Father - Child Relations
Conditions
Keywords
Non-Resident, Fathers, African American
Brief summary
The number of children living apart from their fathers has grown nationally, and the greatest percentage is evident among African American (AA) families; two-thirds of all African American children live in households without their biological father. Research supports the importance of positive fathering in the lives of children. But in order for children to benefit from their fathers' involvement, the father-child relationship must be timely and sustained. This study will test culturally relevant interventions aimed at increasing non-resident (not living with the child) AA fathers' involvement with their children.
Detailed description
The purpose of this competing continuation study is to test the efficacy of the core 9-session BBTF program (held over12-weeks) on: (1) improving father outcomes (psychological well-being, relationship quality with the child's mother, parenting competence); (2) father-mother relationship quality; (3) father involvement (material support, in-kind support, direct father-child interaction); and (4) child outcomes (behavioral, social, emotional). The study will use an experimental design and randomly assign 180 AA fathers who are not currently involved with the criminal justice system and their 2-5 year old children to the BBTF or an attention control condition and assess outcomes at baseline, 12 weeks, and 24 weeks. Custodial mothers of the children will be recruited to concurrently complete child outcome measures, measures of father-mother relationship quality, and father involvement measures. The specific aims and hypotheses are as follows: Aim 1: Test the direct effects of the 9-session BBTF program on: (1) father's outcomes (psychological well-being, parenting competence, and communication and problem solving) and (2) paternal involvement (material support, in-kind support, and direct father-child interaction), controlling for father characteristics (demographics, history of criminal justice system involvement, social support) and child characteristics (age, gender). Hypothesis 1: BBTF program fathers will report better father outcomes and greater paternal involvement than the attention control group at 12 weeks and 24 weeks. Aim 2: Test the mediating effects of father-mother relationship and father outcomes on paternal involvement across the two conditions. Hypothesis 2: Father-mother relationship quality and father outcomes will mediate intervention effects on paternal involvement. Aim 3: Compare the effects of the BBTF program, controlling for father outcomes, father-mother relationship, and paternal involvement on child outcomes (behavioral, emotional/social development) as compared to the attention control group. Hypothesis 3a: BBTF children will have improved child outcomes relative to the control group at 12 weeks and 24 weeks. Hypothesis 3b: Child outcomes will be mediated by improvements in father outcomes, paternal involvement and father-mother relationship.
Interventions
BEHAVIORALBBTF Intervention
The Building Bridges to Fatherhood (BBTF) intervention consists of 9 group sessions and 1 booster session as described in the arm/group descriptions.
BEHAVIORALFinancial Literacy Program
The Financial Literacy Program (FLP) attention control condition consists of 9 group sessions and 1 booster session as described in the arm/group descriptions.
Sponsors
National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR)
Rush University Medical Center
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
OTHER
Masking
SINGLE (Subject)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
MALE
Age
18 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* AA biological father of a child 2 to 5 years old * Child lives with father no more than 48 hours per week (e.g., spends the weekends with his or her father) * The child lives with the biological mother (or other custodial relative such as grandmother) in the metropolitan Chicago area. * These fathers are referred to as AA non-resident fathers. Additional criteria include: (1) child's mother is willing to consent to complete the child assessments; - Child's mother is amenable to facilitating opportunities for fathers to interact with their children in order to practice skills learned in the program * Father is able and willing to travel to one of two intervention sites to attend a weekly program. * The study is limited to fathers with a target child aged 2-5 years. * The rationale for this limit is based on the developmental phase when families are most vulnerable to decreased father involvement and children are highly dependent on parenting for their growth and development.
Exclusion criteria
* Fathers with histories of child abuse, neglect, or violence perpetuated against the child or the child's mother (based on mother or father report).
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Father Involvement as Measured by the Julion Index of Paternal Involvement - Father Report | Change from baseline to 12 and 24 weeks | The Julion Index of Paternal Involvement (JIPI) measured the frequency with which fathers provide material and in-kind support and engage in direct father-child interaction. The minimum value is 19 and the maximum value is 76. Higher scores mean a better outcome. |
| Father Involvement as Measured by the Fragile Families Survey - Father Report | Mean/Standard Error (SE) at Baseline, 12, and 24 weeks | The Fragile Families Survey (FFS) Measures the frequency with which fathers provide material and in-kind support and directly interact with their child The minimum score is 13, and the maximum score is 52. Higher scores mean a better outcome. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Parent Behavior Checklist (Expectations) | Baseline, 12, and 24 weeks | The Parent Behavior Checklist is a measure of parenting skills and knowledge. The 12-item expectations subscale has a range of values from 1 to 4. Higher scores mean worse outcomes. |
| Taylor Inventory of Self-Esteem (Negative) | Baseline, 12, and 24 weeks | The 16-item Taylor Inventory of Self-esteem is a measure of self-esteem and rewards and costs to self. The minimum value on the 8-item negative subscale is zero, and the maximum value is 64. Higher scores are worse outcomes. |
| Perceived Stress Scale (Negative) | Baseline, 12, and 24 weeks | The Perceived Stress Scale examines the degree to which situations are experienced as stressful. The 6-item negative subscale has a range of scores from zero to 24. Higher scores are worse outcomes. |
| Perceived Stress Scale (Positive) | Baseline, 12, and 24 weeks | The Perceived Stress Scale examines the degree to which situations are experienced as stressful. The 4-item positive subscale has a range of scores from zero to 16. Higher scores are better outcomes. |
| Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale | Baseline, 12, and 24 weeks | The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CESD) measures depressive symptoms experienced in the past week. The minimum value is zero and the maximum value is sixty. Four items were reverse coded and higher scores indicated worse outcomes. |
| Parenting Sense of Competence Scale (Satisfaction) | Baseline, 12, and 24 weeks | The Parent Sense of Competency Scale measures satisfaction and self-efficacy in their parenting role. The 9-item satisfaction subscale has a range of scores from nine to fifty-four. Higher scores are better parenting self-esteem. |
| Parenting Sense of Competence Scale (Self-Efficacy) | Baseline, 12, and 24 weeks | The Parent Sense of Competency Scale measures satisfaction and self-efficacy in their parenting role. The 7-item self-efficacy subscale has a range of scores from seven to 42. Higher scores are better parenting self-esteem. |
| Parent Behavior Checklist (Discipline) | Baseline, 12, and 24 weeks | The Parent Behavior Checklist is a measure of parenting skills and knowledge. The 10-item discipline subscale has a range of values from 1 to 4. This scale was log transformed, making the range 0 to 1.4. Higher scores mean worse outcomes. |
| Parent Behavior Checklist (Nurturing) | Baseline, 12, and 24 weeks | The Parent Behavior Checklist is a measure of parenting skills and knowledge. The 10-item nurturing subscale has a range of values from 1 to 4. Higher scores mean worse outcomes. |
| Quality of Relationship Inventory (Conflict) | Baseline, 12, and 24 weeks | Measure of support, conflict, and depth of father-mother relationship. The Quality of Relationship Inventory (QRI) a self-assessment questionnaire used to determine the quality of a couple's relationship and their satisfaction with the relationship. The minimum score on the conflict subscale is 1and the maximum score is 4. Higher scores mean a worse outcome.. |
| Quality of Relationship Inventory (Depth) | Baseline, 12, and 24 weeks | Measure of support, conflict, and depth of father-mother relationship. The Quality of Relationship Inventory (QRI) a self-assessment questionnaire used to determine the quality of a couple's relationship and their satisfaction with the relationship. The minimum score on the depth subscale is 1 and the maximum score is 4. Higher scores mean a better outcome. |
| Behavior Assessment System for Children 3rd Ed (Aggression) | Baseline, 12, and 24 weeks | The Behavior Assessment System for Children (BASC) is a measure of adaptive and problem behaviors in community and home settings. The aggression subscale measures the tendency to act in a hostile manner (either verbal or physical) that is threatening to others. The raw scores are converted to T-Scores with a population mean of 50 and standard deviation of 10. Higher scores mean a worse outcome. Scores 70 and above are considered clinically significant level. |
| Behavior Assessment System for Children 3rd Ed (Attention) | Baseline, 12, and 24 weeks | The Behavior Assessment System for Children (BASC) is a measure of adaptive and problem behaviors in community and home settings. The attention subscale measures he tendency to be easily distracted and unable to concentrate more than momentarily. The raw scores are converted to T-Scores with a population mean of 50 and standard deviation of 10. Higher scores mean a worse outcome. Scores 70 and above are considered clinically significant level. |
| Behavior Assessment System for Children 3rd Ed (Depression) | Baseline, 12, and 24 weeks | The Behavior Assessment System for Children (BASC) is a measure of adaptive and problem behaviors in community and home settings. The depression subscale measures feelings of unhappiness, sadness, and stress that may result in an inability to carry out everyday activities or may bring on thoughts of suicide. The raw scores are converted to T-Scores with a population mean of 50 and standard deviation of 10. Higher scores mean a worse outcome. Scores 70 and above are considered clinically significant level. |
| Behavior Assessment System for Children 3rd Ed (Hyperactivity) | Baseline, 12, and 24 weeks | The Behavior Assessment System for Children (BASC) is a measure of adaptive and problem behaviors in community and home settings. The hyperactivity subscale measures the tendency to be overly active, rush through work or activities, and act without thinking. The raw scores are converted to T-Scores with a population mean of 50 and standard deviation of 10. Higher scores mean a worse outcome. Scores 70 and above are considered clinically significant level. |
| Tolerance For Disagreement | Baseline, 12, and 24 weeks | The degree of tolerance of interpersonal disagreement. The minimum score is 15 and the maximum score is 75. Higher scores mean a better outcome. |
| Personal Problem Solving Inventory - Efficacy | Baseline, 12, and 24 weeks | The Perceived Problem Solving Inventory subscale measures perceived efficacy in one's own ability to solve problems. The minimum score is 1 and the maximum score is 6 for each of the 7 items. The total range of scores for this subscale is from 1 to 6. Higher scores mean a worse outcome. |
| Personal Problem Solving Inventory - Skills | Baseline, 12, and 24 weeks | The Personal Problem Solving Inventory measures perceived skills in one's own ability to solve problems. The minimum score is 1 and the maximum score is 6 for each of the 9 items on this subscale. Total range of scores for the scale are 1 to 6. Higher scores mean a worse outcome. |
| Quality of Relationship Inventory (Support) | Baseline, 12, and 24 weeks | Measure of support, conflict, and depth of father-mother relationship. The Quality of Relationship Inventory (QRI) a self-assessment questionnaire used to determine the quality of a couple's relationship and their satisfaction with the relationship. The minimum score on the support subscale is 1 and the maximum score is 4. Higher scores mean a better outcome. |
| Taylor Inventory of Self-Esteem (Positive) | Mean/SE at Baseline, 12, and 24 weeks | The 16-item Taylor Inventory of Self-esteem is a measure of self-esteem and rewards and costs to self. The minimum value on the 8-item positive subscale is zero, and the maximum value is 64. Higher scores are better outcomes. |
Other
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Building Bridges To Fatherhood (BBTF) Social Context Validity | 9 weeks post baseline | An investigator developed Weekly Satisfaction and Program Satisfaction Survey was used to measure the levels of consumer satisfaction and active participation in the intervention. The 5-item weekly satisfaction survey minimum score is 0 and highest score is 15. The 16-item Program Satisfaction survey minimum score is 0 and the highest score is 48. Higher scores reflect greater satisfaction. |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Recruitment details
Active and passive recruitment strategies were used.. Active approaches included meeting directly with potential participants or individuals who may know potential participants. Passive recruitment included providing study information without direct contact with members of the study team (i.e. by study advertisement and/or word of mouth recruitment efforts such as notices placed in church bulletins, neighborhood newsletters, community organizations' email blasts and live radio interviews).
Pre-assignment details
Approximately 2 weeks prior to the start of the groups, participants were block randomized into the two conditions using the wave/cohort as a block. Microsoft Excel was used to randomly assign participants to the two groups. Fathers were randomized when consenting and baseline data collection had occurred. The requirement for imminent maternal data collection was removed in order to allow father participation in the study even if the mother was unwilling to provide data.
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Financial Literacy Program The Financial Literacy Program (FLP) attention control condition will not receive any information on fatherhood. They will participate in a nine-session financial education program, called Money Smart, which has modules that will be facilitated by a group leader that focus on banking, borrowing, checking accounts, money management, saving, establishing and repairing a credit history, using credit cards responsibly and learning about borrowing and home ownership. They will also receive a booster session 6 weeks after the final session that focuses on setting financial goals.
Financial Literacy Program: The Financial Literacy Program (FLP) attention control condition consists of 9 group sessions and 1 booster session as described in the arm/group descriptions. | 145 |
| BBTF Intervention The Building Bridges to Fatherhood (BBTF) intervention employs the following key features: a collaborative model for working with parents; vignettes of father-child models engaged in situations typical of non-resident fathers with young children for stimulating discussion and problem-solving; group discussion format, which allows fathers to support one another and share ideas on using program principles to fit within the contexts of fatherhood; homework assignments that help fathers practice the new skills at home; weekly handouts summarizing the major points discussed each week, which can be shared with others and used to gain greater support from extended family; and a Leader's Manual that standardizes the program across groups and group leaders.
BBTF Intervention: The Building Bridges to Fatherhood (BBTF) intervention consists of 9 group sessions and 1 booster session as described in the arm/group descriptions. | 163 |
| Total | 308 |
Withdrawals & dropouts
| Period | Reason | FG000 | FG001 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study | Lost to Follow-up | 38 | 39 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Total | Financial Literacy Program | BBTF Intervention |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous Age - Fathers | 33.5 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 9 | 34.2 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 8.9 | 33.0 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 9.1 |
| Age, Continuous Age - Mothers | 31.4 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 7.1 | 31.6 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 7.2 | 31.2 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 7.1 |
| Education Level Education Level - Fathers High School Graduate or Less | 81 Participants | 38 Participants | 43 Participants |
| Education Level Education Level - Fathers Some College or More | 97 Participants | 48 Participants | 49 Participants |
| Education Level Education Level - Fathers Unknown/Not Reported | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Education Level Education Level - Mothers High School Graduate or Less | 40 Participants | 18 Participants | 22 Participants |
| Education Level Education Level - Mothers Some College or More | 88 Participants | 40 Participants | 48 Participants |
| Education Level Education Level - Mothers Unknown/Not Reported | 2 Participants | 1 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Ethnicity - Fathers Hispanic or Latino | 10 Participants | 6 Participants | 4 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Ethnicity - Fathers Not Hispanic or Latino | 167 Participants | 80 Participants | 87 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Ethnicity - Fathers Unknown or Not Reported | 1 Participants | 0 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Ethnicity - Mothers Hispanic or Latino | 1 Participants | 0 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Ethnicity - Mothers Not Hispanic or Latino | 80 Participants | 37 Participants | 43 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Ethnicity - Mothers Unknown or Not Reported | 49 Participants | 22 Participants | 27 Participants |
| Job/Employment Status Job/Employment Status - Fathers Full Time | 58 Participants | 28 Participants | 30 Participants |
| Job/Employment Status Job/Employment Status - Fathers Going to School | 5 Participants | 2 Participants | 3 Participants |
| Job/Employment Status Job/Employment Status - Fathers Not Currently Working | 64 Participants | 31 Participants | 33 Participants |
| Job/Employment Status Job/Employment Status - Fathers Part Time | 43 Participants | 22 Participants | 21 Participants |
| Job/Employment Status Job/Employment Status - Fathers Unknown/Not Reported | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Job/Employment Status Job/Employment Status - Fathers Working and Going to School | 8 Participants | 3 Participants | 5 Participants |
| Job/Employment Status Job/Employment Status - Mothers Full Time | 65 Participants | 31 Participants | 34 Participants |
| Job/Employment Status Job/Employment Status - Mothers Going to School | 7 Participants | 4 Participants | 3 Participants |
| Job/Employment Status Job/Employment Status - Mothers Not Currently Working | 27 Participants | 11 Participants | 16 Participants |
| Job/Employment Status Job/Employment Status - Mothers Part Time | 15 Participants | 6 Participants | 9 Participants |
| Job/Employment Status Job/Employment Status - Mothers Unknown/Not Reported | 2 Participants | 1 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Job/Employment Status Job/Employment Status - Mothers Working and Going to School | 14 Participants | 6 Participants | 8 Participants |
| Marital Status Marital Status - Fathers Divorced | 21 Participants | 12 Participants | 9 Participants |
| Marital Status Marital Status - Fathers Married or Living with a Domestic Partner | 6 Participants | 1 Participants | 5 Participants |
| Marital Status Marital Status - Fathers Missing/Not Reported | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Marital Status Marital Status - Fathers Never Married | 129 Participants | 61 Participants | 68 Participants |
| Marital Status Marital Status - Fathers Separated | 22 Participants | 12 Participants | 10 Participants |
| Marital Status Marital Status - Mothers Divorced | 11 Participants | 4 Participants | 7 Participants |
| Marital Status Marital Status - Mothers Married or Living with a Domestic Partner | 8 Participants | 5 Participants | 3 Participants |
| Marital Status Marital Status - Mothers Missing/Not Reported | 2 Participants | 1 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Marital Status Marital Status - Mothers Never Married | 100 Participants | 42 Participants | 58 Participants |
| Marital Status Marital Status - Mothers Separated | 9 Participants | 7 Participants | 2 Participants |
| Monthly Income Monthly Income - Fathers $1001-2000 | 46 Participants | 22 Participants | 24 Participants |
| Monthly Income Monthly Income - Fathers $2001-3000 | 16 Participants | 6 Participants | 10 Participants |
| Monthly Income Monthly Income - Fathers $3000 or more | 31 Participants | 18 Participants | 13 Participants |
| Monthly Income Monthly Income - Fathers $500 or less | 47 Participants | 20 Participants | 27 Participants |
| Monthly Income Monthly Income - Fathers $501-1000 | 37 Participants | 19 Participants | 18 Participants |
| Monthly Income Monthly Income - Fathers Unknown/Not Reported | 1 Participants | 1 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Monthly Income Monthly Income - Mothers $1001-2000 | 41 Participants | 23 Participants | 18 Participants |
| Monthly Income Monthly Income - Mothers $2001-3000 | 24 Participants | 12 Participants | 12 Participants |
| Monthly Income Monthly Income - Mothers $3000 or more | 12 Participants | 5 Participants | 7 Participants |
| Monthly Income Monthly Income - Mothers $500 or less | 13 Participants | 6 Participants | 7 Participants |
| Monthly Income Monthly Income - Mothers $501-1000 | 32 Participants | 11 Participants | 21 Participants |
| Monthly Income Monthly Income - Mothers Unknown/Not Reported | 8 Participants | 2 Participants | 6 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Race - Fathers American Indian or Alaska Native | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Race - Fathers Asian | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Race - Fathers Black or African American | 178 Participants | 86 Participants | 92 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Race - Fathers More than one race | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Race - Fathers Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Race - Fathers Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Race - Fathers White | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Race - Mothers American Indian or Alaska Native | 3 Participants | 3 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Race - Mothers Asian | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Race - Mothers Black or African American | 77 Participants | 34 Participants | 43 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Race - Mothers More than one race | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Race - Mothers Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Race - Mothers Unknown or Not Reported | 50 Participants | 22 Participants | 28 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Race - Mothers White | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 130 Participants | 59 Participants | 71 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 178 Participants | 86 Participants | 92 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 86 | 0 / 92 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 86 | 0 / 92 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 86 | 0 / 92 |
Outcome results
Primary
Father Involvement as Measured by the Fragile Families Survey - Father Report
The Fragile Families Survey (FFS) Measures the frequency with which fathers provide material and in-kind support and directly interact with their child The minimum score is 13, and the maximum score is 52. Higher scores mean a better outcome.
Time frame: Mean/Standard Error (SE) at Baseline, 12, and 24 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Financial Literacy Program - Fathers | Father Involvement as Measured by the Fragile Families Survey - Father Report | Baseline | 41.1 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.7 |
| Financial Literacy Program - Fathers | Father Involvement as Measured by the Fragile Families Survey - Father Report | 12 Weeks | 41.6 score on a scale | Standard Error 1.4 |
| Financial Literacy Program - Fathers | Father Involvement as Measured by the Fragile Families Survey - Father Report | 24 Weeks | 41.5 score on a scale | Standard Error 1.1 |
| BBTF Intervention - Fathers | Father Involvement as Measured by the Fragile Families Survey - Father Report | Baseline | 41.2 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.7 |
| BBTF Intervention - Fathers | Father Involvement as Measured by the Fragile Families Survey - Father Report | 12 Weeks | 41.3 score on a scale | Standard Error 1.6 |
| BBTF Intervention - Fathers | Father Involvement as Measured by the Fragile Families Survey - Father Report | 24 Weeks | 41.7 score on a scale | Standard Error 1.1 |
Comparison: Data were analyzed using a 3 × 2 repeated measures analysis of covariance (RM-ANCOVA) with 3 assessments crossed with two treatment conditions (BBTF and FLP). Five variables were included as covariates: father's age, father's highest level of education, number of members in father's social network, number of adults in the household, and sex of the target child. The effect of interest was the condition x time interaction.p-value: 0.962ANCOVA
Primary
Father Involvement as Measured by the Julion Index of Paternal Involvement - Father Report
The Julion Index of Paternal Involvement (JIPI) measured the frequency with which fathers provide material and in-kind support and engage in direct father-child interaction. The minimum value is 19 and the maximum value is 76. Higher scores mean a better outcome.
Time frame: Change from baseline to 12 and 24 weeks
Population: This is a father-reported measure. Only fathers are reported in this analysis.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Financial Literacy Program - Fathers | Father Involvement as Measured by the Julion Index of Paternal Involvement - Father Report | Baseline | 66.4 score on a scale | Standard Error 1 |
| Financial Literacy Program - Fathers | Father Involvement as Measured by the Julion Index of Paternal Involvement - Father Report | 12 Weeks | 65.0 score on a scale | Standard Error 2 |
| Financial Literacy Program - Fathers | Father Involvement as Measured by the Julion Index of Paternal Involvement - Father Report | 24 Weeks | 68.5 score on a scale | Standard Error 1.3 |
| BBTF Intervention - Fathers | Father Involvement as Measured by the Julion Index of Paternal Involvement - Father Report | Baseline | 66.4 score on a scale | Standard Error 1.1 |
| BBTF Intervention - Fathers | Father Involvement as Measured by the Julion Index of Paternal Involvement - Father Report | 12 Weeks | 65.3 score on a scale | Standard Error 2 |
| BBTF Intervention - Fathers | Father Involvement as Measured by the Julion Index of Paternal Involvement - Father Report | 24 Weeks | 68.3 score on a scale | Standard Error 1.2 |
Comparison: Data were analyzed using a 3 × 2 repeated measures analysis of covariance (RM-ANCOVA) with 3 assessments crossed with two treatment conditions (BBTF and FLP). Five variables were included as covariates: father's age, father's highest level of education, number of members in father's social network, number of adults in the household, and sex of the target child. The effect of interest was the condition x time interaction.p-value: 0.982ANCOVA
Secondary
Behavior Assessment System for Children 3rd Ed (Aggression)
The Behavior Assessment System for Children (BASC) is a measure of adaptive and problem behaviors in community and home settings. The aggression subscale measures the tendency to act in a hostile manner (either verbal or physical) that is threatening to others. The raw scores are converted to T-Scores with a population mean of 50 and standard deviation of 10. Higher scores mean a worse outcome. Scores 70 and above are considered clinically significant level.
Time frame: Baseline, 12, and 24 weeks
Population: This is a father-reported measure. Only fathers are reported in this analysis.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Financial Literacy Program - Fathers | Behavior Assessment System for Children 3rd Ed (Aggression) | Baseline | 49.0 T scores | Standard Error 1.2 |
| Financial Literacy Program - Fathers | Behavior Assessment System for Children 3rd Ed (Aggression) | 12 Weeks | 47.3 T scores | Standard Error 2.3 |
| Financial Literacy Program - Fathers | Behavior Assessment System for Children 3rd Ed (Aggression) | 24 Weeks | 51.1 T scores | Standard Error 2.2 |
| BBTF Intervention - Fathers | Behavior Assessment System for Children 3rd Ed (Aggression) | Baseline | 46.8 T scores | Standard Error 1 |
| BBTF Intervention - Fathers | Behavior Assessment System for Children 3rd Ed (Aggression) | 12 Weeks | 48.7 T scores | Standard Error 2.3 |
| BBTF Intervention - Fathers | Behavior Assessment System for Children 3rd Ed (Aggression) | 24 Weeks | 53.0 T scores | Standard Error 2.2 |
Comparison: Data were analyzed using a 3 × 2 repeated measures analysis of covariance (RM-ANCOVA) with 3 assessments crossed with two treatment conditions (BBTF and FLP). Five variables were included as covariates: father's age, father's highest level of education, number of members in father's social network, number of adults in the household, and sex of the target child. The effect of interest was the condition x time interaction.p-value: 0.389ANCOVA
Secondary
Behavior Assessment System for Children 3rd Ed (Attention)
The Behavior Assessment System for Children (BASC) is a measure of adaptive and problem behaviors in community and home settings. The attention subscale measures he tendency to be easily distracted and unable to concentrate more than momentarily. The raw scores are converted to T-Scores with a population mean of 50 and standard deviation of 10. Higher scores mean a worse outcome. Scores 70 and above are considered clinically significant level.
Time frame: Baseline, 12, and 24 weeks
Population: This is a father-reported measure. Only fathers are reported in this analysis.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Financial Literacy Program - Fathers | Behavior Assessment System for Children 3rd Ed (Attention) | Baseline | 49.4 T scores | Standard Error 0.9 |
| Financial Literacy Program - Fathers | Behavior Assessment System for Children 3rd Ed (Attention) | 12 Weeks | 48.5 T scores | Standard Error 2 |
| Financial Literacy Program - Fathers | Behavior Assessment System for Children 3rd Ed (Attention) | 24 Weeks | 48.3 T scores | Standard Error 1.7 |
| BBTF Intervention - Fathers | Behavior Assessment System for Children 3rd Ed (Attention) | Baseline | 51.0 T scores | Standard Error 1 |
| BBTF Intervention - Fathers | Behavior Assessment System for Children 3rd Ed (Attention) | 12 Weeks | 48.5 T scores | Standard Error 2 |
| BBTF Intervention - Fathers | Behavior Assessment System for Children 3rd Ed (Attention) | 24 Weeks | 48.6 T scores | Standard Error 1.6 |
Comparison: Data were analyzed using a 3 × 2 repeated measures analysis of covariance (RM-ANCOVA) with 3 assessments crossed with two treatment conditions (BBTF and FLP). Five variables were included as covariates: father's age, father's highest level of education, number of members in father's social network, number of adults in the household, and sex of the target child. The effect of interest was the condition x time interaction.p-value: 0.846ANCOVA
Secondary
Behavior Assessment System for Children 3rd Ed (Depression)
The Behavior Assessment System for Children (BASC) is a measure of adaptive and problem behaviors in community and home settings. The depression subscale measures feelings of unhappiness, sadness, and stress that may result in an inability to carry out everyday activities or may bring on thoughts of suicide. The raw scores are converted to T-Scores with a population mean of 50 and standard deviation of 10. Higher scores mean a worse outcome. Scores 70 and above are considered clinically significant level.
Time frame: Baseline, 12, and 24 weeks
Population: This is a father-reported measure. Only fathers are reported in this analysis.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Financial Literacy Program - Fathers | Behavior Assessment System for Children 3rd Ed (Depression) | Baseline | 49.8 T scores | Standard Error 1.2 |
| Financial Literacy Program - Fathers | Behavior Assessment System for Children 3rd Ed (Depression) | 12 Weeks | 50.0 T scores | Standard Error 2.8 |
| Financial Literacy Program - Fathers | Behavior Assessment System for Children 3rd Ed (Depression) | 24 Weeks | 52.7 T scores | Standard Error 2.1 |
| BBTF Intervention - Fathers | Behavior Assessment System for Children 3rd Ed (Depression) | Baseline | 50.2 T scores | Standard Error 1.1 |
| BBTF Intervention - Fathers | Behavior Assessment System for Children 3rd Ed (Depression) | 12 Weeks | 51.5 T scores | Standard Error 2.5 |
| BBTF Intervention - Fathers | Behavior Assessment System for Children 3rd Ed (Depression) | 24 Weeks | 52.3 T scores | Standard Error 2.3 |
Comparison: Data were analyzed using a 3 × 2 repeated measures analysis of covariance (RM-ANCOVA) with 3 assessments crossed with two treatment conditions (BBTF and FLP). Five variables were included as covariates: father's age, father's highest level of education, number of members in father's social network, number of adults in the household, and sex of the target child. The effect of interest was the condition x time interaction.p-value: 0.871ANCOVA
Secondary
Behavior Assessment System for Children 3rd Ed (Hyperactivity)
The Behavior Assessment System for Children (BASC) is a measure of adaptive and problem behaviors in community and home settings. The hyperactivity subscale measures the tendency to be overly active, rush through work or activities, and act without thinking. The raw scores are converted to T-Scores with a population mean of 50 and standard deviation of 10. Higher scores mean a worse outcome. Scores 70 and above are considered clinically significant level.
Time frame: Baseline, 12, and 24 weeks
Population: This is a father-reported measure. Only fathers are reported in this analysis.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Financial Literacy Program - Fathers | Behavior Assessment System for Children 3rd Ed (Hyperactivity) | Baseline | 49.6 T scores | Standard Error 1.1 |
| Financial Literacy Program - Fathers | Behavior Assessment System for Children 3rd Ed (Hyperactivity) | 12 Weeks | 50.5 T scores | Standard Error 2.4 |
| Financial Literacy Program - Fathers | Behavior Assessment System for Children 3rd Ed (Hyperactivity) | 24 Weeks | 42.0 T scores | Standard Error 1.9 |
| BBTF Intervention - Fathers | Behavior Assessment System for Children 3rd Ed (Hyperactivity) | Baseline | 49.9 T scores | Standard Error 1.1 |
| BBTF Intervention - Fathers | Behavior Assessment System for Children 3rd Ed (Hyperactivity) | 12 Weeks | 50.8 T scores | Standard Error 2 |
| BBTF Intervention - Fathers | Behavior Assessment System for Children 3rd Ed (Hyperactivity) | 24 Weeks | 51.8 T scores | Standard Error 1.7 |
Comparison: Data were analyzed using a 3 × 2 repeated measures analysis of covariance (RM-ANCOVA) with 3 assessments crossed with two treatment conditions (BBTF and FLP). Five variables were included as covariates: father's age, father's highest level of education, number of members in father's social network, number of adults in the household, and sex of the target child. The effect of interest was the condition x time interaction.p-value: 0.986ANCOVA
Secondary
Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale
The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CESD) measures depressive symptoms experienced in the past week. The minimum value is zero and the maximum value is sixty. Four items were reverse coded and higher scores indicated worse outcomes.
Time frame: Baseline, 12, and 24 weeks
Population: This is a father-reported measure. Only fathers are reported in this analysis.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Financial Literacy Program - Fathers | Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale | Baseline | 13.7 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.9 |
| Financial Literacy Program - Fathers | Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale | 12 Weeks | 13.6 score on a scale | Standard Error 1.8 |
| Financial Literacy Program - Fathers | Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale | 24 Weeks | 12.5 score on a scale | Standard Error 1.5 |
| BBTF Intervention - Fathers | Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale | Baseline | 14.9 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.9 |
| BBTF Intervention - Fathers | Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale | 12 Weeks | 15.2 score on a scale | Standard Error 1.8 |
| BBTF Intervention - Fathers | Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale | 24 Weeks | 15.6 score on a scale | Standard Error 1.4 |
Comparison: Data were analyzed using a 3 × 2 repeated measures analysis of covariance (RM-ANCOVA) with 3 assessments crossed with two treatment conditions (BBTF and FLP). Five variables were included as covariates: father's age, father's highest level of education, number of members in father's social network, number of adults in the household, and sex of the target child. The effect of interest was the condition x time interaction.p-value: 0.722ANCOVA
Secondary
Parent Behavior Checklist (Discipline)
The Parent Behavior Checklist is a measure of parenting skills and knowledge. The 10-item discipline subscale has a range of values from 1 to 4. This scale was log transformed, making the range 0 to 1.4. Higher scores mean worse outcomes.
Time frame: Baseline, 12, and 24 weeks
Population: This is a father-reported measure. Only fathers are reported in this analysis.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Financial Literacy Program - Fathers | Parent Behavior Checklist (Discipline) | Baseline | .37 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.03 |
| Financial Literacy Program - Fathers | Parent Behavior Checklist (Discipline) | 12 Weeks | .38 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.05 |
| Financial Literacy Program - Fathers | Parent Behavior Checklist (Discipline) | 24 Weeks | .33 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.04 |
| BBTF Intervention - Fathers | Parent Behavior Checklist (Discipline) | Baseline | .35 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.02 |
| BBTF Intervention - Fathers | Parent Behavior Checklist (Discipline) | 12 Weeks | .31 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.04 |
| BBTF Intervention - Fathers | Parent Behavior Checklist (Discipline) | 24 Weeks | .37 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.04 |
Comparison: Data were analyzed using a 3 × 2 repeated measures analysis of covariance (RM-ANCOVA) with 3 assessments crossed with two treatment conditions (BBTF and FLP). Five variables were included as covariates: father's age, father's highest level of education, number of members in father's social network, number of adults in the household, and sex of the target child. The effect of interest was the condition x time interaction.p-value: 0.271ANCOVA
Secondary
Parent Behavior Checklist (Expectations)
The Parent Behavior Checklist is a measure of parenting skills and knowledge. The 12-item expectations subscale has a range of values from 1 to 4. Higher scores mean worse outcomes.
Time frame: Baseline, 12, and 24 weeks
Population: This is a father-reported measure. Only fathers are reported in this analysis.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Financial Literacy Program - Fathers | Parent Behavior Checklist (Expectations) | Baseline | 3.1 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.1 |
| Financial Literacy Program - Fathers | Parent Behavior Checklist (Expectations) | 12 Weeks | 3.1 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.1 |
| Financial Literacy Program - Fathers | Parent Behavior Checklist (Expectations) | 24 Weeks | 3.3 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.1 |
| BBTF Intervention - Fathers | Parent Behavior Checklist (Expectations) | Baseline | 3.0 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.1 |
| BBTF Intervention - Fathers | Parent Behavior Checklist (Expectations) | 12 Weeks | 3.1 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.1 |
| BBTF Intervention - Fathers | Parent Behavior Checklist (Expectations) | 24 Weeks | 3.2 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.1 |
Comparison: Data were analyzed using a 3 × 2 repeated measures analysis of covariance (RM-ANCOVA) with 3 assessments crossed with two treatment conditions (BBTF and FLP). Five variables were included as covariates: father's age, father's highest level of education, number of members in father's social network, number of adults in the household, and sex of the target child. The effect of interest was the condition x time interaction.p-value: 0.967ANCOVA
Secondary
Parent Behavior Checklist (Nurturing)
The Parent Behavior Checklist is a measure of parenting skills and knowledge. The 10-item nurturing subscale has a range of values from 1 to 4. Higher scores mean worse outcomes.
Time frame: Baseline, 12, and 24 weeks
Population: This is a father-reported measure. Only fathers are reported in this analysis.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Financial Literacy Program - Fathers | Parent Behavior Checklist (Nurturing) | Baseline | 3.0 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.05 |
| Financial Literacy Program - Fathers | Parent Behavior Checklist (Nurturing) | 12 Weeks | 3.1 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.1 |
| Financial Literacy Program - Fathers | Parent Behavior Checklist (Nurturing) | 24 Weeks | 3.1 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.1 |
| BBTF Intervention - Fathers | Parent Behavior Checklist (Nurturing) | Baseline | 3.0 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.05 |
| BBTF Intervention - Fathers | Parent Behavior Checklist (Nurturing) | 12 Weeks | 3.1 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.1 |
| BBTF Intervention - Fathers | Parent Behavior Checklist (Nurturing) | 24 Weeks | 3.1 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.1 |
Comparison: Data were analyzed using a 3 × 2 repeated measures analysis of covariance (RM-ANCOVA) with 3 assessments crossed with two treatment conditions (BBTF and FLP). Five variables were included as covariates: father's age, father's highest level of education, number of members in father's social network, number of adults in the household, and sex of the target child. The effect of interest was the condition x time interaction.p-value: 0.987ANCOVA
Secondary
Parenting Sense of Competence Scale (Satisfaction)
The Parent Sense of Competency Scale measures satisfaction and self-efficacy in their parenting role. The 9-item satisfaction subscale has a range of scores from nine to fifty-four. Higher scores are better parenting self-esteem.
Time frame: Baseline, 12, and 24 weeks
Population: This is a father-reported measure. Only fathers are reported in this analysis.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Financial Literacy Program - Fathers | Parenting Sense of Competence Scale (Satisfaction) | Baseline | 23.2 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.8 |
| Financial Literacy Program - Fathers | Parenting Sense of Competence Scale (Satisfaction) | 12 Weeks | 22.1 score on a scale | Standard Error 1.4 |
| Financial Literacy Program - Fathers | Parenting Sense of Competence Scale (Satisfaction) | 24 Weeks | 22.8 score on a scale | Standard Error 1.4 |
| BBTF Intervention - Fathers | Parenting Sense of Competence Scale (Satisfaction) | Baseline | 24.9 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.8 |
| BBTF Intervention - Fathers | Parenting Sense of Competence Scale (Satisfaction) | 12 Weeks | 23.2 score on a scale | Standard Error 1.3 |
| BBTF Intervention - Fathers | Parenting Sense of Competence Scale (Satisfaction) | 24 Weeks | 22.9 score on a scale | Standard Error 1.1 |
Comparison: Data were analyzed using a 3 × 2 repeated measures analysis of covariance (RM-ANCOVA) with 3 assessments crossed with two treatment conditions (BBTF and FLP). Five variables were included as covariates: father's age, father's highest level of education, number of members in father's social network, number of adults in the household, and sex of the target child. The effect of interest was the condition x time interaction.p-value: 0.715ANCOVA
Secondary
Parenting Sense of Competence Scale (Self-Efficacy)
The Parent Sense of Competency Scale measures satisfaction and self-efficacy in their parenting role. The 7-item self-efficacy subscale has a range of scores from seven to 42. Higher scores are better parenting self-esteem.
Time frame: Baseline, 12, and 24 weeks
Population: This is a father-reported measure. Only fathers are reported in this analysis.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Financial Literacy Program - Fathers | Parenting Sense of Competence Scale (Self-Efficacy) | Baseline | 14.5 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.6 |
| Financial Literacy Program - Fathers | Parenting Sense of Competence Scale (Self-Efficacy) | 12 Weeks | 15.1 score on a scale | Standard Error 1 |
| Financial Literacy Program - Fathers | Parenting Sense of Competence Scale (Self-Efficacy) | 24 Weeks | 14.7 score on a scale | Standard Error 1 |
| BBTF Intervention - Fathers | Parenting Sense of Competence Scale (Self-Efficacy) | Baseline | 14.4 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.6 |
| BBTF Intervention - Fathers | Parenting Sense of Competence Scale (Self-Efficacy) | 12 Weeks | 15.5 score on a scale | Standard Error 1 |
| BBTF Intervention - Fathers | Parenting Sense of Competence Scale (Self-Efficacy) | 24 Weeks | 15.3 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.9 |
Comparison: Data were analyzed using a 3 × 2 repeated measures analysis of covariance (RM-ANCOVA) with 3 assessments crossed with two treatment conditions (BBTF and FLP). Five variables were included as covariates: father's age, father's highest level of education, number of members in father's social network, number of adults in the household, and sex of the target child. The effect of interest was the condition x time interaction.p-value: 0.9ANCOVA
Secondary
Perceived Stress Scale (Negative)
The Perceived Stress Scale examines the degree to which situations are experienced as stressful. The 6-item negative subscale has a range of scores from zero to 24. Higher scores are worse outcomes.
Time frame: Baseline, 12, and 24 weeks
Population: This is a father-reported measure. Only fathers are reported in this analysis.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Financial Literacy Program - Fathers | Perceived Stress Scale (Negative) | Baseline | 11.0 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.6 |
| Financial Literacy Program - Fathers | Perceived Stress Scale (Negative) | 12 Weeks | 9.5 score on a scale | Standard Error 1.1 |
| Financial Literacy Program - Fathers | Perceived Stress Scale (Negative) | 24 Weeks | 9.4 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.7 |
| BBTF Intervention - Fathers | Perceived Stress Scale (Negative) | Baseline | 11.6 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.5 |
| BBTF Intervention - Fathers | Perceived Stress Scale (Negative) | 12 Weeks | 9.9 score on a scale | Standard Error 1 |
| BBTF Intervention - Fathers | Perceived Stress Scale (Negative) | 24 Weeks | 10.4 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.7 |
Comparison: Data were analyzed using a 3 × 2 repeated measures analysis of covariance (RM-ANCOVA) with 3 assessments crossed with two treatment conditions (BBTF and FLP). Five variables were included as covariates: father's age, father's highest level of education, number of members in father's social network, number of adults in the household, and sex of the target child. The effect of interest was the condition x time interaction.p-value: 0.927ANCOVA
Secondary
Perceived Stress Scale (Positive)
The Perceived Stress Scale examines the degree to which situations are experienced as stressful. The 4-item positive subscale has a range of scores from zero to 16. Higher scores are better outcomes.
Time frame: Baseline, 12, and 24 weeks
Population: This is a father-reported measure. Only fathers are reported in this analysis.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Financial Literacy Program - Fathers | Perceived Stress Scale (Positive) | Baseline | 5.3 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.2 |
| Financial Literacy Program - Fathers | Perceived Stress Scale (Positive) | 12 Weeks | 4.8 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.6 |
| Financial Literacy Program - Fathers | Perceived Stress Scale (Positive) | 24 Weeks | 4.0 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.4 |
| BBTF Intervention - Fathers | Perceived Stress Scale (Positive) | Baseline | 5.5 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.3 |
| BBTF Intervention - Fathers | Perceived Stress Scale (Positive) | 12 Weeks | 5.0 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.5 |
| BBTF Intervention - Fathers | Perceived Stress Scale (Positive) | 24 Weeks | 4.6 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.4 |
Comparison: Data were analyzed using a 3 × 2 repeated measures analysis of covariance (RM-ANCOVA) with 3 assessments crossed with two treatment conditions (BBTF and FLP). Five variables were included as covariates: father's age, father's highest level of education, number of members in father's social network, number of adults in the household, and sex of the target child. The effect of interest was the condition x time interaction.p-value: 0.841ANCOVA
Secondary
Personal Problem Solving Inventory - Efficacy
The Perceived Problem Solving Inventory subscale measures perceived efficacy in one's own ability to solve problems. The minimum score is 1 and the maximum score is 6 for each of the 7 items. The total range of scores for this subscale is from 1 to 6. Higher scores mean a worse outcome.
Time frame: Baseline, 12, and 24 weeks
Population: This is a father-reported measure. Only fathers are reported in this analysis.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Financial Literacy Program - Fathers | Personal Problem Solving Inventory - Efficacy | Baseline | 2.1 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.1 |
| Financial Literacy Program - Fathers | Personal Problem Solving Inventory - Efficacy | 12 Weeks | 1.9 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.1 |
| Financial Literacy Program - Fathers | Personal Problem Solving Inventory - Efficacy | 24 Weeks | 1.8 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.1 |
| BBTF Intervention - Fathers | Personal Problem Solving Inventory - Efficacy | Baseline | 2.1 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.1 |
| BBTF Intervention - Fathers | Personal Problem Solving Inventory - Efficacy | 12 Weeks | 1.7 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.1 |
| BBTF Intervention - Fathers | Personal Problem Solving Inventory - Efficacy | 24 Weeks | 1.9 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.1 |
p-value: 0.583ANCOVA
Secondary
Personal Problem Solving Inventory - Skills
The Personal Problem Solving Inventory measures perceived skills in one's own ability to solve problems. The minimum score is 1 and the maximum score is 6 for each of the 9 items on this subscale. Total range of scores for the scale are 1 to 6. Higher scores mean a worse outcome.
Time frame: Baseline, 12, and 24 weeks
Population: This is a father-reported measure. Only fathers are reported in this analysis.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Financial Literacy Program - Fathers | Personal Problem Solving Inventory - Skills | Baseline | 2.1 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.1 |
| Financial Literacy Program - Fathers | Personal Problem Solving Inventory - Skills | 12 Weeks | 1.9 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.1 |
| Financial Literacy Program - Fathers | Personal Problem Solving Inventory - Skills | 24 Weeks | 2.1 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.1 |
| BBTF Intervention - Fathers | Personal Problem Solving Inventory - Skills | Baseline | 2.1 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.1 |
| BBTF Intervention - Fathers | Personal Problem Solving Inventory - Skills | 12 Weeks | 1.8 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.1 |
| BBTF Intervention - Fathers | Personal Problem Solving Inventory - Skills | 24 Weeks | 2.0 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.1 |
p-value: 0.851ANCOVA
Secondary
Quality of Relationship Inventory (Conflict)
Measure of support, conflict, and depth of father-mother relationship. The Quality of Relationship Inventory (QRI) a self-assessment questionnaire used to determine the quality of a couple's relationship and their satisfaction with the relationship. The minimum score on the conflict subscale is 1and the maximum score is 4. Higher scores mean a worse outcome..
Time frame: Baseline, 12, and 24 weeks
Population: This is a father-reported measure. Only fathers are reported in this analysis.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Financial Literacy Program - Fathers | Quality of Relationship Inventory (Conflict) | Baseline | 2.5 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.1 |
| Financial Literacy Program - Fathers | Quality of Relationship Inventory (Conflict) | 12 Weeks | 2.2 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.1 |
| Financial Literacy Program - Fathers | Quality of Relationship Inventory (Conflict) | 24 Weeks | 2.4 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.1 |
| BBTF Intervention - Fathers | Quality of Relationship Inventory (Conflict) | Baseline | 2.5 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.1 |
| BBTF Intervention - Fathers | Quality of Relationship Inventory (Conflict) | 12 Weeks | 2.3 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.1 |
| BBTF Intervention - Fathers | Quality of Relationship Inventory (Conflict) | 24 Weeks | 2.3 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.1 |
Comparison: Data were analyzed using a 3 × 2 repeated measures analysis of covariance (RM-ANCOVA) with 3 assessments crossed with two treatment conditions (BBTF and FLP). Five variables were included as covariates: father's age, father's highest level of education, number of members in father's social network, number of adults in the household, and sex of the target child. The effect of interest was the condition x time interaction.p-value: 0.557ANCOVA
Secondary
Quality of Relationship Inventory (Depth)
Measure of support, conflict, and depth of father-mother relationship. The Quality of Relationship Inventory (QRI) a self-assessment questionnaire used to determine the quality of a couple's relationship and their satisfaction with the relationship. The minimum score on the depth subscale is 1 and the maximum score is 4. Higher scores mean a better outcome.
Time frame: Baseline, 12, and 24 weeks
Population: This is a father-reported measure. Only fathers are reported in this analysis.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Financial Literacy Program - Fathers | Quality of Relationship Inventory (Depth) | Baseline | 2.6 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.1 |
| Financial Literacy Program - Fathers | Quality of Relationship Inventory (Depth) | 12 Weeks | 2.5 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.2 |
| Financial Literacy Program - Fathers | Quality of Relationship Inventory (Depth) | 24 Weeks | 2.5 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.1 |
| BBTF Intervention - Fathers | Quality of Relationship Inventory (Depth) | Baseline | 2.4 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.1 |
| BBTF Intervention - Fathers | Quality of Relationship Inventory (Depth) | 12 Weeks | 2.4 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.2 |
| BBTF Intervention - Fathers | Quality of Relationship Inventory (Depth) | 24 Weeks | 2.4 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.1 |
Comparison: Data were analyzed using a 3 × 2 repeated measures analysis of covariance (RM-ANCOVA) with 3 assessments crossed with two treatment conditions (BBTF and FLP). Five variables were included as covariates: father's age, father's highest level of education, number of members in father's social network, number of adults in the household, and sex of the target child. The effect of interest was the condition x time interaction.p-value: 0.681ANCOVA
Secondary
Quality of Relationship Inventory (Support)
Measure of support, conflict, and depth of father-mother relationship. The Quality of Relationship Inventory (QRI) a self-assessment questionnaire used to determine the quality of a couple's relationship and their satisfaction with the relationship. The minimum score on the support subscale is 1 and the maximum score is 4. Higher scores mean a better outcome.
Time frame: Baseline, 12, and 24 weeks
Population: This is a father-reported measure. Only fathers are reported in this analysis.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Financial Literacy Program - Fathers | Quality of Relationship Inventory (Support) | 24 Weeks | 2.4 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.1 |
| Financial Literacy Program - Fathers | Quality of Relationship Inventory (Support) | Baseline | 2.5 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.1 |
| Financial Literacy Program - Fathers | Quality of Relationship Inventory (Support) | 12 Weeks | 2.5 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.2 |
| BBTF Intervention - Fathers | Quality of Relationship Inventory (Support) | Baseline | 2.4 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.1 |
| BBTF Intervention - Fathers | Quality of Relationship Inventory (Support) | 12 Weeks | 2.5 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.2 |
| BBTF Intervention - Fathers | Quality of Relationship Inventory (Support) | 24 Weeks | 2.5 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.1 |
Comparison: Data were analyzed using a 3 × 2 repeated measures analysis of covariance (RM-ANCOVA) with 3 assessments crossed with two treatment conditions (BBTF and FLP). Five variables were included as covariates: father's age, father's highest level of education, number of members in father's social network, number of adults in the household, and sex of the target child. The effect of interest was the condition x time interaction.p-value: 0.693ANCOVA
Secondary
Taylor Inventory of Self-Esteem (Negative)
The 16-item Taylor Inventory of Self-esteem is a measure of self-esteem and rewards and costs to self. The minimum value on the 8-item negative subscale is zero, and the maximum value is 64. Higher scores are worse outcomes.
Time frame: Baseline, 12, and 24 weeks
Population: This is a father-reported measure. Only fathers are reported in this analysis.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Financial Literacy Program - Fathers | Taylor Inventory of Self-Esteem (Negative) | Baseline | 38.1 score on a scale | Standard Error 1.5 |
| Financial Literacy Program - Fathers | Taylor Inventory of Self-Esteem (Negative) | 12 Weeks | 40.2 score on a scale | Standard Error 2.6 |
| Financial Literacy Program - Fathers | Taylor Inventory of Self-Esteem (Negative) | 24 Weeks | 41.2 score on a scale | Standard Error 2.1 |
| BBTF Intervention - Fathers | Taylor Inventory of Self-Esteem (Negative) | Baseline | 37.0 score on a scale | Standard Error 1.6 |
| BBTF Intervention - Fathers | Taylor Inventory of Self-Esteem (Negative) | 12 Weeks | 40.6 score on a scale | Standard Error 2.3 |
| BBTF Intervention - Fathers | Taylor Inventory of Self-Esteem (Negative) | 24 Weeks | 39.1 score on a scale | Standard Error 1.8 |
Comparison: Data were analyzed using a 3 × 2 repeated measures analysis of covariance (RM-ANCOVA) with 3 assessments crossed with two treatment conditions (BBTF and FLP). Five variables were included as covariates: father's age, father's highest level of education, number of members in father's social network, number of adults in the household, and sex of the target child. The effect of interest was the condition x time interaction.p-value: 0.73ANCOVA
Secondary
Taylor Inventory of Self-Esteem (Positive)
The 16-item Taylor Inventory of Self-esteem is a measure of self-esteem and rewards and costs to self. The minimum value on the 8-item positive subscale is zero, and the maximum value is 64. Higher scores are better outcomes.
Time frame: Mean/SE at Baseline, 12, and 24 weeks
Population: This is a father-reported measure. Only fathers are reported in this analysis.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Financial Literacy Program - Fathers | Taylor Inventory of Self-Esteem (Positive) | Baseline | 52.7 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.8 |
| Financial Literacy Program - Fathers | Taylor Inventory of Self-Esteem (Positive) | 12 Weeks | 54.2 score on a scale | Standard Error 1.5 |
| Financial Literacy Program - Fathers | Taylor Inventory of Self-Esteem (Positive) | 24 Weeks | 54.4 score on a scale | Standard Error 1 |
| BBTF Intervention - Fathers | Taylor Inventory of Self-Esteem (Positive) | Baseline | 54.3 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.7 |
| BBTF Intervention - Fathers | Taylor Inventory of Self-Esteem (Positive) | 12 Weeks | 53.6 score on a scale | Standard Error 1.6 |
| BBTF Intervention - Fathers | Taylor Inventory of Self-Esteem (Positive) | 24 Weeks | 54.3 score on a scale | Standard Error 1.1 |
Comparison: Data were analyzed using a 3 × 2 repeated measures analysis of covariance (RM-ANCOVA) with 3 assessments crossed with two treatment conditions (BBTF and FLP). Five variables were included as covariates: father's age, father's highest level of education, number of members in father's social network, number of adults in the household, and sex of the target child. The effect of interest was the condition x time interaction.p-value: 0.534ANCOVA
Secondary
Tolerance For Disagreement
The degree of tolerance of interpersonal disagreement. The minimum score is 15 and the maximum score is 75. Higher scores mean a better outcome.
Time frame: Baseline, 12, and 24 weeks
Population: This is a father-reported measure. Only fathers are reported in this analysis.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Financial Literacy Program - Fathers | Tolerance For Disagreement | Baseline | 41.0 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.8 |
| Financial Literacy Program - Fathers | Tolerance For Disagreement | 12 Weeks | 39.5 score on a scale | Standard Error 1.6 |
| Financial Literacy Program - Fathers | Tolerance For Disagreement | 24 Weeks | 41.1 score on a scale | Standard Error 1.2 |
| BBTF Intervention - Fathers | Tolerance For Disagreement | Baseline | 41.9 score on a scale | Standard Error 0.8 |
| BBTF Intervention - Fathers | Tolerance For Disagreement | 12 Weeks | 39.2 score on a scale | Standard Error 1.5 |
| BBTF Intervention - Fathers | Tolerance For Disagreement | 24 Weeks | 40.7 score on a scale | Standard Error 1.3 |
p-value: 0.791ANCOVA
Other Pre-specified
Building Bridges To Fatherhood (BBTF) Social Context Validity
An investigator developed Weekly Satisfaction and Program Satisfaction Survey was used to measure the levels of consumer satisfaction and active participation in the intervention. The 5-item weekly satisfaction survey minimum score is 0 and highest score is 15. The 16-item Program Satisfaction survey minimum score is 0 and the highest score is 48. Higher scores reflect greater satisfaction.
Time frame: 9 weeks post baseline