 1 & Period 2 Combined) | C5 Response to ATP (Periods 1 & 2) | 4.73 natural log (mM) |
| Placebo/Healthy | Cough Reflex Sensitivity to ATP in Participants Who Received Gefapixant 100 mg and Placebo (Period 1 & Period 2 Combined) | C2 Response to ATP (Periods 1 & 2) | 3.90 natural log (mM) |
| Gefapixant 100 mg/Chronic Cough | Cough Reflex Sensitivity to ATP in Participants Who Received Gefapixant 100 mg and Placebo (Period 1 & Period 2 Combined) | C2 Response to ATP (Periods 1 & 2) | 2.90 natural log (mM) |
| Gefapixant 100 mg/Chronic Cough | Cough Reflex Sensitivity to ATP in Participants Who Received Gefapixant 100 mg and Placebo (Period 1 & Period 2 Combined) | C5 Response to ATP (Periods 1 & 2) | 3.52 natural log (mM) |
| Placebo/Chronic Cough | Cough Reflex Sensitivity to ATP in Participants Who Received Gefapixant 100 mg and Placebo (Period 1 & Period 2 Combined) | C2 Response to ATP (Periods 1 & 2) | 1.36 natural log (mM) |
| Placebo/Chronic Cough | Cough Reflex Sensitivity to ATP in Participants Who Received Gefapixant 100 mg and Placebo (Period 1 & Period 2 Combined) | C5 Response to ATP (Periods 1 & 2) | 2.22 natural log (mM) |
Comparison: C2 Response/Healthyp-value: 0.112595% CI: [-0.2, 2]Mixed Models Analysis
Comparison: C5 Response/Healthyp-value: 0.002995% CI: [0.4, 1.4]Mixed Models Analysis
Comparison: C2 Response/Chronic Coughp-value: 0.000695% CI: [0.7, 2.4]Mixed Models Analysis
Comparison: C5 Response/Chronic Coughp-value: 0.006795% CI: [0.4, 2.2]Mixed Models Analysis
Primary
Cough Reflex Sensitivity to Capsaicin in Participants Who Received Gefapixant 100 mg and Placebo (Period 1 & Period 2 Combined)
The concentration of capsaicin inducing at least 2 coughs (C2) and at least 5 coughs (C5) was assessed at 1, 3, and 5 hours post-dose in healthy and chronic cough participants. The concentrations of capsaicin for cough challenge were 0.3 micromoles (µM), 1 µM, 3 µM, 10 µM, 30 µM, 100 µM, 300 µM, and 1000 µM. The Measure Type is least-squares mean in natural log scale. The challenge agent was prepared by dilution of capsaicin with saline, and was administered by inhalation. A mixed effects model used natural log-transformed values for the lowest concentrations of inhaled solution required to evoke at least 2 (C2) or at least 5 (C5) coughs to estimate the average of C2 or C5 across 3 time points for each treatment group, and to compare treatment difference relative to placebo. When applying the mixed model repeated measure analysis, if there is a missing value for concentration, it was imputed as 1.5 times the maximum concentration (=150%).
Time frame: Average of 1, 3, and 5 hours post-dose
Population: The analyzed population was all treated participants who had at least 1 post-dose primary endpoint assessment of cough reflex sensitivity in response to capsaicin challenge.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (LEAST_SQUARES_MEAN) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gefapixant 100 mg/Healthy | Cough Reflex Sensitivity to Capsaicin in Participants Who Received Gefapixant 100 mg and Placebo (Period 1 & Period 2 Combined) | C2 Response to Capsaicin (Periods 1 & 2) | 3.05 natural log (µM) |
| Gefapixant 100 mg/Healthy | Cough Reflex Sensitivity to Capsaicin in Participants Who Received Gefapixant 100 mg and Placebo (Period 1 & Period 2 Combined) | C5 Response to Capsaicin (Periods 1 & 2) | 4.46 natural log (µM) |
| Placebo/Healthy | Cough Reflex Sensitivity to Capsaicin in Participants Who Received Gefapixant 100 mg and Placebo (Period 1 & Period 2 Combined) | C5 Response to Capsaicin (Periods 1 & 2) | 4.68 natural log (µM) |
| Placebo/Healthy | Cough Reflex Sensitivity to Capsaicin in Participants Who Received Gefapixant 100 mg and Placebo (Period 1 & Period 2 Combined) | C2 Response to Capsaicin (Periods 1 & 2) | 3.04 natural log (µM) |
| Gefapixant 100 mg/Chronic Cough | Cough Reflex Sensitivity to Capsaicin in Participants Who Received Gefapixant 100 mg and Placebo (Period 1 & Period 2 Combined) | C2 Response to Capsaicin (Periods 1 & 2) | 1.72 natural log (µM) |
| Gefapixant 100 mg/Chronic Cough | Cough Reflex Sensitivity to Capsaicin in Participants Who Received Gefapixant 100 mg and Placebo (Period 1 & Period 2 Combined) | C5 Response to Capsaicin (Periods 1 & 2) | 2.31 natural log (µM) |
| Placebo/Chronic Cough | Cough Reflex Sensitivity to Capsaicin in Participants Who Received Gefapixant 100 mg and Placebo (Period 1 & Period 2 Combined) | C2 Response to Capsaicin (Periods 1 & 2) | 1.41 natural log (µM) |
| Placebo/Chronic Cough | Cough Reflex Sensitivity to Capsaicin in Participants Who Received Gefapixant 100 mg and Placebo (Period 1 & Period 2 Combined) | C5 Response to Capsaicin (Periods 1 & 2) | 2.05 natural log (µM) |
Comparison: C2 Response/Healthyp-value: 0.966695% CI: [-0.6, 0.7]Mixed Models Analysis
Comparison: C5 Response/Healthyp-value: 0.599395% CI: [-1.1, 0.6]Mixed Models Analysis
Comparison: C2 Response/Chronic Coughp-value: 0.282395% CI: [-0.3, 0.9]Mixed Models Analysis
Comparison: C5 Response/Chronic Coughp-value: 0.428795% CI: [-0.4, 0.9]Mixed Models Analysis
Primary
Cough Reflex Sensitivity to Citric Acid in Participants Who Received Gefapixant 100 mg and Placebo (Period 1 & Period 2 Combined)
The concentration of citric acid inducing at least 2 coughs (C2) and at least 5 coughs (C5) was assessed at 1, 3, and 5 hours post-dose in healthy and chronic cough participants. The concentrations of citric acid for cough challenge were 1 millimoles (mM), 3 mM, 10 mM, 30 mM, 100 mM, 300 mM, 1 M, and 3 M. The Measure Type is least-squares mean in natural log scale. The challenge agent was prepared by dilution of citric acid with saline, and was administered by inhalation. A mixed effects model used natural log-transformed values for the lowest concentrations of inhaled solution required to evoke at least 2 (C2) or at least 5 (C5) coughs to estimate the average of C2 or C5 across 3 time points for each treatment group, and to compare treatment difference relative to placebo. When applying the mixed model repeated measure analysis, if there is a missing value for concentration, it was imputed as 1.5 times the maximum concentration (=150%).
Time frame: Average of 1, 3, and 5 hours post-dose
Population: The analyzed population was all treated participants who had at least 1 post-dose primary endpoint assessment of cough reflex sensitivity in response to citric acid challenge.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (LEAST_SQUARES_MEAN) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gefapixant 100 mg/Healthy | Cough Reflex Sensitivity to Citric Acid in Participants Who Received Gefapixant 100 mg and Placebo (Period 1 & Period 2 Combined) | C2 Response to Citric Acid (Periods 1 & 2) | 6.16 natural log (mM) |
| Gefapixant 100 mg/Healthy | Cough Reflex Sensitivity to Citric Acid in Participants Who Received Gefapixant 100 mg and Placebo (Period 1 & Period 2 Combined) | C5 Response to Citric Acid (Periods 1 & 2) | 7.12 natural log (mM) |
| Placebo/Healthy | Cough Reflex Sensitivity to Citric Acid in Participants Who Received Gefapixant 100 mg and Placebo (Period 1 & Period 2 Combined) | C5 Response to Citric Acid (Periods 1 & 2) | 6.82 natural log (mM) |
| Placebo/Healthy | Cough Reflex Sensitivity to Citric Acid in Participants Who Received Gefapixant 100 mg and Placebo (Period 1 & Period 2 Combined) | C2 Response to Citric Acid (Periods 1 & 2) | 5.61 natural log (mM) |
| Gefapixant 100 mg/Chronic Cough | Cough Reflex Sensitivity to Citric Acid in Participants Who Received Gefapixant 100 mg and Placebo (Period 1 & Period 2 Combined) | C2 Response to Citric Acid (Periods 1 & 2) | 4.07 natural log (mM) |
| Gefapixant 100 mg/Chronic Cough | Cough Reflex Sensitivity to Citric Acid in Participants Who Received Gefapixant 100 mg and Placebo (Period 1 & Period 2 Combined) | C5 Response to Citric Acid (Periods 1 & 2) | 4.74 natural log (mM) |
| Placebo/Chronic Cough | Cough Reflex Sensitivity to Citric Acid in Participants Who Received Gefapixant 100 mg and Placebo (Period 1 & Period 2 Combined) | C2 Response to Citric Acid (Periods 1 & 2) | 3.84 natural log (mM) |
| Placebo/Chronic Cough | Cough Reflex Sensitivity to Citric Acid in Participants Who Received Gefapixant 100 mg and Placebo (Period 1 & Period 2 Combined) | C5 Response to Citric Acid (Periods 1 & 2) | 4.46 natural log (mM) |
Comparison: C2 Response/Healthyp-value: 0.177195% CI: [-0.3, 1.4]Mixed Models Analysis
Comparison: C5 Response/Healthyp-value: 0.547395% CI: [-0.7, 1.3]Mixed Models Analysis
Comparison: C2 Response/Chronic Coughp-value: 0.516995% CI: [-0.5, 1]Mixed Models Analysis
Comparison: C5 Response/Chronic Coughp-value: 0.424395% CI: [-0.4, 1]Mixed Models Analysis
Primary
Cough Reflex Sensitivity to Distilled Water in Participants Who Received Gefapixant 100 mg and Placebo (Period 1 & Period 2 Combined)
The concentration of distilled water inducing at least 2 coughs (C2) and at least 5 coughs (C5) was assessed at 1, 3, and 5 hours post-dose in healthy and chronic cough participants. The concentrations of distilled water for cough challenge were 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%. The Measure Type is least-squares mean in natural log scale. The number of coughs generated in 1 minute of exposure was recorded. The challenge agent was prepared by dilution of distilled water with saline, and was administered by inhalation. A mixed effects model used natural log-transformed values for the lowest concentrations of inhaled solution required to evoke at least 2 (C2) or at least 5 (C5) coughs to estimate the average of C2 or C5 across 3 time points for each treatment group, and to compare treatment difference relative to placebo. When applying the mixed model repeated measure analysis, if there is a missing value for concentration, it was imputed as 1.5 times the maximum concentration (=150%).
Time frame: Average of 1, 3, and 5 hours post-dose
Population: The analyzed population was all treated participants who had at least 1 post-dose primary endpoint assessment of cough reflex sensitivity in response to distilled water challenge.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (LEAST_SQUARES_MEAN) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gefapixant 100 mg/Healthy | Cough Reflex Sensitivity to Distilled Water in Participants Who Received Gefapixant 100 mg and Placebo (Period 1 & Period 2 Combined) | C5 Response to Distilled Water (Periods 1 & 2) | 4.85 natural log (percent concentration [%]) |
| Gefapixant 100 mg/Healthy | Cough Reflex Sensitivity to Distilled Water in Participants Who Received Gefapixant 100 mg and Placebo (Period 1 & Period 2 Combined) | C2 Response to Distilled Water (Periods 1 & 2) | 4.72 natural log (percent concentration [%]) |
| Placebo/Healthy | Cough Reflex Sensitivity to Distilled Water in Participants Who Received Gefapixant 100 mg and Placebo (Period 1 & Period 2 Combined) | C5 Response to Distilled Water (Periods 1 & 2) | 4.61 natural log (percent concentration [%]) |
| Placebo/Healthy | Cough Reflex Sensitivity to Distilled Water in Participants Who Received Gefapixant 100 mg and Placebo (Period 1 & Period 2 Combined) | C2 Response to Distilled Water (Periods 1 & 2) | 4.34 natural log (percent concentration [%]) |
| Gefapixant 100 mg/Chronic Cough | Cough Reflex Sensitivity to Distilled Water in Participants Who Received Gefapixant 100 mg and Placebo (Period 1 & Period 2 Combined) | C5 Response to Distilled Water (Periods 1 & 2) | 4.51 natural log (percent concentration [%]) |
| Gefapixant 100 mg/Chronic Cough | Cough Reflex Sensitivity to Distilled Water in Participants Who Received Gefapixant 100 mg and Placebo (Period 1 & Period 2 Combined) | C2 Response to Distilled Water (Periods 1 & 2) | 4.42 natural log (percent concentration [%]) |
| Placebo/Chronic Cough | Cough Reflex Sensitivity to Distilled Water in Participants Who Received Gefapixant 100 mg and Placebo (Period 1 & Period 2 Combined) | C2 Response to Distilled Water (Periods 1 & 2) | 4.12 natural log (percent concentration [%]) |
| Placebo/Chronic Cough | Cough Reflex Sensitivity to Distilled Water in Participants Who Received Gefapixant 100 mg and Placebo (Period 1 & Period 2 Combined) | C5 Response to Distilled Water (Periods 1 & 2) | 4.24 natural log (percent concentration [%]) |
Comparison: C2 Response/Healthyp-value: <0.000195% CI: [0.2, 0.5]Mixed Models Analysis
Comparison: C5 Response/Healthyp-value: 0.179895% CI: [-0.1, 0.6]Mixed Models Analysis
Comparison: C2 Response/Chronic Coughp-value: 0.001195% CI: [0.1, 0.5]Mixed Models Analysis
Comparison: C5 Response/Chronic Coughp-value: 0.002395% CI: [0.1, 0.4]Mixed Models Analysis
Secondary
Change From Baseline in Cough Frequency After Cough Challenge Testing in Participants Who Received Gefapixant 100 mg and Placebo (Chronic Cough Participants Only)
An ambulatory cough recording device recorded all sounds chronic cough participants made during cough monitoring to measure the change from baseline in objective cough frequency on the treatment days. A negative change from Baseline was considered to indicate improvement in cough frequency
Time frame: Baseline and for 24 hours after cough challenge on treatment days
Population: The analyzed population was all treated chronic cough participants who had at least 1 post-dose primary endpoint assessment of cough frequency.
| Arm | Measure | Value (LEAST_SQUARES_MEAN) |
|---|---|---|
| Gefapixant 100 mg/Healthy | Change From Baseline in Cough Frequency After Cough Challenge Testing in Participants Who Received Gefapixant 100 mg and Placebo (Chronic Cough Participants Only) | -7.7 Counts/hr |
| Placebo/Healthy | Change From Baseline in Cough Frequency After Cough Challenge Testing in Participants Who Received Gefapixant 100 mg and Placebo (Chronic Cough Participants Only) | -4.1 Counts/hr |
Comparison: Cough Frequency Analysisp-value: 0.007595% CI: [-6.2, -1]Mixed Models Analysis
Secondary
Change From Baseline in Cough Severity Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) After Cough Challenge Testing in Participants Who Received Gefapixant 100 mg and Placebo (Chronic Cough Participants Only)
Chronic cough participants completed a visual analogue scale (VAS) to record cough severity, prior to dosing on the treatment day in each treatment period, and one hour after the final cough challenge on the treatment days. This was a 100mm VAS of cough severity from 'No Cough' (0) up to 'Worst Cough' (100). Participants were instructed to draw a line on the scale to indicate how severe they felt their cough was during the previous 1 hour on the treatment days. A negative change from Baseline was considered to indicate improvement in cough severity.
Time frame: Baseline and one hour after the final cough challenge on treatment days
Population: The analyzed population was all treated chronic cough participants who had at least 1 post-dose primary endpoint assessment of cough severity.
| Arm | Measure | Value (LEAST_SQUARES_MEAN) |
|---|---|---|
| Gefapixant 100 mg/Healthy | Change From Baseline in Cough Severity Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) After Cough Challenge Testing in Participants Who Received Gefapixant 100 mg and Placebo (Chronic Cough Participants Only) | -26.2 Scores on a scale |
| Placebo/Healthy | Change From Baseline in Cough Severity Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) After Cough Challenge Testing in Participants Who Received Gefapixant 100 mg and Placebo (Chronic Cough Participants Only) | -8.2 Scores on a scale |
Comparison: Cough Severity VAS Analysisp-value: 0.003795% CI: [-29.8, -6.2]Mixed Models Analysis
Secondary
Change From Baseline in Urge to Cough VAS After Cough Challenge Testing in Participants Who Received Gefapixant 100 mg and Placebo (Chronic Cough Participants Only)
Chronic cough participants completed a VAS to record the severity of their urge to cough, prior to dosing on the treatment day in each treatment period, and one hour after the final cough challenge on the treatment days. Participants marked the 100mm VAS at the extremes as 'No urge-to-cough' (0) and 'Worst urge-to-cough' (100). Participants were instructed to draw a single vertical line on the scale to indicate how severe their urge to cough was during the previous 1 hour on the treatment days. A negative change from Baseline was considered to indicate improvement in urge to cough.
Time frame: Baseline and one hour after final cough challenge on treatment days
Population: The analyzed population was all treated chronic cough participants who had at least 1 post-dose primary endpoint assessment of urge to cough.
| Arm | Measure | Value (LEAST_SQUARES_MEAN) |
|---|---|---|
| Gefapixant 100 mg/Healthy | Change From Baseline in Urge to Cough VAS After Cough Challenge Testing in Participants Who Received Gefapixant 100 mg and Placebo (Chronic Cough Participants Only) | -29.8 Scores on a scale |
| Placebo/Healthy | Change From Baseline in Urge to Cough VAS After Cough Challenge Testing in Participants Who Received Gefapixant 100 mg and Placebo (Chronic Cough Participants Only) | -11.7 Scores on a scale |
Comparison: Urge to Cough VAS Analysisp-value: 0.00295% CI: [-29.1, -7]Mixed Models Analysis
Secondary
Percentage of Participants Who Discontinued From the Study Due to an Adverse Event
A secondary endpoint of the trial was the percentage of participants receiving gefapixant 100 mg and placebo who discontinued from the study due to an AE. The percentage of participants who discontinued from the study due to an AE was assessed for days 1-4.
Time frame: Up to Day 4
Population: The analyzed population was all randomized participants who took at least 1 dose of study treatment and had assessment of discontinuation due to an AE.
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| Gefapixant 100 mg/Healthy | Percentage of Participants Who Discontinued From the Study Due to an Adverse Event | 0 Percentage of participants |
| Placebo/Healthy | Percentage of Participants Who Discontinued From the Study Due to an Adverse Event | 0 Percentage of participants |
| Gefapixant 100 mg/Chronic Cough | Percentage of Participants Who Discontinued From the Study Due to an Adverse Event | 0 Percentage of participants |
| Placebo/Chronic Cough | Percentage of Participants Who Discontinued From the Study Due to an Adverse Event | 0 Percentage of participants |
Secondary
Percentage of Participants Who Experienced One or More Adverse Events During Study Treatment and Follow up
A secondary endpoint of the trial was the percentage of participants receiving gefapixant 100 mg and placebo who had at least 1 adverse event (AE) over 4 days of treatment (including washout periods) in addition to 14 days (+3 days) until a post-treatment follow-up visit. An AE is defined as any untoward medical occurrence in a participant administered study drug and which does not necessarily have to have a causal relationship with this treatment. Any worsening of a preexisting condition that is temporally associated with the use of the study drug is also an AE. The percentage of participants in any treatment group with at least 1 AE was assessed.
Time frame: Up to Day 18
Population: The analyzed population was all randomized participants who took at least 1 dose of study treatment and had assessment of AE occurrence.
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| Gefapixant 100 mg/Healthy | Percentage of Participants Who Experienced One or More Adverse Events During Study Treatment and Follow up | 100.0 Percentage of participants |
| Placebo/Healthy | Percentage of Participants Who Experienced One or More Adverse Events During Study Treatment and Follow up | 50.0 Percentage of participants |
| Gefapixant 100 mg/Chronic Cough | Percentage of Participants Who Experienced One or More Adverse Events During Study Treatment and Follow up | 95.8 Percentage of participants |
| Placebo/Chronic Cough | Percentage of Participants Who Experienced One or More Adverse Events During Study Treatment and Follow up | 33.3 Percentage of participants |