Primary Care Intervention to Reduce Prescription Opioid Overdoses

Status

Completed

Phases

Study type

Interventional

Source

ClinicalTrials.gov

Registry ID

NCT02464410

Acronym

POST

Enrollment

299

Registered

2015-06-08

Start date

2016-08-04

Completion date

2021-03-31

Last updated

2023-07-27

For informational purposes only — not medical advice. Sourced from public registries and may not reflect the latest updates. Terms

Conditions

Pain, Drug Overdose, Opioid Use Disorders

Keywords

Opioid analgesics, Primary care, Veterans, Motivational interviewing, Cognitive behavioral therapy, Self-efficacy, Behavioral symptoms, Injuries, Opioid Safety

Brief summary

The high rate of adverse events, including overdose, resulting from opioid pain medication use threatens the quality and safety of pain care in the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) and elsewhere and is a critical public health problem in the United States. Pain is a highly common condition among VHA patients, and opioid therapy constitutes a primary mode of pain treatment. This study seeks to address this issue by conducting a randomized controlled trial of a brief conversation to improve opioid safety among Veteran patients receiving long-term opioid therapy. Veterans receiving opioid therapy for pain in primary care will be recruited and randomized to receive either a single session motivational intervention focused on safe opioid use or an equal attention control condition. The primary hypothesis is that the motivational intervention will improve opioid safety, decrease risk behaviors, aberrant opioid use, and total quantities of opioids prescribed relative to the control condition. Study findings will inform efforts to ensure the safety and well-being of Veteran patients with pain.

Detailed description

Adverse outcomes, including overdose, related to opioid use have increased and represent a significant threat to the safety and quality of VHA pain care as well as a national public health concern. Efforts are underway to change opioid prescribing behavior, but concurrent strategies are needed to address patient behaviors that decrease opioid safety and thus increase opioid overdose risk. Overdoses result from a range of behaviors, including taking more than prescribed, using multiple substances with synergistic effects, and injecting/snorting crushed pills to get high. Factors such as having a mental health condition have been found to increase risk of overdose among Veterans receiving opioids for pain. Given the range of risk behaviors and relevant patient factors, tailored opioid risk reduction strategies are urgently needed. Motivational enhancement (ME) is an evidence-based strategy that uses tailoring to enact behavior change through improving self-efficacy and motivation. Recent VHA initiatives to increase behavioral health providers in primary care, such as Primary Care-Mental Health Integration (PC-MHI), provide a clear opportunity to deliver ME interventions to the many patients treated for long-term pain in primary care. Although the impact of ME on overdose risk behavior is unknown, the use of an ME approach to improve opioid safety and reduce risk behaviors is potentially well-suited to the context of long-term opioid pain care, when total and immediate discontinuation of opioid use is often unfeasible. The proposed Prescription Opioid Safety Trial (POST) study will be a randomized controlled trial of a brief, tailored ME conversation that incorporates cognitive behavioral strategies to increase pain coping and is aimed at improving patients' opioid safety. The study will recruit 450 patients from primary care clinics at the VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System. Patients with long-term opioid use, defined as treatment for at least 84 days covered within the last 90 days, who are prescribed opioid doses of 20 morphine-equivalent mg/day or greater (an indicator of overdose risk) will be screened and recruited into the study. Participants will then be randomized to either the intervention (n = 225) or an enhanced usual care (EUC) condition (n = 225). Pharmacy records and patient self-report will be assessed at baseline and 3-, 6-, and 12-month follow-ups to measure key outcomes. The specific aims are: Aim 1) to examine if patients randomly assigned to a brief opioid safety intervention report reduced overdose risk behaviors (e.g., higher dose, concurrent alcohol use, concurrent other drug/medication use, returning to normal dose after breaks in use) over one year of follow-up compared to patients assigned to equal attention EUC. Aim 2) to examine if patients randomly assigned to a brief opioid safety intervention have lower total quantities of opioids prescribed (from pharmacy fill records) and aberrant opioid use (e.g., using for reasons other than pain, obtaining opioids from someone other than primary provider) over one year of follow-up compared to patients assigned to equal attention EUC. The study has two secondary aims: 1) to examine if patients randomly assigned to the brief intervention have fewer non-fatal overdoses and other medication-related adverse events (emergency department visits, over-sedation, injuries), better functioning, and more often store and dispose of opioids safely compared to patients assigned to EUC; and 2) to examine mediators (motivation and self-efficacy) and moderators (OIF/OEF/OND status, baseline mental health) of intervention effects.

Interventions

BEHAVIORALMotivational intervention

The intervention session combines elements of motivational enhancement (ME) and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). Similar to other ME brief interventions, the intervention content will be covered in a single session. Participants are presented with a variety of risk reduction strategies and strategies for coping with pain that may reduce reliance on opioids for managing pain.

BEHAVIORALPsycho-educational control

The educational control condition provides educational content related to the biology of pain response and an overview of pain conditions. The overall style is didactic.

OTHERLong-term opioid therapy informed consent

The Veterans Health Administration instituted a requirement that all patients receiving long-term opioid therapy receive an informed consent process that reviews the risks of opioid therapy. All individuals eligible for this study will meet this definition of long-term opioid therapy. The study therapists for both study arms will deliver the informed consent process during the sessions as part of treatment as usual.

Study design

Allocation

RANDOMIZED

Intervention model

PARALLEL

Primary purpose

TREATMENT

Masking

SINGLE (Subject)

Eligibility

Sex/Gender

ALL

Age

18 Years to No maximum

Healthy volunteers

Inclusion criteria

* Patient at the Ann Arbor VA Medical Center receiving treatment in a primary care clinic * Currently prescribed 20 morphine-equivalent mg (MEM) per day or more of an opioid * Received opioid therapy for at least 90 days * 18 years of age or older

Exclusion criteria

* Plans to stop opioids or reduce dose to below 20 MEM/day in the next 6 months * Use of fentanyl, due to the difficulty in determining morphine equivalency * A terminal cancer diagnosis * Acute suicidality requiring immediate treatment * Moderately severe cognitive impairment * Inability to give informed consent

Design outcomes

Primary

Measure	Time frame	Description
Overdose Risk Behaviors	3-, 6-, and 12-months post-baseline	This scale is a total sum of 9 items assessing participant's self-report of engaging in behavior that increases risk for overdose. Higher scores indicate greater risk for overdose. The range for this measure is 0 to 9 in one assessment.
Aberrant Opioid Use	3-, 6-, and 12-months post-baseline	This measure contained 8 self-reported items from the Current Opioid Misuse Measure. Items were assessed on a scale of never (0), rarely (1), sometimes (2), often (3), and very often (4). A sum score took a range of 0 to 32, with higher numbers indicating more non-medical opioid use.
Average Number of Days Prescribed Opioid Use Based on Pharmacy Records	3-, 6-, and 12-months post-baseline	Number of days prescribed opioid use was pulled from pharmacy records. For follow-up periods, times no dose were included to create averages over periods. Patients without medications during their follow-up period were included with a dose of zero.

Secondary

Measure	Time frame	Description
Scores on an Opioid Storage and Disposal Knowledge and Behaviors Questionnaire	3-, 6-, and 12-months post-baseline	This scale assesses safe storage and disposal of prescription opioid medications with 6 items. Items were assessed on a scale of never (0), rarely (1), sometimes (2), often (3), and very often (4). A sum score took a range of 0 to 24, with higher numbers indicating less safe practices. The sum of the score of the 6 items was used to find the mean scores for those in each arm.
Level of Oversedation as an Opioid Side Effect	3-, 6-, and 12-months post-baseline	The level of oversedation as an opioid side effect was assessed using two items from the Pain Treatment Satisfaction Scale looking at side effects of opioid medications (excessive fatigue and drowsiness). Items were assessed on a scale of 0 (did not experience) to 5 (extremely bothered). A sum score ranged from 0 to 10 with a higher score indicating the potential for more oversedation.
Number of Participants With Non-fatal Overdose Experiences	3-, 6-, and 12-months post-baseline	This scale is the number of overdose experiences as self-reported in the Overdose Experiences questionnaire. This item is a number of participants whom endorsed having experienced an overdose at that time period.
Pain-specific Disability Score From an Adapted Version of Brief Pain Inventory Questionnaire	3-, 6-, and 12-months post-baseline	This scale is a sub-section of the Brief Pain Inventory that assesses the impact of pain on functioning across 7 different activities. Activities are assessed on a Likert scale from Does not interfere (0) to Completely interferes (10). BPI pain interference was scored as the mean of the seven interference items, scores range from 0 to 10, with a mean score of 10 (maximum score) indicating a complete interference in all activities.
General Physical and Mental Functioning From Short Form-12 Questionnaire Scores	3-, 6-, and 12-months post-baseline	A modified Veterans RAND 12-item health survey was used to assess general health. One item was scored from 1 (Excellent) to 5 (Poor). Score means were compared at baseline and each follow-up.
Treatment Utilization	3-, 6-, and 12-months post-baseline	Number of visits to the emergency department, for medical, mental health or substance use visits, across VA and non-VA hospitals from the Treatment Service Utilization Questionnaire. The numbers reported are the mean number of visits among those participants that had any emergency department visits at each time point.
Other (Non-overdose) Injuries From the Revised Injury Behavior Checklist Questionnaire	3-, 6-, and 12-months post-baseline	This scale is the number of non-overdose injuries assessed through the Revised Injury Behavior Checklist questionnaire, focusing on 4 topics (Injury 1. by violence or by being physically attacked; 2. By falling; 3. By a motor vehicle or by being hit by a moving vehicle while walking; 4. While riding a bicycle, skateboard, or rollerblading). This item is a count of participants who responded that they were injured during any of these types of activities and received treatment.

Countries

United States

Participant flow

Participants by arm

Arm	Count
Motivational Intervention The intervention session combines elements of motivational enhancement (ME) and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and uses the structure of ME brief interventions. The motivational session is overlaid on the VA long-term opioid therapy informed consent process. Motivational intervention: The intervention session combines elements of motivational enhancement (ME) and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). Similar to other ME brief interventions, the intervention content will be covered in a single session. Participants are presented with a variety of risk reduction strategies and strategies for coping with pain that may reduce reliance on opioids for managing pain. Long-term opioid therapy informed consent: The Veterans Health Administration instituted a requirement that all patients receiving long-term opioid therapy receive an informed consent process that reviews the risks of opioid therapy. All individuals eligible for this study will meet this definition of long-term opioid therapy. The study therapists for both study arms will deliver the informed consent process during the sessions as part of treatment as usual.	147
Enhanced Usual Care In addition to covering the VHA's long-term OA informed consent process, the enhanced usual care (EUC) condition provides educational content related to the biology of pain response and an overview of pain conditions. The overall style is didactic. This EUC condition will include some information related to risks of opioid use as part of the informed consent and will consequently have sufficient face validity as an intervention on opioid safety to effectively blind participant to randomization. However, the EUC therapist will not use the motivational enhancement approach of discussing strategies for avoiding these risks. It is designed to be equal in length to the motivational intervention. Psycho-educational control: The educational control condition provides educational content related to the biology of pain response and an overview of pain conditions. The overall style is didactic. Long-term opioid therapy informed consent: The Veterans Health Administration instituted a requirement that all patients receiving long-term opioid therapy receive an informed consent process that reviews the risks of opioid therapy. All individuals eligible for this study will meet this definition of long-term opioid therapy. The study therapists for both study arms will deliver the informed consent process during the sessions as part of treatment as usual.	152
Total	299

Withdrawals & dropouts

Period	Reason	FG000	FG001
Overall Study	Death	3	4
Overall Study	Lost to Follow-up	7	9
Overall Study	Withdrawal by Subject	12	3

Baseline characteristics

Characteristic	Total	Enhanced Usual Care	Motivational Intervention
Aberrant opioid use	3.96 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.51	3.77 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.43	4.16 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.58
Age, Categorical <=18 years	0 Participants	0 Participants	0 Participants
Age, Categorical >=65 years	144 Participants	65 Participants	79 Participants
Age, Categorical Between 18 and 65 years	155 Participants	87 Participants	68 Participants
Average number of days prescribed opioid use based on pharmacy records	49.52 Days of Prescribed Opioid Use STANDARD_DEVIATION 39.34	47.54 Days of Prescribed Opioid Use STANDARD_DEVIATION 38.96	51.57 Days of Prescribed Opioid Use STANDARD_DEVIATION 39.75
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Hispanic or Latino	8 Participants	2 Participants	6 Participants
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Not Hispanic or Latino	291 Participants	150 Participants	141 Participants
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported	0 Participants	0 Participants	0 Participants
General physical and mental functioning from Veteran Short Form questionnaire scores	3.55 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.96	3.62 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.98	3.49 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.95
Level of oversedation as an opioid side effect	2.54 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.51	2.29 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.45	2.80 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.55
Other (non-overdose) injuries from the Revised Injury Behavior Checklist Questionnaire	31 Participants	13 Participants	18 Participants
Overdose risk behaviors	1.69 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.21	1.75 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.26	1.63 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.16
Pain-specific disability score	5.38 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.62	5.55 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.54	5.19 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.7
Participants with non-fatal overdose experiences	58 Number with Overdose Experiences	29 Number with Overdose Experiences	29 Number with Overdose Experiences
Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native	5 Participants	4 Participants	1 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) Asian	1 Participants	1 Participants	0 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American	23 Participants	12 Participants	11 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race	12 Participants	6 Participants	6 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander	0 Participants	0 Participants	0 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported	8 Participants	4 Participants	4 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) White	250 Participants	125 Participants	125 Participants
Region of Enrollment United States	299 Participants	152 Participants	147 Participants
Scores on an opioid storage and disposal knowledge and behaviors questionnaire	1.28 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.85	1.16 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.91	1.4 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.78
Sex: Female, Male Female	23 Participants	8 Participants	15 Participants
Sex: Female, Male Male	276 Participants	144 Participants	132 Participants
Treatment utilization	1.28 Number of Visits to the Emergency Dept STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.83	1.28 Number of Visits to the Emergency Dept STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.98	1.29 Number of Visits to the Emergency Dept STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.68

Adverse events

Event type	EG000 affected / at risk	EG001 affected / at risk
deaths Total, all-cause mortality	3 / 147	4 / 152
other Total, other adverse events	0 / 147	0 / 152
serious Total, serious adverse events	0 / 147	0 / 152

Outcome results

Primary

Aberrant Opioid Use

This measure contained 8 self-reported items from the Current Opioid Misuse Measure. Items were assessed on a scale of never (0), rarely (1), sometimes (2), often (3), and very often (4). A sum score took a range of 0 to 32, with higher numbers indicating more non-medical opioid use.