Pelvic Pain
Conditions
Keywords
chronic pelvic pain, electrical stimulation, pelvic floor rehabilitation, neuromodulation
Brief summary
The goal of the study is to evaluate the use of a personal intravaginal, non- implanted electrical stimulation device in the treatment of chronic pelvic pain. The investigators propose a randomized controlled trial comparing the investigated device to a sham device. The primary outcome is pain control using the visual analog scale and brief pain inventory (18). Hypothesis: Subjects will report increased pain relief with the electrical stimulation device compared to those using the sham device alone.
Detailed description
Chronic pelvic pain (CPP) is a complex and devastating diagnosis, encompassing multiple different conditions. Many organ systems may be involved including musculoskeletal, neurologic, genitourinary, psychiatric or gastrointestinal systems. Furthermore, it can be associated with major insomnia, psychosexual trauma, and mood disorders resulting in challenging cases characterized by pain that is refractory to standard treatment modalities. In a study conducted by Mathias et al., one in seven women experience chronic pelvic pain. The economic burden can be substantial, with previous estimates of 2.8 billion dollars per year. (1) Dyspareunia is defined as recurrent or persistent pain associated with sexual intercourse and affects approximately 8-21% of women in the United States (19, 20). Understandably, women with dyspareunia often suffer a decline in sexual functioning. It may lead to decreased arousal, loss of libido, and anorgasmia. However, its impact extends beyond sexual functioning as it can affect a woman's reproductive health and overall sense of well-being. Previous estimates indicate that 88% of sexually active chronic pelvic pain patients report pain during or after intercourse (1). Treatment of chronic pelvic is challenging due to a poor understanding of pain processing and physiology. Each patient's experience of pain is unique and may be any combination of visceral, neuropathic, or even somatic in etiology. Persistent pain despite aggressive treatment of organic etiologies may imply a psychogenic overlay. A comprehensive and integrative approach is ideal and may include physical therapy, medications, or cognitive behavioral therapy. Pelvic floor physical therapy is an effective treatment. Pelvic floor rehabilitation addresses the pelvic floor dysfunction and may include manual therapy, transvaginal biofeedback and electrical stimulation. Reissing et al. performed a retrospective chart review and discovered that physical therapy, particularly internal manual techniques, is a successful technique in treating patients with vaginismus (5). Electrical stimulation (ES) to the pelvic floor is an effective treatment in vaginismus, vulvar vestibulitis, urinary urgency, and levator ani hypertonus (11-15). ES delivered specifically through a transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulator (TENS) unit results in notable benefit in pain and dyspareunia (8,12,21-23). Murina et al. conducted a randomized controlled trial comparing use of a vaginal probe delivering electrical stimulation to a sham device. In this study, they used a TENS unit to treat vestibulodynia using a protocol of 15 min of 10 Hz followed by 15 minutes of 50 Hz. These sessions were completed on a twice per week basis for 10 weeks. Pain scores, dyspareunia and overall sexual functioning were significantly improved in the active arm compared to placebo (8). Another study used a TENS unit to treat primary dysmenorrhea. In this protocol, the TENS unit was set to 100 Hz with 100ms pulse width for the first 8 hours of the menstrual cycle and then repeated for another menstrual cycle (9). A smaller study of 12 women used electrical stimulation biofeedback and gradual desensitization in the treatment of vaginismus. After treatment, all 12 women were able to have vaginal intercourse (13). Electrical stimulation is used extensively for the treatment of various pain disorders. It is delivered through peripheral nerve stimulation, a TENS unit, or sacral neuromodulation using an implantable device. Electrical stimulation has three different programmable settings including the frequency, intensity and pulse duration. High frequency is considered as \> 50 Hz whereas low frequency is \< 10 Hz. The intensity, also known as the power, of the unit can be set to a sensory or motor threshold with any frequency (2). There are several theories to explain the mechanism of action of electrical stimulation. TENS works by altering the ability to perceive pain signals. The gate theory is one proposed mechanism of action. Electrical stimulation of nerves via a specific dermatome results in a blocking or gating effect at the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. This inhibits the transmission of pain impulses to the upper nervous system. Also, low frequency stimulation of the dermatome can increase the level of endorphins, providing pain relief. (2) The sacral nerve roots 2-4 hold the autonomic and somatic innervation of the pelvic floor, bladder, and urethra. Therefore, stimulation of the sacral nerve roots 2-4 can provide a means to modulate impulses from the pelvic floor. Inhibition of afferent innervation from the pelvic floor or bladder is achieved with afferent activation of the sacral nerve roots using Interstim® or similar devices. In other words, stimulating the sacral nerve roots through neuromodulation has an inhibitory effect on pain pathways at the spinal cord level. (3) Treatment of chronic pelvic pain may include peripheral nerve stimulation via the posterior tibial nerve. This mixed nerve shares the same spinal origin as the innervation of the bladder and pelvic floor. Stimulation of the posterior tibial nerve travels retrograde to modulate the afferent input from the bladder or pelvic floor. (4) Therefore, it shares a similar mechanism of action to sacral neuromodulation but spares the patient the complications associated with surgical implantation of a device. Despite its efficacy and benefits, electrical stimulation is time intensive and dependent upon a health care provider's schedule. It often causes the patient social embarrassment resulting in its inaccessibility. Although electrical stimulation provides pain relief, even highly motivated patients report that anxiety prohibits them from participation in physiotherapy (6). The investigators propose a novel treatment using a non-implanted intra-vaginal electrical stimulation device to be used in the comfort and privacy of the patient's home. This addresses several barriers associated with in office, standard pelvic floor physical therapy. Furthermore, a personal device allows the patient a more active role in her treatment, which can be empowering and ultimately, therapeutic. InControl Medical created a line of products FDA approved for urinary incontinence and fecal incontinence (10). These devices are non-implanted, customizable, battery-operated vaginal probes made of medical grade silicon and provide electrical stimulation to the pelvic floor. One of the devices, ApexM™ provides electrical stimulation at frequencies alternating between 13 Hz and 50 Hz and allows the clinician to adjust the intensity as well as the duration of the electrical stimulation. The investigators propose the use of low power electrical stimulation for the treatment of pain in patients diagnosed with CPP. The electrical stimulation is delivered using ApexM™, adjusting the power to a sensory threshold to prevent muscle contraction. The goal of the study is to evaluate the use of a personal intravaginal, non- implanted electrical stimulation device in the treatment of chronic pelvic pain. The investigators propose a randomized controlled trial comparing the investigated device to a sham device. The primary outcome is pain control using the visual analog scale and brief pain inventory (18). Hypothesis: Subjects will report increased pain relief with the electrical stimulation device compared to those using the sham device alone. Secondary goals: To evaluate the effect of ES on overall quality of life. Hypothesis: ES will improve quality of life as measured by the Short Form-36. (16) To evaluate the effect of ES on sexual function. Hypothesis: ES will improve sexual functioning as measured by Female Sexual Function Index (17) To evaluate the use of ES on use of pain medications. Hypothesis: ES will decrease dosage and frequency of pain medication use. This will be measured by use of a daily pain medication journal. Patients will complete a journal listing the type, amount and dosage of pain medications used on a daily basis. SIGNIFICANCE If a positive effect is seen, a personal vaginal device designed for home use can be offered to patients with chronic pelvic pain. Patients would be able to take pelvic floor rehabilitation from the physical therapy office into their home. Furthermore, it would justify a larger, multi-center, randomized controlled trial comparing the ApexM™ device to standard in office physical therapy.
Interventions
DEVICEApexM
Subjects will apply conductive gel, insert the device to a minimum depth of 4 inches, and inflate until comfortably snug. The intensity is set exclusively by the physician to a tolerated sensory level, avoiding muscle contraction. At the target amplitude, patients will feel a non-painful fluttering or tapping sensation, Subjects will perform this for 6 sessions per week at 12 minutes per session for an additional 12 weeks. At each follow-up visit, investigators will re-evaluate the stimulation level and adjust to avoid muscle contraction.
DEVICESham Device
Identical to ApexM but will not deliver any electrical stimulation
Sponsors
The Cleveland Clinic
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
SINGLE (Subject)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
FEMALE
Age
18 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* Women \>/= 18 years old who are sexually active or desire to be sexually active, no active infection, diagnosed with non-cyclic chronic pelvic pain, duration of symptoms greater than 6 months, neurologically intact, able to accommodate and tolerate the device, not pregnant and not attempting to achieve pregnancy.
Exclusion criteria
* Pregnancy, currently active in pelvic floor physical therapy, active malignancy, patients unable to contract their pelvic floor secondary to causes such as myelopathy, spinal cord trauma, patients with diabetes, vestibulodynia, vulvodynia, a pacemaker, defibrillator or other implanted neuro-modulatory devices, patients with a hypotonic pelvic floor, or those currently on treatment for pain with topical lidocaine, gabapentin or other medications or injections outside of standard analgesics, and severe psychiatric disorders
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Change From Baseline in Pain on the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) at Week 12 | Baseline and Week 12 | The Visual Analog Scale assesses self-reported pain scores. Patients were asked to record their average pain over the past 4 weeks by placing an X on a 10-cm line, with 0 representing no pain and 100 representing the worst pain imaginable. Pain scores were determined by research personnel by measuring the distance (in mm) from 0 to the X. Change = (Week 12 Score - Baseline Score). |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Change From Baseline in Quality of Life on Short Form 36 (SF-36) Role Limitations Due to Physical Health Scale | Baseline and Week 12 | Short Form-36 is a validated, self-reported instrument used to evaluate overall quality of life. The SF-36 consists of 8 sub-scales: 1) physical functioning, 2) role limitations due to physical health, 3) role limitations due to emotional problems, 4) energy/fatigue, 5) emotional well-being, 6) social functioning, 7) pain, 8) general health. Change = (Week 12 Score - Baseline Score). Scores for each sub-scale range from 0-100. Higher scores indicate better function / fewer symptoms. |
| Change From Baseline in Quality of Life on Short Form 36 (SF-36) Role Limitations Due to Emotional Problems Scale | Baseline and Week 12 | Short Form-36 is a validated, self-reported instrument used to evaluate overall quality of life. The SF-36 consists of 8 sub-scales: 1) physical functioning, 2) role limitations due to physical health, 3) role limitations due to emotional problems, 4) energy/fatigue, 5) emotional well-being, 6) social functioning, 7) pain, 8) general health. Change = (Week 12 Score - Baseline Score). Scores for each sub-scale range from 0-100. Higher scores indicate better function / fewer symptoms. |
| Change From Baseline in Quality of Life on Short Form 36 (SF-36) Energy/Fatigue Scale | Baseline and Week 12 | Short Form-36 is a validated, self-reported instrument used to evaluate overall quality of life. The SF-36 consists of 8 sub-scales: 1) physical functioning, 2) role limitations due to physical health, 3) role limitations due to emotional problems, 4) energy/fatigue, 5) emotional well-being, 6) social functioning, 7) pain, 8) general health. Change = (Week 12 Score - Baseline Score). Scores for each sub-scale range from 0-100. Higher scores indicate better function / fewer symptoms. |
| Change From Baseline in Quality of Life on Short Form 36 (SF-36) Emotional Wellbeing Scale | Baseline and Week 12 | Short Form-36 is a validated, self-reported instrument used to evaluate overall quality of life. The SF-36 consists of 8 sub-scales: 1) physical functioning, 2) role limitations due to physical health, 3) role limitations due to emotional problems, 4) energy/fatigue, 5) emotional well-being, 6) social functioning, 7) pain, 8) general health. Change = (Week 12 Score - Baseline Score). Scores for each sub-scale range from 0-100. Higher scores indicate better function / fewer symptoms. |
| Change From Baseline in Quality of Life on Short Form 36 (SF-36) Social Function Scale | Baseline and Week 12 | Short Form-36 is a validated, self-reported instrument used to evaluate overall quality of life. The SF-36 consists of 8 sub-scales: 1) physical functioning, 2) role limitations due to physical health, 3) role limitations due to emotional problems, 4) energy/fatigue, 5) emotional well-being, 6) social functioning, 7) pain, 8) general health. Change = (Week 12 Score - Baseline Score). Scores for each sub-scale range from 0-100. Higher scores indicate better function / fewer symptoms. |
| Change From Baseline in Pain on Short Form 36 (SF-36) Pain Scale | Baseline and Week 12 | Short Form-36 is a validated, self-reported instrument used to evaluate overall quality of life. The SF-36 consists of 8 sub-scales: 1) physical functioning, 2) role limitations due to physical health, 3) role limitations due to emotional problems, 4) energy/fatigue, 5) emotional well-being, 6) social functioning, 7) pain, 8) general health. Change = (Week 12 Score - Baseline Score). Scores for each sub-scale range from 0-100. Higher scores indicate better function / fewer symptoms. |
| Change From Baseline in Quality of Life on Short Form 36 (SF-36) General Health Scale | Baseline and Week 12 | Short Form-36 is a validated, self-reported instrument used to evaluate overall quality of life. The SF-36 consists of 8 sub-scales: 1) physical functioning, 2) role limitations due to physical health, 3) role limitations due to emotional problems, 4) energy/fatigue, 5) emotional well-being, 6) social functioning, 7) pain, 8) general health. Change = (Week 12 Score - Baseline Score). Scores for each sub-scale range from 0-100. Higher scores indicate better function / fewer symptoms. |
| Change From Baseline in Pain on Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) Pain Severity Scale | Baseline and Week 12 | The Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) is a validated, self-reported instrument used to evaluate pain symptoms within the last 24 hours. The BPI consists of 2 sub-scales: 1) pain severity, 2) pain interference. Change = (Week 12 Score - Baseline Score). Scores for each sub-scale range from 0-10. Lower scores indicate better function / fewer symptoms. |
| Change From Baseline in Pain on Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) Pain Interference Scale | Baseline and Week 12 | The Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) is a validated, self-reported instrument used to evaluate pain symptoms within the last 24 hours. The BPI consists of 2 sub-scales: 1) pain severity, 2) pain interference. Change = (Week 12 Score - Baseline Score). Scores for each sub-scale range from 0-10. Lower scores indicate better function / fewer symptoms. |
| Change From Baseline in Quality of Life on Short Form 36 (SF-36) Physical Functioning Scale | Baseline and Week 12 | Short Form-36 is a validated, self-reported instrument used to evaluate overall quality of life. The SF-36 consists of 8 sub-scales: 1) physical functioning, 2) role limitations due to physical health, 3) role limitations due to emotional problems, 4) energy/fatigue, 5) emotional well-being, 6) social functioning, 7) pain, 8) general health. Change = (Week 12 Score - Baseline Score). Scores for each sub-scale range from 0-100. Higher scores indicate better function / fewer symptoms. |
| Change From Baseline in Quality of Life on Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory (PFDI) Pelvic Organ Prolapse Distress Inventory (POPDI) Sub-Scale | Baseline and Week 12 | The Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory is a 20-question, validated, self-reported instrument used to evaluate pelvic floor symptoms. It consists of an overall scale (range: 0-300) comprised of 3 sub-scales: 1) Pelvic Organ Prolapse Distress Inventory (range: 0-100), 2) Colorectal Anal Distress Inventory (range: 0-100), and 3) Urinary Distress Inventory (range: 0-100). Change = (Week 12 Score - Baseline Score). Lower scores indicate better function / fewer symptoms. |
| Change From Baseline in Quality of Life on Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory (PFDI) Colorectal Anal Distress Inventory (CRADI) Sub-Scale | Baseline and Week 12 | The Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory is a 20-question, validated, self-reported instrument used to evaluate pelvic floor symptoms. It consists of an overall scale (range: 0-300) comprised of 3 sub-scales: 1) Pelvic Organ Prolapse Distress Inventory (range: 0-100), 2) Colorectal Anal Distress Inventory (range: 0-100), and 3) Urinary Distress Inventory (range: 0-100). Change = (Week 12 Score - Baseline Score). Lower scores indicate better function / fewer symptoms. |
| Change From Baseline in Quality of Life on Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory (PFDI) Urinary Distress Inventory (UDI) Sub-Scale | Baseline and Week 12 | The Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory is a 20-question, validated, self-reported instrument used to evaluate pelvic floor symptoms. It consists of an overall scale (range: 0-300) comprised of 3 sub-scales: 1) Pelvic Organ Prolapse Distress Inventory (range: 0-100), 2) Colorectal Anal Distress Inventory (range: 0-100), and 3) Urinary Distress Inventory (range: 0-100). Change = (Week 12 Score - Baseline Score). Lower scores indicate better function / fewer symptoms. |
| Change From Baseline in Quality of Life on Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory (PFDI) Total Scale | Baseline and Week 12 | The Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory is a 20-question, validated, self-reported instrument used to evaluate pelvic floor symptoms. It consists of an overall scale (range: 0-300) comprised of 3 sub-scales: 1) Pelvic Organ Prolapse Distress Inventory (range: 0-100), 2) Colorectal Anal Distress Inventory (range: 0-100), and 3) Urinary Distress Inventory (range: 0-100). Change = (Week 12 Score - Baseline Score). Lower scores indicate better function / fewer symptoms. |
| Change From Baseline in Weekly Ibuprofen Use | Baseline and Week 12 | Patients were asked to record weekly doses of over-the-counter pain medications taken, including ibuprofen (mg), naprosyn (mg), acetaminophen (mg), and opioids (calculated morphine equivalents). Change = (Week 12 total - Week 1 total). |
| Change From Baseline in Weekly Naprosyn Use | Baseline and Week 12 | Patients were asked to record weekly doses of over-the-counter pain medications taken, including ibuprofen (mg), naprosyn (mg), acetaminophen (mg), and opioids (calculated morphine equivalents). Change = (Week 12 total - Week 1 total). |
| Change From Baseline in Weekly Acetaminophen Use | Baseline and Week 12 | Patients were asked to record weekly doses of over-the-counter pain medications taken, including ibuprofen (mg), naprosyn (mg), acetaminophen (mg), and opioids (calculated morphine equivalents). Change = (Week 12 total - Week 1 total). |
| Change From Baseline in Weekly Opioid Use | Baseline and Week 12 | Patients were asked to record weekly doses of over-the-counter pain medications taken, including ibuprofen (mg), naprosyn (mg), acetaminophen (mg), and opioids (calculated morphine equivalents). Change = (Week 12 total - Week 1 total). |
| Change From Baseline in Quality of Life on Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) Scale | Baseline and Week 12 | The Female Sexual Function Index is a validated, self-reported instrument used to evaluate sexual function and symptoms. The FSFI consists of 6 sub-scales: 1) desire \[score range = 1.2 - 6\], 2) arousal \[score range = 0 - 6\], 3) lubrication \[score range = 0 - 6\], 4) orgasm \[score range = 0 - 6\], 5) satisfaction \[score range = 0 - 6\], 6) pain \[score range = 0 - 6\]. The full FSFI consists of 19 questions, and the total score ranges from 1.2 - 36. Change = (Week 12 Score - Baseline Score). Higher scores indicate better function / fewer symptoms. |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| ApexM Device InControl Medical created a line of products FDA approved for urinary incontinence and fecal incontinence. These devices are non-implanted, customizable, battery-operated vaginal probes made of medical grade silicone and provide electrical stimulation to the pelvic floor. The ApexM device provides electrical stimulation at frequencies alternating between 13 Hz and 50 Hz and allows the clinician to adjust the intensity as well as the duration of the electrical stimulation. Participants were instructed to apply conductive gel, insert the device to a minimum depth of 4 inches, and inflate until comfortably snug. The intensity was set exclusively by the physician to a tolerated sensory level, avoiding muscle contraction. Participants were instructed to complete 1 12-minute session at home per day, 6 days per week. | 24 |
| Sham Device Subjects in the control arm used a sham ApexM device. The original ApexM device was modified to disable its electrical stimulation functionality. Otherwise, the devices are indistinguishable and possess identical dimensions. Although the sham device can be powered on, the circuitry was disconnected so that electrical stimulation is disabled. Participants were instructed to apply conductive gel, insert the device to a minimum depth of 4 inches, and inflate until comfortably snug. The intensity was set exclusively by the physician to a tolerated sensory level, avoiding muscle contraction. Participants were instructed to complete 1 12-minute session at home per day, 6 days per week. | 34 |
| Total | 58 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | ApexM Device | Total | Sham Device |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | 32.3 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 9.5 | 33.2 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 10 | 33.8 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 10.5 |
| Annual Household Income >$100,000 | 3 Participants | 12 Participants | 9 Participants |
| Annual Household Income <$25,000 | 8 Participants | 13 Participants | 5 Participants |
| Annual Household Income $25,001-$50,000 | 4 Participants | 12 Participants | 8 Participants |
| Annual Household Income $50,001-$75,000 | 8 Participants | 15 Participants | 7 Participants |
| Annual Household Income $75,001-$100,000 | 1 Participants | 6 Participants | 5 Participants |
| BMI | 27.0 kg/m^2 STANDARD_DEVIATION 5.8 | 27.6 kg/m^2 STANDARD_DEVIATION 6 | 28.1 kg/m^2 STANDARD_DEVIATION 6.3 |
| Employment Status Employed | 19 Participants | 46 Participants | 27 Participants |
| Employment Status Unemployed | 5 Participants | 12 Participants | 7 Participants |
| Endometriosis No | 16 Participants | 32 Participants | 16 Participants |
| Endometriosis Yes | 8 Participants | 26 Participants | 18 Participants |
| Highest Education Level Completed College | 11 Participants | 29 Participants | 18 Participants |
| Highest Education Level Completed Graduate/Professional Degree | 6 Participants | 13 Participants | 7 Participants |
| Highest Education Level Completed < High School | 1 Participants | 1 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Highest Education Level Completed High School / GED | 6 Participants | 15 Participants | 9 Participants |
| History of Depression No | 15 Participants | 28 Participants | 13 Participants |
| History of Depression Yes | 9 Participants | 30 Participants | 21 Participants |
| History of Pelvic Floor Physical Therapy No | 20 Participants | 45 Participants | 25 Participants |
| History of Pelvic Floor Physical Therapy Yes | 4 Participants | 13 Participants | 9 Participants |
| History of Sexual Abuse No | 19 Participants | 44 Participants | 25 Participants |
| History of Sexual Abuse Yes | 5 Participants | 14 Participants | 9 Participants |
| Menopausal Status Post-Menopausal | 3 Participants | 7 Participants | 4 Participants |
| Menopausal Status Pre-Menopausal | 21 Participants | 51 Participants | 30 Participants |
| Pain Duration | 4.9 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.4 | 8.5 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 10.3 | 11.0 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 12.6 |
| Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Asian | 1 Participants | 1 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American | 3 Participants | 7 Participants | 4 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) White | 20 Participants | 50 Participants | 30 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment United States | 24 Participants | 58 Participants | 34 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 24 Participants | 58 Participants | 34 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Total Parity 0 | 17 Participants | 35 Participants | 18 Participants |
| Total Parity 1 | 2 Participants | 8 Participants | 6 Participants |
| Total Parity >=2 | 5 Participants | 15 Participants | 10 Participants |
| Vaginal Parity | 1.8 Vaginal Births STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.2 | 1.3 Vaginal Births STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.2 | 1.1 Vaginal Births STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.3 |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 24 | 0 / 34 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 14 / 24 | 4 / 34 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 24 | 0 / 34 |
Outcome results
Primary
Change From Baseline in Pain on the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) at Week 12
The Visual Analog Scale assesses self-reported pain scores. Patients were asked to record their average pain over the past 4 weeks by placing an X on a 10-cm line, with 0 representing no pain and 100 representing the worst pain imaginable. Pain scores were determined by research personnel by measuring the distance (in mm) from 0 to the X. Change = (Week 12 Score - Baseline Score).
Time frame: Baseline and Week 12
Population: Based on the intention-to-treat population. All participants with Baseline and Week 12 VAS scores available.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| ApexM Device | Change From Baseline in Pain on the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) at Week 12 | -8.5 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 30.9 |
| Sham Device | Change From Baseline in Pain on the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) at Week 12 | -7.4 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 25 |
Comparison: It was calculated that 52 participants (26 in each arm) was sufficient to detect a 30% reduction in the VAS score (⍺ = 0.05, β = 0.80) from baseline to 12 weeks using paired t-tests, assuming average pain of 80-90 on the VAS and 10% drop-out. Because stratified randomization was performed on the basis of levator ani muscle spasm, there was an imbalance between the size of the sham and active groups, and 58 subjects were ultimately recruited with approval from the Institutional Review Board.p-value: 0.8979t-test, 2 sided
Secondary
Change From Baseline in Pain on Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) Pain Interference Scale
The Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) is a validated, self-reported instrument used to evaluate pain symptoms within the last 24 hours. The BPI consists of 2 sub-scales: 1) pain severity, 2) pain interference. Change = (Week 12 Score - Baseline Score). Scores for each sub-scale range from 0-10. Lower scores indicate better function / fewer symptoms.
Time frame: Baseline and Week 12
Population: Based on the intention-to-treat population. All participants with Baseline and Week 12 BPI scores available.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| ApexM Device | Change From Baseline in Pain on Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) Pain Interference Scale | -0.06 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.2 |
| Sham Device | Change From Baseline in Pain on Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) Pain Interference Scale | -1.1 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 2 |
p-value: 0.0574Sign test
Secondary
Change From Baseline in Pain on Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) Pain Severity Scale
The Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) is a validated, self-reported instrument used to evaluate pain symptoms within the last 24 hours. The BPI consists of 2 sub-scales: 1) pain severity, 2) pain interference. Change = (Week 12 Score - Baseline Score). Scores for each sub-scale range from 0-10. Lower scores indicate better function / fewer symptoms.
Time frame: Baseline and Week 12
Population: Based on the intention-to-treat population. All participants with Baseline and Week 12 BPI scores available.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| ApexM Device | Change From Baseline in Pain on Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) Pain Severity Scale | -0.4 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.3 |
| Sham Device | Change From Baseline in Pain on Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) Pain Severity Scale | -0.4 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.5 |
p-value: 0.9954Sign test
Secondary
Change From Baseline in Pain on Short Form 36 (SF-36) Pain Scale
Short Form-36 is a validated, self-reported instrument used to evaluate overall quality of life. The SF-36 consists of 8 sub-scales: 1) physical functioning, 2) role limitations due to physical health, 3) role limitations due to emotional problems, 4) energy/fatigue, 5) emotional well-being, 6) social functioning, 7) pain, 8) general health. Change = (Week 12 Score - Baseline Score). Scores for each sub-scale range from 0-100. Higher scores indicate better function / fewer symptoms.
Time frame: Baseline and Week 12
Population: Based on the intention-to-treat population. All participants with Baseline and Week 12 SF-36 scores available.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| ApexM Device | Change From Baseline in Pain on Short Form 36 (SF-36) Pain Scale | 5.2 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 21.9 |
| Sham Device | Change From Baseline in Pain on Short Form 36 (SF-36) Pain Scale | 18.1 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 17.1 |
p-value: 0.0287Sign test
Secondary
Change From Baseline in Quality of Life on Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) Scale
The Female Sexual Function Index is a validated, self-reported instrument used to evaluate sexual function and symptoms. The FSFI consists of 6 sub-scales: 1) desire \[score range = 1.2 - 6\], 2) arousal \[score range = 0 - 6\], 3) lubrication \[score range = 0 - 6\], 4) orgasm \[score range = 0 - 6\], 5) satisfaction \[score range = 0 - 6\], 6) pain \[score range = 0 - 6\]. The full FSFI consists of 19 questions, and the total score ranges from 1.2 - 36. Change = (Week 12 Score - Baseline Score). Higher scores indicate better function / fewer symptoms.
Time frame: Baseline and Week 12
Population: Based on the intention-to-treat population. All participants with Baseline and Week 12 FSFI scores available.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| ApexM Device | Change From Baseline in Quality of Life on Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) Scale | 2.7 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 8 |
| Sham Device | Change From Baseline in Quality of Life on Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) Scale | 1.9 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 9.2 |
p-value: 0.7827Sign test
Secondary
Change From Baseline in Quality of Life on Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory (PFDI) Colorectal Anal Distress Inventory (CRADI) Sub-Scale
The Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory is a 20-question, validated, self-reported instrument used to evaluate pelvic floor symptoms. It consists of an overall scale (range: 0-300) comprised of 3 sub-scales: 1) Pelvic Organ Prolapse Distress Inventory (range: 0-100), 2) Colorectal Anal Distress Inventory (range: 0-100), and 3) Urinary Distress Inventory (range: 0-100). Change = (Week 12 Score - Baseline Score). Lower scores indicate better function / fewer symptoms.
Time frame: Baseline and Week 12
Population: Based on the intention-to-treat population. All participants with Baseline and Week 12 PFDI scores available.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| ApexM Device | Change From Baseline in Quality of Life on Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory (PFDI) Colorectal Anal Distress Inventory (CRADI) Sub-Scale | -4.1 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 8.6 |
| Sham Device | Change From Baseline in Quality of Life on Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory (PFDI) Colorectal Anal Distress Inventory (CRADI) Sub-Scale | -6.5 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 14.2 |
p-value: 0.4986Sign test
Secondary
Change From Baseline in Quality of Life on Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory (PFDI) Pelvic Organ Prolapse Distress Inventory (POPDI) Sub-Scale
The Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory is a 20-question, validated, self-reported instrument used to evaluate pelvic floor symptoms. It consists of an overall scale (range: 0-300) comprised of 3 sub-scales: 1) Pelvic Organ Prolapse Distress Inventory (range: 0-100), 2) Colorectal Anal Distress Inventory (range: 0-100), and 3) Urinary Distress Inventory (range: 0-100). Change = (Week 12 Score - Baseline Score). Lower scores indicate better function / fewer symptoms.
Time frame: Baseline and Week 12
Population: Based on the intention-to-treat population. All participants with Baseline and Week 12 PFDI scores available.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| ApexM Device | Change From Baseline in Quality of Life on Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory (PFDI) Pelvic Organ Prolapse Distress Inventory (POPDI) Sub-Scale | -4.7 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 11.7 |
| Sham Device | Change From Baseline in Quality of Life on Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory (PFDI) Pelvic Organ Prolapse Distress Inventory (POPDI) Sub-Scale | -9.3 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 13 |
p-value: 0.2114Sign test
Secondary
Change From Baseline in Quality of Life on Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory (PFDI) Total Scale
The Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory is a 20-question, validated, self-reported instrument used to evaluate pelvic floor symptoms. It consists of an overall scale (range: 0-300) comprised of 3 sub-scales: 1) Pelvic Organ Prolapse Distress Inventory (range: 0-100), 2) Colorectal Anal Distress Inventory (range: 0-100), and 3) Urinary Distress Inventory (range: 0-100). Change = (Week 12 Score - Baseline Score). Lower scores indicate better function / fewer symptoms.
Time frame: Baseline and Week 12
Population: Based on the intention-to-treat population. All participants with Baseline and Week 12 PFDI scores available.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| ApexM Device | Change From Baseline in Quality of Life on Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory (PFDI) Total Scale | -15.2 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 28.8 |
| Sham Device | Change From Baseline in Quality of Life on Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory (PFDI) Total Scale | -25.8 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 33.9 |
p-value: 0.2556Sign test
Secondary
Change From Baseline in Quality of Life on Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory (PFDI) Urinary Distress Inventory (UDI) Sub-Scale
The Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory is a 20-question, validated, self-reported instrument used to evaluate pelvic floor symptoms. It consists of an overall scale (range: 0-300) comprised of 3 sub-scales: 1) Pelvic Organ Prolapse Distress Inventory (range: 0-100), 2) Colorectal Anal Distress Inventory (range: 0-100), and 3) Urinary Distress Inventory (range: 0-100). Change = (Week 12 Score - Baseline Score). Lower scores indicate better function / fewer symptoms.
Time frame: Baseline and Week 12
Population: Based on the intention-to-treat population. All participants with Baseline and Week 12 PFDI scores available.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| ApexM Device | Change From Baseline in Quality of Life on Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory (PFDI) Urinary Distress Inventory (UDI) Sub-Scale | -6.3 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 17.6 |
| Sham Device | Change From Baseline in Quality of Life on Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory (PFDI) Urinary Distress Inventory (UDI) Sub-Scale | -10 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 16.3 |
p-value: 0.461Sign test
Secondary
Change From Baseline in Quality of Life on Short Form 36 (SF-36) Emotional Wellbeing Scale
Short Form-36 is a validated, self-reported instrument used to evaluate overall quality of life. The SF-36 consists of 8 sub-scales: 1) physical functioning, 2) role limitations due to physical health, 3) role limitations due to emotional problems, 4) energy/fatigue, 5) emotional well-being, 6) social functioning, 7) pain, 8) general health. Change = (Week 12 Score - Baseline Score). Scores for each sub-scale range from 0-100. Higher scores indicate better function / fewer symptoms.
Time frame: Baseline and Week 12
Population: Based on the intention-to-treat population. All participants with Baseline and Week 12 SF-36 scores available.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| ApexM Device | Change From Baseline in Quality of Life on Short Form 36 (SF-36) Emotional Wellbeing Scale | -2.9 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 12.3 |
| Sham Device | Change From Baseline in Quality of Life on Short Form 36 (SF-36) Emotional Wellbeing Scale | 0.8 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 11.4 |
p-value: 0.2884Sign test
Secondary
Change From Baseline in Quality of Life on Short Form 36 (SF-36) Energy/Fatigue Scale
Short Form-36 is a validated, self-reported instrument used to evaluate overall quality of life. The SF-36 consists of 8 sub-scales: 1) physical functioning, 2) role limitations due to physical health, 3) role limitations due to emotional problems, 4) energy/fatigue, 5) emotional well-being, 6) social functioning, 7) pain, 8) general health. Change = (Week 12 Score - Baseline Score). Scores for each sub-scale range from 0-100. Higher scores indicate better function / fewer symptoms.
Time frame: Baseline and Week 12
Population: Based on the intention-to-treat population. All participants with Baseline and Week 12 SF-36 scores available.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| ApexM Device | Change From Baseline in Quality of Life on Short Form 36 (SF-36) Energy/Fatigue Scale | 1.8 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 19.1 |
| Sham Device | Change From Baseline in Quality of Life on Short Form 36 (SF-36) Energy/Fatigue Scale | 7.2 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 15 |
p-value: 0.286Sign test
Secondary
Change From Baseline in Quality of Life on Short Form 36 (SF-36) General Health Scale
Short Form-36 is a validated, self-reported instrument used to evaluate overall quality of life. The SF-36 consists of 8 sub-scales: 1) physical functioning, 2) role limitations due to physical health, 3) role limitations due to emotional problems, 4) energy/fatigue, 5) emotional well-being, 6) social functioning, 7) pain, 8) general health. Change = (Week 12 Score - Baseline Score). Scores for each sub-scale range from 0-100. Higher scores indicate better function / fewer symptoms.
Time frame: Baseline and Week 12
Population: Based on the intention-to-treat population. All participants with Baseline and Week 12 SF-36 scores available.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| ApexM Device | Change From Baseline in Quality of Life on Short Form 36 (SF-36) General Health Scale | -3.1 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 9.9 |
| Sham Device | Change From Baseline in Quality of Life on Short Form 36 (SF-36) General Health Scale | 0 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 10 |
p-value: 0.2887Sign test
Secondary
Change From Baseline in Quality of Life on Short Form 36 (SF-36) Physical Functioning Scale
Short Form-36 is a validated, self-reported instrument used to evaluate overall quality of life. The SF-36 consists of 8 sub-scales: 1) physical functioning, 2) role limitations due to physical health, 3) role limitations due to emotional problems, 4) energy/fatigue, 5) emotional well-being, 6) social functioning, 7) pain, 8) general health. Change = (Week 12 Score - Baseline Score). Scores for each sub-scale range from 0-100. Higher scores indicate better function / fewer symptoms.
Time frame: Baseline and Week 12
Population: Based on the intention-to-treat population. All participants with Baseline and Week 12 SF-36 scores available.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| ApexM Device | Change From Baseline in Quality of Life on Short Form 36 (SF-36) Physical Functioning Scale | 1.4 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.1 |
| Sham Device | Change From Baseline in Quality of Life on Short Form 36 (SF-36) Physical Functioning Scale | 1.6 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 13.9 |
p-value: 0.9338Sign test
Secondary
Change From Baseline in Quality of Life on Short Form 36 (SF-36) Role Limitations Due to Emotional Problems Scale
Short Form-36 is a validated, self-reported instrument used to evaluate overall quality of life. The SF-36 consists of 8 sub-scales: 1) physical functioning, 2) role limitations due to physical health, 3) role limitations due to emotional problems, 4) energy/fatigue, 5) emotional well-being, 6) social functioning, 7) pain, 8) general health. Change = (Week 12 Score - Baseline Score). Scores for each sub-scale range from 0-100. Higher scores indicate better function / fewer symptoms.
Time frame: Baseline and Week 12
Population: Based on the intention-to-treat population. All participants with Baseline and Week 12 SF-36 scores available.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| ApexM Device | Change From Baseline in Quality of Life on Short Form 36 (SF-36) Role Limitations Due to Emotional Problems Scale | -7.6 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 43.5 |
| Sham Device | Change From Baseline in Quality of Life on Short Form 36 (SF-36) Role Limitations Due to Emotional Problems Scale | 2.7 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 35.9 |
p-value: 0.3817Sign test
Secondary
Change From Baseline in Quality of Life on Short Form 36 (SF-36) Role Limitations Due to Physical Health Scale
Short Form-36 is a validated, self-reported instrument used to evaluate overall quality of life. The SF-36 consists of 8 sub-scales: 1) physical functioning, 2) role limitations due to physical health, 3) role limitations due to emotional problems, 4) energy/fatigue, 5) emotional well-being, 6) social functioning, 7) pain, 8) general health. Change = (Week 12 Score - Baseline Score). Scores for each sub-scale range from 0-100. Higher scores indicate better function / fewer symptoms.
Time frame: Baseline and Week 12
Population: Based on the intention-to-treat population. All participants with Baseline and Week 12 SF-36 scores available.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| ApexM Device | Change From Baseline in Quality of Life on Short Form 36 (SF-36) Role Limitations Due to Physical Health Scale | 1.13 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 50.9 |
| Sham Device | Change From Baseline in Quality of Life on Short Form 36 (SF-36) Role Limitations Due to Physical Health Scale | 21 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 43.7 |
p-value: 0.1568Sign test
Secondary
Change From Baseline in Quality of Life on Short Form 36 (SF-36) Social Function Scale
Short Form-36 is a validated, self-reported instrument used to evaluate overall quality of life. The SF-36 consists of 8 sub-scales: 1) physical functioning, 2) role limitations due to physical health, 3) role limitations due to emotional problems, 4) energy/fatigue, 5) emotional well-being, 6) social functioning, 7) pain, 8) general health. Change = (Week 12 Score - Baseline Score). Scores for each sub-scale range from 0-100. Higher scores indicate better function / fewer symptoms.
Time frame: Baseline and Week 12
Population: Based on the intention-to-treat population. All participants with Baseline and Week 12 SF-36 scores available.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| ApexM Device | Change From Baseline in Quality of Life on Short Form 36 (SF-36) Social Function Scale | -3.4 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 15.5 |
| Sham Device | Change From Baseline in Quality of Life on Short Form 36 (SF-36) Social Function Scale | 5.5 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 18.8 |
p-value: 0.0855Sign test
Secondary
Change From Baseline in Weekly Acetaminophen Use
Patients were asked to record weekly doses of over-the-counter pain medications taken, including ibuprofen (mg), naprosyn (mg), acetaminophen (mg), and opioids (calculated morphine equivalents). Change = (Week 12 total - Week 1 total).
Time frame: Baseline and Week 12
Population: Based on the intention-to-treat population. All participants with Baseline and Week 12 SF-36 scores available.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| ApexM Device | Change From Baseline in Weekly Acetaminophen Use | 125 mg/week | Standard Deviation 559 |
| Sham Device | Change From Baseline in Weekly Acetaminophen Use | -333 mg/week | Standard Deviation 1238 |
p-value: 0.138t-test, 2 sided
Secondary
Change From Baseline in Weekly Ibuprofen Use
Patients were asked to record weekly doses of over-the-counter pain medications taken, including ibuprofen (mg), naprosyn (mg), acetaminophen (mg), and opioids (calculated morphine equivalents). Change = (Week 12 total - Week 1 total).
Time frame: Baseline and Week 12
Population: Based on the intention-to-treat population. All participants with Baseline and Week 12 medication diaries available.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| ApexM Device | Change From Baseline in Weekly Ibuprofen Use | 200 mg/week | Standard Deviation 836 |
| Sham Device | Change From Baseline in Weekly Ibuprofen Use | -400 mg/week | Standard Deviation 1201 |
p-value: 0.0723t-test, 2 sided
Secondary
Change From Baseline in Weekly Naprosyn Use
Patients were asked to record weekly doses of over-the-counter pain medications taken, including ibuprofen (mg), naprosyn (mg), acetaminophen (mg), and opioids (calculated morphine equivalents). Change = (Week 12 total - Week 1 total).
Time frame: Baseline and Week 12
Population: Based on the intention-to-treat population. All participants with Baseline and Week 12 medication diaries available.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| ApexM Device | Change From Baseline in Weekly Naprosyn Use | -35.3 mg/week | Standard Deviation 250 |
| Sham Device | Change From Baseline in Weekly Naprosyn Use | -62.9 mg/week | Standard Deviation 288 |
p-value: 0.7456t-test, 2 sided
Secondary
Change From Baseline in Weekly Opioid Use
Patients were asked to record weekly doses of over-the-counter pain medications taken, including ibuprofen (mg), naprosyn (mg), acetaminophen (mg), and opioids (calculated morphine equivalents). Change = (Week 12 total - Week 1 total).
Time frame: Baseline and Week 12
Population: Based on the intention-to-treat population. All participants with Baseline and Week 12 SF-36 scores available.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| ApexM Device | Change From Baseline in Weekly Opioid Use | -0.25 morphine equivalents/week | Standard Deviation 1.1 |
| Sham Device | Change From Baseline in Weekly Opioid Use | 0 morphine equivalents/week | Standard Deviation 0 |
p-value: 0.3155t-test, 2 sided