Breast Neoplasms
Conditions
Keywords
Hormone Therapy Resistant, Estrogen Receptor-Positive, Estrogen Receptor-Negative
Brief summary
The investigators propose a randomized two arm trial, using Simon's 2-stage design, in ER+ patients with therapy resistant breast cancer to test the optimal sequence and dosing of epigenetic immune priming in hormone therapy resistance breast cancer. A third arm (Arm C) will include ER-negative patients who will follow the concurrent priming, but exclude tamoxifen. The two arms all include vorinostat, tamoxifen, and pembrolizumab to evaluate * Sequential priming - begin pembrolizumab in Cycle 1 (Arm B and Arm C) and, * Concurrent priming with maximal dosing of both epigenetic and immune modulators- begin pembrolizumab on day 1 in Cycle 2 (Arm A)
Detailed description
Unique aspects of this study: This is the first study to look at the response of hormone therapy resistance breast cancer to epigenetic immune priming. It is also the first study to look at the combination of an Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor (vorinostat), an anti-estrogen (tamoxifen) and a PD-1 inhibitor, pembrolizumab in pre or postmenopausal patients with ER+ advanced breast cancer with progression on multiple prior therapies. Recent preclinical studies have further suggested that epigenetic priming may be even more effective in ER-negative tumors that do not respond to immune check point inhibitors or have low PD-1/PD-L1 expression. The goal of this study is to demonstrate that Vorinostat can increase PD-1 and PD-L1 expression. In a third arm the study will evaluate the role of epigenetic priming in tumors that are ER-negative.
Interventions
DRUGTamoxifen
DRUGVorinostat
DRUGPembrolizumab
Sponsors
Avon Foundation
Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC
University of California, San Francisco
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
NONE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* Pre and postmenopausal women or men with stage IV ER+ breast cancer histological or cytological confirmation ER-positive tumors * Progressed after at least one line of hormonal therapy * Any number of prior chemotherapy in the metastatic setting * Any number of prior hormonal therapies. * human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) positive or negative ER-Negative tumors * PD-L1 low, high or unknown * Progression after prior PD-1 or PD-L1 inhibitors allowed * HER2 positive or negative * 18 years or older * Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) Performance Status of ≤ 2. * Understand and voluntarily sign an informed consent prior to any study-related assessments or procedures are conducted and are able adhere to the study visit schedule and other protocol requirements. * Consent to paired tumor biopsy, for accessible tumors * Measureable tumor by RECIST criteria v.1.1 * Archived tumor tissue (minimum of 8 slides for paraffin-embedded tumor tissue) for assessment of tumor-based biomarkers and immune score is required for eligibility. * Per Good Clinical Practice, any toxicity related to prior therapies that, in the opinion of the investigator, would potentially be worsened with anti-PD1 therapy should be resolved to less than Grade 1 * Adequate organ function within 14 days of study start: * Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) ≥ 1.5 X 109/L * Hemoglobin (Hgb) ≥9g/dL (may transfuse if clinically indicated) * Platelets (plt) ≥ 100 x 109/L * Potassium within normal range, or correctable with supplements; * Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) ≤2.5 x Upper Limit Normal (ULN) or ≤5.0 x ULN if liver tumor is present; * Serum total bilirubin ≤ 1.5 x ULN * Serum creatinine ≤ 1.5 x ULN, or 24-hr clearance ≥ 60ml/min; and * Females of child-bearing potential (defined as a sexually mature women who): * Has not undergone a hysterectomy (the surgical removal of the uterus) or bilateral oophorectomy (the surgical removal of both ovaries) or, * Has not been naturally postmenopausal for at least 24 consecutive months (i.e., has had menses at any time during the preceding 24 consecutive months). * Must have negative serum pregnancy test within 7 days before starting study treatment in females of childbearing potential (FCBP) and willingness to adhere to acceptable forms or birth control (a physician- approved contraceptive method (oral, injectable, or implantable hormonal contraceptive; tubal ligation; intra-uterine device; barrier contraceptive with spermicide; or vasectomized partner). * Male subjects with female partner of childbearing potential must agree to the use of a physician-approved contraceptive method throughout the course of the study
Exclusion criteria
* Any significant medical condition, laboratory abnormalities, which places the subject at unacceptable risk if he/she were to participate in the study. * Has had prior chemotherapy, targeted small molecule therapy, or radiation therapy within 2 weeks prior to study Day 1 or who has not recovered (i.e., ≤ Grade 1 or at baseline) from adverse events due to a previously administered agent. * Note: Subjects with ≤ Grade 2 neuropathy are an exception to this criterion and may qualify for the study. * Note: If subject received major surgery, they must have recovered adequately from the toxicity and/or complications from the intervention prior to starting therapy. * Patients may continue on ovarian suppression * Has a known additional malignancy that is progressing or requires active treatment. Exceptions include basal cell carcinoma of the skin, squamous cell carcinoma of the skin, or in situ cervical cancer that has undergone potentially curative therapy. * Any condition that confounds the ability to interpret data from the study. * Symptomatic central nervous system metastases. Subjects with brain metastases that have been previously treated and are stable for 6 weeks are allowed. * Persistent diarrhea or malabsorption ≥ NCI CTCAE grade 2, despite medical management. * Unstable angina, significant cardiac arrhythmia, or New York Heart Association (NYHA) class 3 or 4 congestive heart failure. * Prior systemic cancer-directed treatments or investigational modalities ≤ 5 half-lives or 4 weeks, whichever is shorter, prior to starting study drug or who have not recovered from side effects of such therapy (except alopecia). * Has an active auto-immune disease requiring systemic treatment within the past 3 months or a documented history of clinically severe autoimmune disease, or a syndrome that requires systemic steroids or immunosuppressive agents. Subjects with vitiligo or resolved childhood asthma/atopy would be an exception to this rule. Subjects that require intermittent use of bronchodilators or local steroid injections would not be excluded from the study. Subjects with hypothyroidism stable on hormone replacement or Sjorgen's syndrome will not be excluded from the study. * Has evidence of interstitial lung disease or active, non-infectious pneumonitis. * Has an active infection requiring systemic therapy. * Has a history or current evidence of any condition, therapy, or laboratory abnormality that might confound the results of the trial, interfere with the subject's participation for the full duration of the trial, or is not in the best interest of the subject to participate, in the opinion of the treating investigator. * Has known psychiatric or substance abuse disorders that would interfere with cooperation with the requirements of the trial. * Is pregnant or breastfeeding, or expecting to conceive or father children within the projected duration of the trial, starting with the pre-screening or screening visit through 120 days after the last dose of trial treatment. * Active and ongoing steroid use, except for non-systemically absorbed treatments (such as inhaled or topical steroid therapy for asthma, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), allergic rhinitis). * Major surgery ≤ 2 weeks prior to starting a study drug or who have not recovered from side effects of such therapy. * Pregnant or breast feeding. * Known Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection and/or Hepatitis B or C positive. * Known hypersensitivity to pembrolizumab or any of its excipients. * Has received a live vaccine within 30 days prior to the first dose of trial treatment. * Patients receiving medications or substances that are strong inhibitors or inducers of CYP450 enzyme(s) are ineligible. * Pregnant women are excluded from this study because vorinostat, tamoxifen and PD-1 are drug classes with the potential for teratogenic or abortifacient effects. Because there is an unknown but potential risk for adverse events in nursing infants secondary to treatment of the mother, breastfeeding should be discontinued if the mother is treated with vorinostat, tamoxifen and PD-1 inhibitors.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Objective Response Rate (ORR) | Up to 24 weeks | Objective response rate (ORR) will be defined as the proportion of participants whose status is stable disease (SD) or better (complete response (CR), partial response (PR)) at 24 weeks' follow-up as measured by Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST). The best overall response is the best response recorded from the start of the treatment until disease progression/recurrence (taking as reference for progressive disease the smallest measurements recorded since the treatment started). The patient's best response assignment will depend on the achievement of both measurement and confirmation criteria. |
| Number of Participants With Treatment-related Adverse Events (AE) | Up to 1 year post treatment, approximately 24 months | Each patient who received at least 1 dose of any of the study drugs will be assessed periodically for the development of any grade 3 and higher treatment-related toxicity according to the NCI Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) version 4. The investigators will also pay particular attention to pembrolizumab adverse events of clinical interest (ECI), which will predominantly be of immune origin. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Overall Survival (OS) | Up to 36 months | OS is defined as the length of time from the start of treatment for participants until death or the study has ended, whichever comes first. |
| Duration of Response | Up to 24 months | The duration of overall response is measured from the time measurement criteria are met for CR or PR (whichever is first recorded) until the first date that recurrent or progressive disease is objectively documented (taking as reference for progressive disease the smallest measurements recorded since the treatment started). |
| Number of Participants With a Clinical Response (Clinical Benefit) Based on PD-L1 Expression to Epigenetic Immune Priming | Up to 18 weeks, at Cycle 6 | PD-L1 protein expression on tumor tissue from pre-treatment and post-Cycle-3 biopsies, and any other tumor biospecimens obtained, were evaluated immunohistochemically. Patients were categorized based on detectable PD-L1 expression as Positive or Negative for expression. Participants with positive PD-L1 expression were then reviewed to determine if a clinical benefit was obtained at cycle 6. Clinical benefit was defined as a complete response or partial response per RECIST 1.1. |
| Number of Participants With Tumor Responses Calculated by Immune Related Response-Criteria (irRC) | Up to 24 months | In the irRC, an immune-related Complete Response (irCR) is defined as the disappearance of all lesions, measured or unmeasured, and no new lesions; an immune-related Partial Response (irPR) is defined as a 50% drop in tumour burden from baseline, and immune-related Progressive Disease (irPD) is a 25% increase in tumour burden from the lowest level recorded. All other responses are considered immune-related Stable Disease (irSD). The number of participants with a tumor response of either irCR or irPR will be reported. |
| Progression Free Survival | Up to 36 months | Progression-free survival (PFS) is defined as the length of time during and after the treatment that the participant has achieved an objective response, but does not progress as measured by RECIST v.1.1 |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Pembrolizumab Group A Estrogen Receptor Positive (ER+) participants
Tamoxifen: 20 mg daily orally (starting at Cycle 1) Vorinostat: 400 mg 5 days every 7 orally (starting at Cycle 1)
Group A Pembrolizumab: 200 mg every 3 weeks intravenously (starting at Cycle 1) | 18 |
| Pembrolizumab Group B Estrogen Receptor Positive (ER+) participants
Tamoxifen: 20 mg daily orally (starting at Cycle 1) Vorinostat: 400 mg 5 days every 7 orally (starting at Cycle 1)
Group B Pembrolizumab: 200 mg every 3 weeks intravenously (starting at Cycle 2) | 16 |
| Pembrolizumab Group C Estrogen Receptor Negative (ER-) participants
Vorinostat: 400 mg 5 days every 7 orally (starting at Cycle 1) Pembrolizumab: 200 mg every 3 weeks intravenously (starting at Cycle 1) | 4 |
| Total | 38 |
Withdrawals & dropouts
| Period | Reason | FG000 | FG001 | FG002 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study | Did not receive pembrolizumab | 3 | 1 | 0 |
| Overall Study | Withdrawal by Subject | 0 | 2 | 0 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Pembrolizumab Group B | Pembrolizumab Group C | Pembrolizumab Group A | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Customized 30-39 years old | 4 Participants | 0 Participants | 2 Participants | 6 Participants |
| Age, Customized 40-49 years old | 3 Participants | 1 Participants | 4 Participants | 8 Participants |
| Age, Customized 50-59 years old | 3 Participants | 2 Participants | 5 Participants | 10 Participants |
| Age, Customized 60-69 years old | 5 Participants | 1 Participants | 4 Participants | 10 Participants |
| Age, Customized 70-79 years old | 1 Participants | 0 Participants | 2 Participants | 3 Participants |
| Age, Customized 80-89 years old | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 1 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Estrogen Receptor (ER) Type ER Negative (ER-) | 0 Participants | 4 Participants | 0 Participants | 4 Participants |
| Estrogen Receptor (ER) Type ER Positive (ER+) | 16 Participants | 0 Participants | 18 Participants | 34 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Hispanic or Latino | 0 Participants | 1 Participants | 1 Participants | 2 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Not Hispanic or Latino | 13 Participants | 2 Participants | 14 Participants | 29 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 3 Participants | 1 Participants | 3 Participants | 7 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Asian | 2 Participants | 0 Participants | 1 Participants | 3 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American | 3 Participants | 0 Participants | 1 Participants | 4 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 3 Participants | 1 Participants | 4 Participants | 8 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) White | 8 Participants | 3 Participants | 12 Participants | 23 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment United States | 16 participants | 4 participants | 18 participants | 38 participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 15 Participants | 4 Participants | 18 Participants | 37 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 1 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 1 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk | EG002 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 1 / 18 | 0 / 16 | 0 / 4 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 17 / 18 | 15 / 16 | 4 / 4 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 6 / 18 | 4 / 16 | 0 / 4 |
Outcome results
Primary
Number of Participants With Treatment-related Adverse Events (AE)
Each patient who received at least 1 dose of any of the study drugs will be assessed periodically for the development of any grade 3 and higher treatment-related toxicity according to the NCI Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) version 4. The investigators will also pay particular attention to pembrolizumab adverse events of clinical interest (ECI), which will predominantly be of immune origin.
Time frame: Up to 1 year post treatment, approximately 24 months
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pembrolizumab Group A | Number of Participants With Treatment-related Adverse Events (AE) | Anorexia | 0 Participants |
| Pembrolizumab Group A | Number of Participants With Treatment-related Adverse Events (AE) | Fatigue | 1 Participants |
| Pembrolizumab Group A | Number of Participants With Treatment-related Adverse Events (AE) | Thrombocytopenia | 1 Participants |
| Pembrolizumab Group A | Number of Participants With Treatment-related Adverse Events (AE) | Elevated Transaminitis (Liver Enzymes) | 2 Participants |
| Pembrolizumab Group A | Number of Participants With Treatment-related Adverse Events (AE) | Hyponatremia | 1 Participants |
| Pembrolizumab Group A | Number of Participants With Treatment-related Adverse Events (AE) | Stroke | 1 Participants |
| Pembrolizumab: Group B | Number of Participants With Treatment-related Adverse Events (AE) | Stroke | 0 Participants |
| Pembrolizumab: Group B | Number of Participants With Treatment-related Adverse Events (AE) | Anorexia | 1 Participants |
| Pembrolizumab: Group B | Number of Participants With Treatment-related Adverse Events (AE) | Elevated Transaminitis (Liver Enzymes) | 0 Participants |
| Pembrolizumab: Group B | Number of Participants With Treatment-related Adverse Events (AE) | Hyponatremia | 1 Participants |
| Pembrolizumab: Group B | Number of Participants With Treatment-related Adverse Events (AE) | Fatigue | 1 Participants |
| Pembrolizumab: Group B | Number of Participants With Treatment-related Adverse Events (AE) | Thrombocytopenia | 1 Participants |
| Pembrolizumab Group C | Number of Participants With Treatment-related Adverse Events (AE) | Fatigue | 0 Participants |
| Pembrolizumab Group C | Number of Participants With Treatment-related Adverse Events (AE) | Thrombocytopenia | 1 Participants |
| Pembrolizumab Group C | Number of Participants With Treatment-related Adverse Events (AE) | Stroke | 0 Participants |
| Pembrolizumab Group C | Number of Participants With Treatment-related Adverse Events (AE) | Elevated Transaminitis (Liver Enzymes) | 0 Participants |
| Pembrolizumab Group C | Number of Participants With Treatment-related Adverse Events (AE) | Anorexia | 0 Participants |
| Pembrolizumab Group C | Number of Participants With Treatment-related Adverse Events (AE) | Hyponatremia | 0 Participants |
Primary
Objective Response Rate (ORR)
Objective response rate (ORR) will be defined as the proportion of participants whose status is stable disease (SD) or better (complete response (CR), partial response (PR)) at 24 weeks' follow-up as measured by Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST). The best overall response is the best response recorded from the start of the treatment until disease progression/recurrence (taking as reference for progressive disease the smallest measurements recorded since the treatment started). The patient's best response assignment will depend on the achievement of both measurement and confirmation criteria.
Time frame: Up to 24 weeks
Population: Participants in Group C were off treatment prior to assessment and not included in this analysis
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| Pembrolizumab Group A | Objective Response Rate (ORR) | 6.67 percentage of participants |
| Pembrolizumab: Group B | Objective Response Rate (ORR) | 0 percentage of participants |
Secondary
Duration of Response
The duration of overall response is measured from the time measurement criteria are met for CR or PR (whichever is first recorded) until the first date that recurrent or progressive disease is objectively documented (taking as reference for progressive disease the smallest measurements recorded since the treatment started).
Time frame: Up to 24 months
Population: No participants from Group C achieved an objective response
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEDIAN) |
|---|---|---|
| Pembrolizumab Group A | Duration of Response | 17.0 months |
| Pembrolizumab: Group B | Duration of Response | 8.8 months |
Secondary
Number of Participants With a Clinical Response (Clinical Benefit) Based on PD-L1 Expression to Epigenetic Immune Priming
PD-L1 protein expression on tumor tissue from pre-treatment and post-Cycle-3 biopsies, and any other tumor biospecimens obtained, were evaluated immunohistochemically. Patients were categorized based on detectable PD-L1 expression as Positive or Negative for expression. Participants with positive PD-L1 expression were then reviewed to determine if a clinical benefit was obtained at cycle 6. Clinical benefit was defined as a complete response or partial response per RECIST 1.1.
Time frame: Up to 18 weeks, at Cycle 6
Population: All necessary data required for inclusion in this analysis could not be obtained for participants in Group C
| Arm | Measure | Category | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pembrolizumab Group A | Number of Participants With a Clinical Response (Clinical Benefit) Based on PD-L1 Expression to Epigenetic Immune Priming | PD-L1 Negative | 14 Participants |
| Pembrolizumab Group A | Number of Participants With a Clinical Response (Clinical Benefit) Based on PD-L1 Expression to Epigenetic Immune Priming | PD-L1 Positive | 1 Participants |
| Pembrolizumab Group A | Number of Participants With a Clinical Response (Clinical Benefit) Based on PD-L1 Expression to Epigenetic Immune Priming | PD-L1 Positive with clinical benefit at cycle 6 | 0 Participants |
| Pembrolizumab: Group B | Number of Participants With a Clinical Response (Clinical Benefit) Based on PD-L1 Expression to Epigenetic Immune Priming | PD-L1 Negative | 12 Participants |
| Pembrolizumab: Group B | Number of Participants With a Clinical Response (Clinical Benefit) Based on PD-L1 Expression to Epigenetic Immune Priming | PD-L1 Positive | 1 Participants |
| Pembrolizumab: Group B | Number of Participants With a Clinical Response (Clinical Benefit) Based on PD-L1 Expression to Epigenetic Immune Priming | PD-L1 Positive with clinical benefit at cycle 6 | 0 Participants |
Secondary
Number of Participants With Tumor Responses Calculated by Immune Related Response-Criteria (irRC)
In the irRC, an immune-related Complete Response (irCR) is defined as the disappearance of all lesions, measured or unmeasured, and no new lesions; an immune-related Partial Response (irPR) is defined as a 50% drop in tumour burden from baseline, and immune-related Progressive Disease (irPD) is a 25% increase in tumour burden from the lowest level recorded. All other responses are considered immune-related Stable Disease (irSD). The number of participants with a tumor response of either irCR or irPR will be reported.
Time frame: Up to 24 months
| Arm | Measure | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|
| Pembrolizumab Group A | Number of Participants With Tumor Responses Calculated by Immune Related Response-Criteria (irRC) | 1 Participants |
| Pembrolizumab: Group B | Number of Participants With Tumor Responses Calculated by Immune Related Response-Criteria (irRC) | 0 Participants |
| Pembrolizumab Group C | Number of Participants With Tumor Responses Calculated by Immune Related Response-Criteria (irRC) | 0 Participants |
Secondary
Overall Survival (OS)
OS is defined as the length of time from the start of treatment for participants until death or the study has ended, whichever comes first.
Time frame: Up to 36 months
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEDIAN) |
|---|---|---|
| Pembrolizumab Group A | Overall Survival (OS) | 14.3 months |
| Pembrolizumab: Group B | Overall Survival (OS) | 15.0 months |
| Pembrolizumab Group C | Overall Survival (OS) | 7.8 months |
Secondary
Progression Free Survival
Progression-free survival (PFS) is defined as the length of time during and after the treatment that the participant has achieved an objective response, but does not progress as measured by RECIST v.1.1
Time frame: Up to 36 months
Population: No participants from Group C achieved an objective response
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEDIAN) |
|---|---|---|
| Pembrolizumab Group A | Progression Free Survival | 2.57 months |
| Pembrolizumab: Group B | Progression Free Survival | 2.63 months |