Metastatic Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer
Conditions
Keywords
Xtandi, Metastatic Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer, Metastatic, Prostate Cancer, Chemotherapy, Castration-resistant, Enzalutamide
Brief summary
The purpose of the study was to understand if there is benefit in treatment with a medicine called enzalutamide in the re-treatment setting. Patients must have been previously treated with enzalutamide in the pre-chemotherapy setting for a minimum of 8 months and have disease progressed, followed by docetaxel and/or cabazitaxel for at least 4 cycles.
Detailed description
Participants received treatment with open-label enzalutamide, until radiographic or clinical progression (such as pathological fracture, cord compression, worsened pain requiring radiation therapy, or opioid analgesic dose increase or initiation), or unacceptable toxicity. Participants were to be allowed to continue enzalutamide until the next treatment was initiated. If another non-cytotoxic, non-investigational, antineoplastic agent was initiated after protocol-defined progression had been determined, enzalutamide was to be continued as long as the participant was tolerating enzalutamide and continued androgen deprivation therapy. Participants were to have a safety follow-up visit approximately 30 days following the last dose of study drug or prior to the initiation of a subsequent anti-cancer drug or investigational agent, whichever occurred first. Disease progression and survival were to be followed every 12 weeks for a maximum of 3 years from first dose. The study should have ended when the last participant has been followed for 1 year from the date of first dose, but the study was terminated and results up to the last date of evaluation (15 March 2017) are reflected in this disclosure.
Interventions
DRUGEnzalutamide
Participants were administered four 40-mg capsules orally once daily and taken as close to the same time each day as possible and could be taken with or without food.
Sponsors
Medivation, Inc.
Astellas Pharma Global Development, Inc.
Study design
Allocation
NA
Intervention model
SINGLE_GROUP
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
NONE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
MALE
Age
18 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* Histologically or cytologically confirmed adenocarcinoma of the prostate without signet ring cell features. * Presence of metastatic disease (M1) as assessed by computed tomography/ magnetic resonance imaging (CT/MRI) and/or whole-body radionuclide bone scan. * Subject has been previously treated with enzalutamide for at least 8 months, and stopped enzalutamide due to progressive disease (not due to adverse events), followed by at least 4 cycles of docetaxel and/or cabazitaxel chemotherapy, with or without other intervening anti-cancer therapies (including but not limited to aminoglutethimide, ketoconozole, abiraterone acetate, Rad-223, or sipuleucel-T), prior to receiving chemotherapy. Note: for patients who receive sequential taxanes, there must not have been progressive disease upon ending the first taxane, or use of any anti-cancer agents between the two taxanes. * Ongoing androgen deprivation therapy with an gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) analogue or prior bilateral orchiectomy (medical or surgical castration). For patients who have not had bilateral orchiectomy, there must be a plan to maintain effective GnRH-analogue for the duration of the trial. * Testosterone ≤ 1.73 nmol/L (≤ 50 ng/dL) at screening. * Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status of 0-2 at screening. * Estimated life expectancy of ≥ 6 months at screening. * Ability to swallow study drugs and to comply with study requirements throughout the study. * Throughout study, male subject and a female partner who is of childbearing potential must use 2 acceptable methods of birth control (1 of which must include a condom barrier method of contraception) starting at screening and continuing throughout the study period and for 3 months after final study drug administration. Two acceptable methods of birth control thus include the following: * Condom (barrier method of contraception) AND * One of the following is required: * Established use of oral, injected, or implanted hormonal method of contraception by the female partner performed at least 6 months before screening; * Placement of an intrauterine device or intrauterine system by the female partner; * Additional barrier method: Occlusive cap (diaphragm or cervical/vault caps) with spermicidal foam/gel/film/cream/suppository by the female partner; * Tubal ligation in the female partner. * Vasectomy or other procedure resulting in infertility (e.g., bilateral orchiectomy), performed at least 6 months before screening * Must not donate sperm from screening through 3 months after final study drug administration.
Exclusion criteria
* Known or suspected neuroendocrine/small cell feature. * Use of any antineoplastic treatment post-chemotherapy, including but not limited to aminoglutethimide, ketoconozole, abiraterone acetate, Rad-223, sipuleucel-T, or enzalutamide. Continuing steroids is permitted. * Palliative radiation therapy within 2 weeks of Day 1, or within 4 weeks of Day 1 if a radionuclide was utilized. * Use of an investigational agent within 4 weeks of Day 1 visit. * Major surgery within 4 weeks prior to Day 1 visit. * History of seizure or any condition that may predispose to seizures (e.g., prior cortical stroke or significant brain trauma) at any time in the past. History of loss of consciousness or transient ischemic attack within 12 months of screening. * History of clinically significant cardiovascular disease including: * Myocardial infarction or uncontrolled angina within 3 months; * History of congestive heart failure New York Heart Association (NYHA) class 3 or 4 in the past, unless a screening echocardiogram or multi-gated acquisition scan performed within three months results in a left ventricular ejection fraction that is ≥ 45%; * History of clinically significant ventricular arrhythmias (e.g., ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, torsades de pointes); * History of Mobitz II second degree or third degree heart block without a permanent pacemaker in place. * Clinically significant cardiovascular disease at screening including: * Hypotension as indicated by systolic blood pressure \< 86 millimeters of mercury (mm Hg) at screening; * Bradycardia as indicated by a heart rate of \< 45 beats per minute on the screening electrocardiogram (ECG) and on physical examination; * Uncontrolled hypertension as indicated by at least 2 consecutive measurements of a resting systolic blood pressure \> 170 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure \> 105 mmHg at the screening visit. * Subject has a known or suspected hypersensitivity to enzalutamide or any components of the formulation used. * Severe concurrent disease, infection, or co-morbidity that, in the judgment of the investigator, would make the patient inappropriate for enrollment. * Known or suspected brain metastasis or leptomeningeal disease. * Gastrointestinal disorder affecting absorption (e.g., gastrectomy, active peptic ulcer disease within last 3 months). * Absolute neutrophil count \< 1,500/μL, platelet count \< 75,000/μL, or hemoglobin \< 5.6 mmol/L (9 g/dL) at screening. * Total bilirubin or alanine aminotransferase (ALT) or aspartate aminotransferase (AST) ≥ 2.5 times upper limit of normal (ULN) at screening. * Creatinine \> 177 μmol/L (\> 2 mg/dL) at screening. * Albumin \< 30 g/L (3.0 g/dL) at screening. * Treatment with abiraterone acetate prior to enzalutamide for metastatic castration - resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) in the prechemotherapy setting. (Note: Patients who have received concomitant enzalutamide and abiraterone acetate therapies are not excluded).
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Radiographic Progression Free Survival (rPFS) | From first dose of study drug up to date of last evaluation of 15 March 2017 (approximately 17 months) | Radiographic PFS (rPFS) was defined as the time from first dose to the radiographic disease progression (PD), or death on study, whichever occurred first. Radiological PD was defined by either soft tissue tumor progression defined by Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors (RECIST) 1.1, or bone progression defined by the Prostate Cancer Clinical Trials Working Group 2 (PCWG2). Bone progression per PCWG2 was defined as a minimum of two new lesions. Progression on bone scans at time points before or at week 9 required a confirmatory scan performed six or more weeks later, where it should have demonstrated at least 2 additional new lesions (PCWG2) compared to the week 9 scan. rPFS was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier methodology to account for censored outcomes (i.e., no observation of rPFS event within the study follow-up period). |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Time to Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) Progression | From first dose of study drug up to date of last evaluation of 15 March 2017 (approximately 17 months) | The time to PSA progression was defined as the PSA progression date minus the date of first dose + 1. PSA progression was defined as a ≥ 25% increase and an absolute increase of ≥ 2 ng/mL above the nadir (lowest PSA value observed postbaseline or the baseline value for participants who did not have a decline in PSA postbaseline values) in PSA levels, and which was confirmed by a second consecutive value obtained at least 3 or more weeks later (i.e., a confirmed rising trend) (PCWG2 criteria). The date of PSA progression was the first date the PSA progression was observed. Time to PSA progression was estimated via Kaplan-Meier methodology with censoring defined by the time of the last available PSA measure. |
| Number of Participants With PSA Response | From baseline up to date of last evaluation of 15 March 2017 (approximately 17 months) | PSA response was defined for the three following categories: PSA30 response: a maximum decline of ≥ 30% from baseline at any post baseline time point; PSA50 response: a maximum decline of ≥ 50% from baseline at any post baseline time point; PSA90 response: a maximum decline of ≥ 90% from baseline at any post baseline time point. |
| Overall Survival | From first dose of study drug up to date of last evaluation of 15 March 2017 (approximately 17 months) | Overall survival (OS) was defined as the date of death due to any cause minus the date of first dose + 1. |
| Time to First Use of a Subsequent Antineoplastic Therapy | From first dose of study drug up to date of last evaluation of 15 March 2017 (approximately 17 months) | Time to start of other antineoplastic therapy was defined as the date of the first systemic antineoplastic therapy minus the date of the first dose of study drug + 1. |
| Number of Participants With Adverse Events | From first dose of study drug up to date of last evaluation of 15 March 2017 (approximately 17 months) | Safety was assessed by adverse events (AEs), which included abnormalities identified during a medical test (e.g. laboratory tests, vital signs, electrocardiogram, etc.) if the abnormality induced clinical signs or symptoms, needed active intervention, interruption or discontinuation of study medication or was clinically significant. A serious AE (SAE) was an event resulting in death, persistent or significant disability/incapacity or congenital anomaly or birth defect, was life-threatening, required or prolonged hospitalization or was considered medically important. Disease progression was not to be reported as an AE, and clinical signs and symptoms due to disease progression were collected as AEs. |
| Number of Participants With Objective Response | From first dose of study drug up to date of last evaluation of 15 March 2017 (approximately 17 months) | Objective response was defined as the best overall response of complete response (CR) or partial response (PR) per RECIST 1.1. CR was defined as disappearance of all target lesions. Any pathological lymph nodes (whether target or non-target) must have reduction in short axis to \< 10 mm. PR was defined as at least a 30% decrease in the sum of diameters of target lesions, taking as reference the baseline sum diameters. |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Recruitment details
Male participants from the United States were enrolled in this study.
Pre-assignment details
Metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) patients who were previously treated with enzalutamide (for a minimum of 8 months), followed by docetaxel and/or cabazitaxel chemotherapy (for a minimum of 4 cycles) were enrolled in this study.
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Enzalutamide Participants received 160 mg enzalutamide orally once daily until radiographic or clinical progression, or unacceptable toxicity. | 4 |
| Total | 4 |
Withdrawals & dropouts
| Period | Reason | FG000 |
|---|---|---|
| Overall Study | Lost to Follow-up | 1 |
| Overall Study | Study Terminated by Sponsor | 1 |
| Overall Study | Withdrawal by Subject | 2 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Enzalutamide |
|---|---|
| Age, Categorical <=18 years | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical >=65 years | 4 Participants |
| Age, Categorical Between 18 and 65 years | 0 Participants |
| Any Prior Disease-Related Surgeries No | 2 Participants |
| Any Prior Disease-Related Surgeries Yes | 2 Participants |
| Any Prior Radiotherapy No | 2 Participants |
| Any Prior Radiotherapy Yes | 2 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Hispanic or Latino | 1 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Not Hispanic or Latino | 3 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Asian | 1 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) White | 3 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 0 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 4 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk |
|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 4 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 4 / 4 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 4 |
Outcome results
Primary
Radiographic Progression Free Survival (rPFS)
Radiographic PFS (rPFS) was defined as the time from first dose to the radiographic disease progression (PD), or death on study, whichever occurred first. Radiological PD was defined by either soft tissue tumor progression defined by Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors (RECIST) 1.1, or bone progression defined by the Prostate Cancer Clinical Trials Working Group 2 (PCWG2). Bone progression per PCWG2 was defined as a minimum of two new lesions. Progression on bone scans at time points before or at week 9 required a confirmatory scan performed six or more weeks later, where it should have demonstrated at least 2 additional new lesions (PCWG2) compared to the week 9 scan. rPFS was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier methodology to account for censored outcomes (i.e., no observation of rPFS event within the study follow-up period).
Time frame: From first dose of study drug up to date of last evaluation of 15 March 2017 (approximately 17 months)
Population: The analysis population was the full analysis set (FAS), which consisted of all participants who are enrolled in the study, received at least one dose of study drug, and have at least one post baseline evaluation.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEDIAN) |
|---|---|---|
| Enzalutamide | Radiographic Progression Free Survival (rPFS) | 115 days |
Secondary
Number of Participants With Adverse Events
Safety was assessed by adverse events (AEs), which included abnormalities identified during a medical test (e.g. laboratory tests, vital signs, electrocardiogram, etc.) if the abnormality induced clinical signs or symptoms, needed active intervention, interruption or discontinuation of study medication or was clinically significant. A serious AE (SAE) was an event resulting in death, persistent or significant disability/incapacity or congenital anomaly or birth defect, was life-threatening, required or prolonged hospitalization or was considered medically important. Disease progression was not to be reported as an AE, and clinical signs and symptoms due to disease progression were collected as AEs.
Time frame: From first dose of study drug up to date of last evaluation of 15 March 2017 (approximately 17 months)
Population: The analysis population was the SAF.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Enzalutamide | Number of Participants With Adverse Events | Deaths | 0 Participants |
| Enzalutamide | Number of Participants With Adverse Events | Any TEAE | 4 Participants |
| Enzalutamide | Number of Participants With Adverse Events | Drug-related TEAEs | 3 Participants |
| Enzalutamide | Number of Participants With Adverse Events | SAEs | 0 Participants |
| Enzalutamide | Number of Participants With Adverse Events | Drug-related SAEs | 0 Participants |
| Enzalutamide | Number of Participants With Adverse Events | Deaths Resulting from TEAEs | 0 Participants |
| Enzalutamide | Number of Participants With Adverse Events | TEAEs Leading to Permanent Discontinuation | 0 Participants |
| Enzalutamide | Number of Participants With Adverse Events | Drug-related TEAEs Leading to Permanent Discont. | 0 Participants |
Secondary
Number of Participants With Objective Response
Objective response was defined as the best overall response of complete response (CR) or partial response (PR) per RECIST 1.1. CR was defined as disappearance of all target lesions. Any pathological lymph nodes (whether target or non-target) must have reduction in short axis to \< 10 mm. PR was defined as at least a 30% decrease in the sum of diameters of target lesions, taking as reference the baseline sum diameters.
Time frame: From first dose of study drug up to date of last evaluation of 15 March 2017 (approximately 17 months)
Population: The analysis population was the FAS. Only participants with measurable disease at baseline were included in the analysis.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Enzalutamide | Number of Participants With Objective Response | Complete Response | 0 Participants |
| Enzalutamide | Number of Participants With Objective Response | Partial Response | 0 Participants |
Secondary
Number of Participants With PSA Response
PSA response was defined for the three following categories: PSA30 response: a maximum decline of ≥ 30% from baseline at any post baseline time point; PSA50 response: a maximum decline of ≥ 50% from baseline at any post baseline time point; PSA90 response: a maximum decline of ≥ 90% from baseline at any post baseline time point.
Time frame: From baseline up to date of last evaluation of 15 March 2017 (approximately 17 months)
Population: The analysis population was the FAS. Only participants with at least 1 postbaseline PSA measure were included in the analysis.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Enzalutamide | Number of Participants With PSA Response | PSA50 Response | 2 Participants |
| Enzalutamide | Number of Participants With PSA Response | PSA90 Response | 0 Participants |
| Enzalutamide | Number of Participants With PSA Response | PSA30 Response | 2 Participants |
Secondary
Overall Survival
Overall survival (OS) was defined as the date of death due to any cause minus the date of first dose + 1.
Time frame: From first dose of study drug up to date of last evaluation of 15 March 2017 (approximately 17 months)
Population: The analysis population was the FAS. Only participants with an overall survival event were included in the analysis.
Secondary
Time to First Use of a Subsequent Antineoplastic Therapy
Time to start of other antineoplastic therapy was defined as the date of the first systemic antineoplastic therapy minus the date of the first dose of study drug + 1.
Time frame: From first dose of study drug up to date of last evaluation of 15 March 2017 (approximately 17 months)
Population: The analysis population was the FAS. Only participants who underwent subsequent antineoplastic therapy were included in the analysis.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEDIAN) |
|---|---|---|
| Enzalutamide | Time to First Use of a Subsequent Antineoplastic Therapy | 175 days |
Secondary
Time to Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) Progression
The time to PSA progression was defined as the PSA progression date minus the date of first dose + 1. PSA progression was defined as a ≥ 25% increase and an absolute increase of ≥ 2 ng/mL above the nadir (lowest PSA value observed postbaseline or the baseline value for participants who did not have a decline in PSA postbaseline values) in PSA levels, and which was confirmed by a second consecutive value obtained at least 3 or more weeks later (i.e., a confirmed rising trend) (PCWG2 criteria). The date of PSA progression was the first date the PSA progression was observed. Time to PSA progression was estimated via Kaplan-Meier methodology with censoring defined by the time of the last available PSA measure.
Time frame: From first dose of study drug up to date of last evaluation of 15 March 2017 (approximately 17 months)
Population: The analysis population was the FAS.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEDIAN) |
|---|---|---|
| Enzalutamide | Time to Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) Progression | 82.5 days |