Surgical Site Infection
Conditions
Keywords
Antibiotic, prophylaxis, surgical site infection
Brief summary
We propose to randomise patients due to undergo colorectal surgery to standard antibiotic prophylaxis or an interventional antibiotic prophylaxis regimen and assess surgical wound infection rates. Standard antibiotic prophylaxis is a pre-operative injection of cefuroxime, repeated every 4 hours. The intervention regimen is a loading dose of cefuroxime followed by a continuous infusion of cefuroxime until the end of surgery. The intervention regimen dosing will be calculated using a patient's renal function and body weight. The intervention regimen will target a free serum drug concentration of 64mg/L. This serum level is 4x the MIC90 for colonising Enterobacteriaceae. The rational for this dosing regimen is summarised below. The primary objective of the study is to reduce by 50% the rate of surgical wound infections after colorectal surgery.
Detailed description
An expert assessment is that fT\>MIC is the measure most likely to be applicable to prophylaxis. But this measure is not achieved by standard prophylaxis regimens. Neither do clinical data suggest this target achieves optimal prophylaxis. Therefore there is an opportunity to optimise antibiotic prophylaxis dosing. As the exposure response-relationship (pharmacodynamic target) is unknown we could either complete a number of studies exploring different relationships, or compare standard treatment to a single regimen which included a number of exposure-response relationships. The two most common exposure-response relationships are the CMAX/MIC ratio and the fT\>MIC. And it has been reported that killing, as opposed to inhibition used in MIC values, is optimised by achieving 4 times an MIC value. An antibiotic prophylaxis regimen which achieved drug concentrations of 4xMIC for the duration of surgery would therefore achieves a high CMAX/MIC ratio, high T\>MIC, and optimise bacterial killing. Therefore, standard dose antibiotic prophylaxis will be compared against a PD target dosed antibiotic prophylaxis regimen. The PD target will be a free serum antibiotic concentration of 4xMIC90 for Enterobacteriaceae against cefuroxime. Continuous infusion of antibiotic prophylaxis will ensure there is continuous targeting of this drug level throughout the operation.
Interventions
DRUGCefuroxime 4 hourly bolus
Cefuroxime loading dose followed by a continuous infusion dosed according to renal function. Dosed to target a serum concentration of 64mg/L.
Sponsors
University of Leeds
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
PREVENTION
Masking
SINGLE (Subject)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* Undergoing colorectal surgery (incision, excision or anastomosis of the large bowel, including anastomosis of small to large bowel) * Age \>18. * Expected duration of surgery \> 2hours * Creatinine clearance \> 40 ml/min * Cefuroxime/metronidazole are appropriate antibiotic prophylaxis regimens. * Patient capable of giving informed consent * Patients undergoing colorectal surgery plus additional surgery e.g. plastic surgery, urological surgery, gynaecological surgery. * If it is not possible to obtain intra-operative blood samples e.g. difficult vascular access, or pre-operative swabs e.g. anatomy makes it difficult to obtain, patients will be included and this information treated as missing data. Patients on antibiotic treatment for an existing infection (except SSIs) can be included in the study
Exclusion criteria
* Unable to consent * Pregnancy * Expected duration of surgery \<2hours * Creatinine clearance \<40ml/min * Individual level microbiological advice for non cefuroxime based prophylaxis * Cephalosporin allergy * Penicillin allergy (hypersensitivity reaction only) * Coumarin (warfarin and acenocoumarol) treatment * Active blood borne virus infection e.g. HIV, hepatitis. * Seizure history * Concurrent use of probenecid * Current participation in a research project aimed at reducing SSIs * Antibiotics for treatment of a systemic Gram negative infection within 2 hours of initiation of surgery (Vancomycin, Teicoplanin, Daptomycin, Linezolid, Flucloxacillin. Nitrofurantoin and Clarithromycin would be permissible antibiotics without systemic Gram negative antibiotics). * A current diagnosis of a SSI at the time of study entry.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Number of Patients With a Surgical Site Infection | Number of patients with a surgical site infection within 30 days of a colorectal surgical procedure. | Superficial and deep surgical site infections as defined by the CDC (Centre's for Disease Control) definitions of surgical site infections. |
Countries
United Kingdom
Participant flow
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Standard Dosing Intravenous (IV) cefuroxime 1.5g bolus administered four-hourly throughout surgery | 45 |
| Intervention Dosing Cefuroxime bolus-continuous dosing was based on targeting non-protein bound (free) serum concentrations of antibiotic at 64mg/L throughout surgery | 45 |
| Total | 90 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Standard Dosing | Intervention Dosing | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | 58 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 17 | 61 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 17 | 60 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 17 |
| Race and Ethnicity Not Collected | — | — | 0 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 24 Participants | 27 Participants | 51 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 21 Participants | 18 Participants | 39 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 43 | 0 / 42 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 43 | 0 / 42 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 3 / 43 | 5 / 42 |
Outcome results
Primary
Number of Patients With a Surgical Site Infection
Superficial and deep surgical site infections as defined by the CDC (Centre's for Disease Control) definitions of surgical site infections.
Time frame: Number of patients with a surgical site infection within 30 days of a colorectal surgical procedure.
| Arm | Measure | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|
| Standard Regimen | Number of Patients With a Surgical Site Infection | 10 Participants |
| Interventional Regimen | Number of Patients With a Surgical Site Infection | 13 Participants |