Appetite, Satiety
Conditions
Brief summary
Liquid foams can be formed by trapping pockets of gas in a beverage. The primary objective of this study is to test the individual contribution, and possible interaction, of the liquid volume and gas to liquid volume ratio (i.e. %overrun (%OR, defined as 100 x \[gas volume/liquid volume\]) of a beverage to its satiating properties.
Detailed description
It is not known how the liquid and gas volumes of a liquid foam contribute to its satiating properties and how and if these factors interact. The best way to assess these parameter combinations and their interactions is to use a special statistical approach named Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The current study therefore has a Central Composite Design with 9 foams differing in liquid volume and in ratio of gas to liquid volume (%overrun, which is defined as 100 x gas volume/liquid volume). Each subject will be appointed to a single parameter combination and receives this parameter combination twice, separated by a one-week wash-out period. On both test days subjects' self-assessment of feelings of satiety and physical discomfort will be recorded during 4 hours post-consumption of the treatment using Electronic Visual Analogue Scale.
Interventions
DIETARY_SUPPLEMENTBeverage 1
DIETARY_SUPPLEMENTBeverage 2
DIETARY_SUPPLEMENTBeverage 3
DIETARY_SUPPLEMENTBeverage 4
DIETARY_SUPPLEMENTBeverage 5
DIETARY_SUPPLEMENTBeverage 6
DIETARY_SUPPLEMENTBeverage 7
DIETARY_SUPPLEMENTBeverage 8
DIETARY_SUPPLEMENTBeverage 9
Sponsors
Unilever R&D
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
BASIC_SCIENCE
Masking
SINGLE (Outcomes Assessor)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to 60 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* BMI between 21 and 32 kg/m² * Apparently healthy: measured by questionnaire: no reported current or previous metabolic diseases or chronic gastrointestinal disorders * Reported dietary habits: no medically prescribed diet, no slimming diet, used to eat 3 meals a day, no vegetarian. * Reported intense sporting activities below 10h/w * Reported alcohol consumption below 14 units/w (female volunteers) or below 21 units/w (male volunteers)
Exclusion criteria
* Dislike, allergy or intolerance to test products or indicating to be unable to consume 514 ml of aerated test product * Any food allergy, or dislike or intolerance with the foods supplied during the study * Eating disorder (measured by SCOFF questionnaire, 2 or moreyes responses) High or very high restrained eaters (measured by questionnaire; score of 15 or higher, Polivy et al. 1978) * Reported medical treatment that may affect eating habits/satiety * Reported lactating (or lactating \< 6 weeks ago), pregnant (or pregnant \< 6 months ago) or wish to become pregnant during the study
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Hunger and satiety questions (Area under the time curve of hunger and satiety scores (as rated by the subjects on a Visual Analog Scale) | 245 minutes | Area under the time curve of hunger and satiety scores (as rated by the subjects on a Visual Analog Scale) |
Countries
United Kingdom
Outcome results
None listed