Parkinson
Conditions
Keywords
problems of gait and balance
Brief summary
Subjects diagnosed with Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease, between ages of 40-85 inclusive, who have been referred for gait training. Since there can be subtle differences in the brain organization of left- and right-handed people that may influence some of the measurements, right handed participants are preferred. However, a left handed participant may be considered. Participants will be randomly assigned to one of two groups to undergo two weeks of twice-daily sessions. Group A receiving goggles fitted with lenses that distort vision and Group B patients receiving sham goggles
Detailed description
The participants will be trained to undergo two daily sessions of visual adaptation at home for 14 consecutive days. For each adaptation session, subject will sit in a chair within reaching distance of a wall or cabinet upon which two dime-sized targets will be placed (one above the other, approximately ten inches apart). While wearing goggles, you will point rapidly to one target then the next, bringing the hand back to his/her torso between each pointing movement. They will be instructed to perform these movements as quickly as possible for a total of 50 pointing movements in each treatment session. After performing the 50 pointing movements, they will remove their goggles. Throughout the treatment period they will be asked to keep a diary in which they will log the time and duration of each prism adaptation session. At the first and second site visits, participants will be assessed for posture, gait and activities of daily living which will include some questionnaires. Questionnaires will be sent via mail after post-treatment at one week,1 month and 3 months.
Interventions
BEHAVIORALPrism adaptation
Prism adaptation is one type of sensorimotor adaptation. Prism adaptation described any adaptation to a prismatic shift in vision (i.e. any magnitude or direction of shift). In this study we are using adaptation to upward-shifting prisms, which induces a downward sensorimotor after-effect.
Sponsors
Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research
Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
SINGLE (Subject)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
40 Years to 85 Years
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* Diagnosis of idiopathic Parkinson's Disease * Referral for gait training * Aged 40 -85 * If the subject is taking CNS-acting medications (benzodiazepines, hypnotics, antidepressants), regimen must be stable for 30 days prior to baseline visit * Subjects with Stage 11.5 - Stage IV (Hoehn and Yahr scale) where stage II.5 is bilateral involvement with axial involvements, but without balance difficulty, to Stage IV where one has severe disability but is still able to walk or stand unassisted * Subjects with any of the following abnormal scores (greater than 0) in the MDS-UPDRS Part III; a) Part III.10 Gait; b) Part III.11 Freezing of gait c) Part III.12 Postural Stability; subjects with Timed up and go test \>12 seconds * Right handed participants are preferred due to the cortical lateralization of functions related to sensorimotor adaptation and postural control. * However, we will recruit left-handed participants if there are insufficient right-handed volunteers.
Exclusion criteria
* Subjects with a known psychiatric comorbidity that in the investigator's opinion would compromise participation in the study; subjects with a neurologic diagnosis, other than Parkinson's disease that can cause imbalance and gait impairment (e.g., multiple sclerosis, stroke, subdural hematoma, peripheral neuropathy) * Injury or impairment to the right arm (other than that which is due to Parkinson's disease) that would affect pointing movements; subjects with normal score on UPDRS part III * Classified as legally blind or lacking sufficient visual acuity to view the target and pointing hand during prism adaptation * Lacking sufficient understanding of verbal and written information in English to complete any of the consent screening forms.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Change in Postural Control - Composite Score on the Sensory Organisation Test SMART EquiTest Balance Master | Baseline (Day 0) and Day 15 | The participant is asked to maintain an upright posture under six different conditions of sensory feedback: * Condition 1:Normal vision, fixed support * Condition 2:Absent vision, fixed support * Condition 3:Sway-referenced vision, fixed support * Condition 4:Normal vision, sway-referenced support * Condition 5:Absent vision, sway-referenced support * Condition 6:Sway-referenced vision, sway-referenced support The equilibrium score for each condition compares the subject's anterior/posterior (AP) sway during each trial to the theoretical sway stability limit of 12.5 degrees. A composite equilibrium score (0-100, higher score indicates better outcome) quantifies the overall COG sway or postural stability across the sensory conditions and is calculated by: * Independently averaging the score for conditions 1 and 2; * Adding these two scores to the equilibrium scores from each trial of sensory conditions 3, 4, 5, and 6; and * Dividing that sum by the total number of trials. |
| Change in Postural Control - Reaction Time on the Limits of Stability Test (Smart Equitest Balance Master System) | Baseline (Day 0) and Day 15 | The participant stood on the platform in front of a monitor. Nine squares were presented on the monitor representing locations relative to the upright starting position: one in the centre of the screen (upright) and the remaining eight forming an ellipse around the central square. The participant's COG was indicated on the screen by the position of a stick figure avatar. At the beginning of each trial the participant was instructed to stand upright, keeping the COG cursor over the central target. A circular target appeared in one of eight other targets. The participant was required to move the COG cursor towards the second target as quickly and as accurately as possible by leaning their body while keeping their feet in the same location, and to then hold a position as close to the target as possible. Reacting times were recorded for 8 trials per location. Mean change (post-pre) in seconds |
| Change in Postural Control - Maximum Velocity on the Limits of Stability Test (Smart Equitest Balance Master System) | Baseline (Day 0) and Day 15 | The participant stood on the platform in front of a monitor. Nine squares were presented on the monitor representing locations relative to the upright starting position: one in the centre of the screen (upright) and the remaining eight forming an ellipse around the central square. The participant's COG was indicated on the screen by the position of a stick figure avatar. At the beginning of each trial the participant was instructed to stand upright, keeping the COG cursor over the central target. A circular target appeared in one of eight other targets. The participant was required to move the COG cursor towards the second target as quickly and as accurately as possible by leaning their body while keeping their feet in the same location, and to then hold a position as close to the target as possible. Maximum velocity was recorded for 8 trials per location. |
| Change in Postural Control - Maximum Extension on the Limits of Stability Test (Smart Equitest Balance Master System) | Baseline (Day 0) and Day 15 | The participant stood on the platform in front of a monitor. Nine squares were presented on the monitor representing locations relative to the upright starting position: one in the centre of the screen (upright) and the remaining eight forming an ellipse around the central square. The participant's COG was indicated on the screen by the position of a stick figure avatar. At the beginning of each trial the participant was instructed to stand upright, keeping the COG cursor over the central target. A circular target appeared in one of eight other targets. The participant was required to move the COG cursor towards the second target as quickly and as accurately as possible by leaning their body while keeping their feet in the same location, and to then hold a position as close to the target as possible. Maximum extension of the COG over the feet was recorded for 8 trials per location. |
| Change in Postural Control - Composite Latency Score on the Berg Balance Scale | Baseline (Day 0) and Day 15 | Berg Balance Scale. This 14-item test assesses balance during different tasks. Items consist of specific items such as standing with eyes closed, retrieving an object from the floor, and turning to look behind. The assessor rates the patient's performance from 0 (lowest level of function) to 4 (highest level of function) and a total is calculated out of a maximum score of 56. |
| Change in Postural Control - Composite Latency Score on the Motor Control Test | Baseline (Day 0) and Day 15 | The MCT assesses the ability of the automatic motor system to quickly recover following an unexpected external disturbance. Sequences of small, medium or large platform translations (scaled to the patient's height) in forward and backward directions elicit automatic postural responses. Translation of the surface in one horizontal direction results in displacement of the COG away from center in the opposite direction relative to the base of support. To restore normal balance, a quick movement of the COG back to the center position is required. A composite latency value is provided as the time in milliseconds between the force plate translation and the patient's active corrective responses, averaged across all translation sizes and directions. |
| Change in Postural Control - Forward-backward Displacement of Centre of Gravity on the Sensory Organisation Test SMART EquiTest Balance Master | Baseline (Day 0) and Day 15 | The participant is asked to maintain an upright posture under different conditions of sensory feedback. Proprioceptive feedback to the feet and joints is manipulated by allowing the platform to tilt to directly follow the participant's anteroposterior body sway (constant proprioception) or by maintaining the standing platform in a fixed horizontal position (normal proprioceptive feedback). Visual feedback is provided by asking the participant to close their eyes (no visual feedback), asking the participant to open their eyes and allowing the visual surround to tilt directly following the participant's anterioposterior body sway (constant visual feedback), or by asking the participant to keep their eyes open and maintaining the visual surround in a fixed position (normal visual feedback). Forward-backward displacement of COG is recorded in degrees. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Change in Gait - Functional Gait Assessment | Baseline (Day 0) and Day 15 | Functional Gait Assessment. This 10-item test assesses dynamic balance and postural stability during gait. Items consist of specific walking tasks such as stepping over an obstacle, changing speed of walking upon the assessor's instruction, and walking backwards. The assessor scores the patient's performance from 0 (severe impairment) to 3 (normal) and a total is calculated out of 30. |
| Change in Gait - Step Length on the Walk Across Test (SMART Equitest Balance Master) | Baseline (Day 0) and Day 15 | The WA quantifies characteristics of gait as the patient walks across the length of the force plate. The test characterizes steady state gait by having the patient begin well behind and continuing beyond the force plate. Measured parameters are average step width, average step length, speed and step length symmetry. |
| Change in Gait - Step Speed in the Walk Across (SMART Equitest Balance Master) | Baseline (Day 0) and Day 15 | The WA quantifies characteristics of gait as the patient walks across the length of the force plate. The test characterizes steady state gait by having the patient begin well behind and continuing beyond the force plate. Measured parameters are average step width, average step length, speed and step length symmetry. |
| Change in Gait - Timed Up and Go Task | Baseline (Day 0) and Day 15 | Timed Up and Go Test (TUG). Patients are seated in a chair and instructed to stand up, walk three meters, turn around, walk back, and sit down. The time (in seconds) is recorded. |
Other
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Change in Activities of Daily Living - New Freezing of Gait | Baseline (Day 0) and Day 15 | Average change in score relating to new freezing of gate utilizing the New Freezing of Gait Questionnaire. This nine-item questionnaire detects and evaluates the impact and severity of freezing of gait on locomotion and daily activities. Items are scored from 0 or 1 to 3 or 4, with higher numbers indicating greater impact and severity. A total score out of 28 is calculated. |
| Change in Activities of Daily Living - Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire | Baseline (Day 0) and Day 15 | Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire (PDQ-39), mobility and activities of daily living sections. This 39-item questionnaire is the most widely-used Parkinson's Disease specific measure of health and daily function. Participants indicate the extent to which they have experienced problems with different aspects of mobility and self-care. Each item is scored from 0 (never have problems) to 4 (always have problems), and a percentage is calculated. In addition to the total score, the mobility (questions 1-10) and activities of daily living (questions 11-16) sub-sections can be analysed separately to assess changes in these specific outcomes. The responses are summed and scored as a percentage. We analysed the percentage scores for the mobility sub-section, the activities of daily living sub-section, and the total percentage. Higher values indicate worse outcome. |
| Change in Activities of Daily Living - Activity-specific Balance Confidence Scale | Baseline (Day 0) and Day 15 | Activities-specific Balance Confidence Scale. This 16-item questionnaire is similar to the Falls Efficiency Scale, but has greater sensitivity to gait impairments in more ambulatory patients. Responses are given on a scale from 0 (very confident) to 10 not very confident) and a total score out of 100 is computed. |
| Change in Activities of Daily Living - Falls Efficiency | Baseline (Day 0) and Day 15 | Average change in score evaluated using the Falls Efficiency Scale. This ten-item questionnaire asks people to rate their confidence in performing daily activities without falling. Responses are given on a scale from 0 (very confident) to 10 (not very confident) and a total score out of 100 is computed. |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Pre-assignment details
There was a protocol violation in our intended randomization procedure in that participants were randomized to treatment or control groups with replacement instead of without replacement. This resulted in uneven group numbers, rather than the equal group numbers that was intended.
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Real Prism Adaptation Participants were randomized to treatment prisms, designed to shift vertical orientation slightly by 1.5 degrees | 17 |
| Sham Prism Adaptation Participants were randomized to placebo lenses that distorted vision without vertical shift. | 13 |
| Total | 30 |
Withdrawals & dropouts
| Period | Reason | FG000 | FG001 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study | Withdrawal by Subject | 2 | 0 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Real Prism Adaptation | Total | Sham Prism Adaptation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | 70.7 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 7.7 | 69.5 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 7.9 | 68.3 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 8.2 |
| Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Asian | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) White | 17 Participants | 30 Participants | 13 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment United States | 12 participants | 24 participants | 12 participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 5 Participants | 12 Participants | 7 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 12 Participants | 18 Participants | 6 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 17 | 0 / 13 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 1 / 17 | 2 / 13 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 17 | 0 / 13 |
Outcome results
Primary
Change in Postural Control - Composite Latency Score on the Berg Balance Scale
Berg Balance Scale. This 14-item test assesses balance during different tasks. Items consist of specific items such as standing with eyes closed, retrieving an object from the floor, and turning to look behind. The assessor rates the patient's performance from 0 (lowest level of function) to 4 (highest level of function) and a total is calculated out of a maximum score of 56.
Time frame: Baseline (Day 0) and Day 15
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Real Prism Adaptation | Change in Postural Control - Composite Latency Score on the Berg Balance Scale | 0.38 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.4 |
| Sham Prism Adaptation | Change in Postural Control - Composite Latency Score on the Berg Balance Scale | -0.69 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.4 |
Primary
Change in Postural Control - Composite Latency Score on the Motor Control Test
The MCT assesses the ability of the automatic motor system to quickly recover following an unexpected external disturbance. Sequences of small, medium or large platform translations (scaled to the patient's height) in forward and backward directions elicit automatic postural responses. Translation of the surface in one horizontal direction results in displacement of the COG away from center in the opposite direction relative to the base of support. To restore normal balance, a quick movement of the COG back to the center position is required. A composite latency value is provided as the time in milliseconds between the force plate translation and the patient's active corrective responses, averaged across all translation sizes and directions.
Time frame: Baseline (Day 0) and Day 15
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Real Prism Adaptation | Change in Postural Control - Composite Latency Score on the Motor Control Test | 1.9 ms | Standard Deviation 13.6 |
| Sham Prism Adaptation | Change in Postural Control - Composite Latency Score on the Motor Control Test | 2.1 ms | Standard Deviation 23.1 |
Primary
Change in Postural Control - Composite Score on the Sensory Organisation Test SMART EquiTest Balance Master
The participant is asked to maintain an upright posture under six different conditions of sensory feedback: * Condition 1:Normal vision, fixed support * Condition 2:Absent vision, fixed support * Condition 3:Sway-referenced vision, fixed support * Condition 4:Normal vision, sway-referenced support * Condition 5:Absent vision, sway-referenced support * Condition 6:Sway-referenced vision, sway-referenced support The equilibrium score for each condition compares the subject's anterior/posterior (AP) sway during each trial to the theoretical sway stability limit of 12.5 degrees. A composite equilibrium score (0-100, higher score indicates better outcome) quantifies the overall COG sway or postural stability across the sensory conditions and is calculated by: * Independently averaging the score for conditions 1 and 2; * Adding these two scores to the equilibrium scores from each trial of sensory conditions 3, 4, 5, and 6; and * Dividing that sum by the total number of trials.
Time frame: Baseline (Day 0) and Day 15
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Real Prism Adaptation | Change in Postural Control - Composite Score on the Sensory Organisation Test SMART EquiTest Balance Master | 4.3 change in percentage | Standard Deviation 9.2 |
| Sham Prism Adaptation | Change in Postural Control - Composite Score on the Sensory Organisation Test SMART EquiTest Balance Master | 2.5 change in percentage | Standard Deviation 10.4 |
Primary
Change in Postural Control - Forward-backward Displacement of Centre of Gravity on the Sensory Organisation Test SMART EquiTest Balance Master
The participant is asked to maintain an upright posture under different conditions of sensory feedback. Proprioceptive feedback to the feet and joints is manipulated by allowing the platform to tilt to directly follow the participant's anteroposterior body sway (constant proprioception) or by maintaining the standing platform in a fixed horizontal position (normal proprioceptive feedback). Visual feedback is provided by asking the participant to close their eyes (no visual feedback), asking the participant to open their eyes and allowing the visual surround to tilt directly following the participant's anterioposterior body sway (constant visual feedback), or by asking the participant to keep their eyes open and maintaining the visual surround in a fixed position (normal visual feedback). Forward-backward displacement of COG is recorded in degrees.
Time frame: Baseline (Day 0) and Day 15
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Real Prism Adaptation | Change in Postural Control - Forward-backward Displacement of Centre of Gravity on the Sensory Organisation Test SMART EquiTest Balance Master | 0.05 Degrees | Standard Deviation 1.3 |
| Sham Prism Adaptation | Change in Postural Control - Forward-backward Displacement of Centre of Gravity on the Sensory Organisation Test SMART EquiTest Balance Master | -0.12 Degrees | Standard Deviation 0.62 |
Primary
Change in Postural Control - Maximum Extension on the Limits of Stability Test (Smart Equitest Balance Master System)
The participant stood on the platform in front of a monitor. Nine squares were presented on the monitor representing locations relative to the upright starting position: one in the centre of the screen (upright) and the remaining eight forming an ellipse around the central square. The participant's COG was indicated on the screen by the position of a stick figure avatar. At the beginning of each trial the participant was instructed to stand upright, keeping the COG cursor over the central target. A circular target appeared in one of eight other targets. The participant was required to move the COG cursor towards the second target as quickly and as accurately as possible by leaning their body while keeping their feet in the same location, and to then hold a position as close to the target as possible. Maximum extension of the COG over the feet was recorded for 8 trials per location.
Time frame: Baseline (Day 0) and Day 15
Population: Average change in Maximum Extension between baseline and day 15
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Real Prism Adaptation | Change in Postural Control - Maximum Extension on the Limits of Stability Test (Smart Equitest Balance Master System) | 3.0 meters | Standard Deviation 9.8 |
| Sham Prism Adaptation | Change in Postural Control - Maximum Extension on the Limits of Stability Test (Smart Equitest Balance Master System) | 0.63 meters | Standard Deviation 10.4 |
Primary
Change in Postural Control - Maximum Velocity on the Limits of Stability Test (Smart Equitest Balance Master System)
The participant stood on the platform in front of a monitor. Nine squares were presented on the monitor representing locations relative to the upright starting position: one in the centre of the screen (upright) and the remaining eight forming an ellipse around the central square. The participant's COG was indicated on the screen by the position of a stick figure avatar. At the beginning of each trial the participant was instructed to stand upright, keeping the COG cursor over the central target. A circular target appeared in one of eight other targets. The participant was required to move the COG cursor towards the second target as quickly and as accurately as possible by leaning their body while keeping their feet in the same location, and to then hold a position as close to the target as possible. Maximum velocity was recorded for 8 trials per location.
Time frame: Baseline (Day 0) and Day 15
Population: Average change time; mean change (post-pre) meters per second
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Real Prism Adaptation | Change in Postural Control - Maximum Velocity on the Limits of Stability Test (Smart Equitest Balance Master System) | 0.54 meters per second | Standard Deviation 0.67 |
| Sham Prism Adaptation | Change in Postural Control - Maximum Velocity on the Limits of Stability Test (Smart Equitest Balance Master System) | 0.11 meters per second | Standard Deviation 0.62 |
Comparison: Group (real, sham) x Time (pre, 1d post) x Stepping Direction (forward, backward) ANOVAp-value: 0.005ANOVA
Primary
Change in Postural Control - Reaction Time on the Limits of Stability Test (Smart Equitest Balance Master System)
The participant stood on the platform in front of a monitor. Nine squares were presented on the monitor representing locations relative to the upright starting position: one in the centre of the screen (upright) and the remaining eight forming an ellipse around the central square. The participant's COG was indicated on the screen by the position of a stick figure avatar. At the beginning of each trial the participant was instructed to stand upright, keeping the COG cursor over the central target. A circular target appeared in one of eight other targets. The participant was required to move the COG cursor towards the second target as quickly and as accurately as possible by leaning their body while keeping their feet in the same location, and to then hold a position as close to the target as possible. Reacting times were recorded for 8 trials per location. Mean change (post-pre) in seconds
Time frame: Baseline (Day 0) and Day 15
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Real Prism Adaptation | Change in Postural Control - Reaction Time on the Limits of Stability Test (Smart Equitest Balance Master System) | 0.09 Seconds | Standard Deviation 0.29 |
| Sham Prism Adaptation | Change in Postural Control - Reaction Time on the Limits of Stability Test (Smart Equitest Balance Master System) | -0.02 Seconds | Standard Deviation 0.36 |
Secondary
Change in Gait - Functional Gait Assessment
Functional Gait Assessment. This 10-item test assesses dynamic balance and postural stability during gait. Items consist of specific walking tasks such as stepping over an obstacle, changing speed of walking upon the assessor's instruction, and walking backwards. The assessor scores the patient's performance from 0 (severe impairment) to 3 (normal) and a total is calculated out of 30.
Time frame: Baseline (Day 0) and Day 15
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Real Prism Adaptation | Change in Gait - Functional Gait Assessment | 1.8 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.8 |
| Sham Prism Adaptation | Change in Gait - Functional Gait Assessment | 1.0 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.7 |
Secondary
Change in Gait - Step Length on the Walk Across Test (SMART Equitest Balance Master)
The WA quantifies characteristics of gait as the patient walks across the length of the force plate. The test characterizes steady state gait by having the patient begin well behind and continuing beyond the force plate. Measured parameters are average step width, average step length, speed and step length symmetry.
Time frame: Baseline (Day 0) and Day 15
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Real Prism Adaptation | Change in Gait - Step Length on the Walk Across Test (SMART Equitest Balance Master) | -3.0 cm | Standard Deviation 30.4 |
| Sham Prism Adaptation | Change in Gait - Step Length on the Walk Across Test (SMART Equitest Balance Master) | -4.1 cm | Standard Deviation 32.6 |
Secondary
Change in Gait - Step Speed in the Walk Across (SMART Equitest Balance Master)
The WA quantifies characteristics of gait as the patient walks across the length of the force plate. The test characterizes steady state gait by having the patient begin well behind and continuing beyond the force plate. Measured parameters are average step width, average step length, speed and step length symmetry.
Time frame: Baseline (Day 0) and Day 15
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Real Prism Adaptation | Change in Gait - Step Speed in the Walk Across (SMART Equitest Balance Master) | 5.0 cm/s | Standard Deviation 19.5 |
| Sham Prism Adaptation | Change in Gait - Step Speed in the Walk Across (SMART Equitest Balance Master) | 1.3 cm/s | Standard Deviation 22 |
Secondary
Change in Gait - Timed Up and Go Task
Timed Up and Go Test (TUG). Patients are seated in a chair and instructed to stand up, walk three meters, turn around, walk back, and sit down. The time (in seconds) is recorded.
Time frame: Baseline (Day 0) and Day 15
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Real Prism Adaptation | Change in Gait - Timed Up and Go Task | -1.8 seconds | Standard Deviation 4.8 |
| Sham Prism Adaptation | Change in Gait - Timed Up and Go Task | -0.25 seconds | Standard Deviation 1.3 |
Other Pre-specified
Change in Activities of Daily Living - Activity-specific Balance Confidence Scale
Activities-specific Balance Confidence Scale. This 16-item questionnaire is similar to the Falls Efficiency Scale, but has greater sensitivity to gait impairments in more ambulatory patients. Responses are given on a scale from 0 (very confident) to 10 not very confident) and a total score out of 100 is computed.
Time frame: Baseline (Day 0) and Day 15
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Real Prism Adaptation | Change in Activities of Daily Living - Activity-specific Balance Confidence Scale | -0.57 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 10.7 |
| Sham Prism Adaptation | Change in Activities of Daily Living - Activity-specific Balance Confidence Scale | -5.8 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 12.8 |
Other Pre-specified
Change in Activities of Daily Living - Falls Efficiency
Average change in score evaluated using the Falls Efficiency Scale. This ten-item questionnaire asks people to rate their confidence in performing daily activities without falling. Responses are given on a scale from 0 (very confident) to 10 (not very confident) and a total score out of 100 is computed.
Time frame: Baseline (Day 0) and Day 15
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Real Prism Adaptation | Change in Activities of Daily Living - Falls Efficiency | 2.16 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 10.11 |
| Sham Prism Adaptation | Change in Activities of Daily Living - Falls Efficiency | -10.70 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.97 |
Other Pre-specified
Change in Activities of Daily Living - New Freezing of Gait
Average change in score relating to new freezing of gate utilizing the New Freezing of Gait Questionnaire. This nine-item questionnaire detects and evaluates the impact and severity of freezing of gait on locomotion and daily activities. Items are scored from 0 or 1 to 3 or 4, with higher numbers indicating greater impact and severity. A total score out of 28 is calculated.
Time frame: Baseline (Day 0) and Day 15
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Real Prism Adaptation | Change in Activities of Daily Living - New Freezing of Gait | -0.19 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.19 |
| Sham Prism Adaptation | Change in Activities of Daily Living - New Freezing of Gait | -5.0 scores on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.4 |
Other Pre-specified
Change in Activities of Daily Living - Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire
Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire (PDQ-39), mobility and activities of daily living sections. This 39-item questionnaire is the most widely-used Parkinson's Disease specific measure of health and daily function. Participants indicate the extent to which they have experienced problems with different aspects of mobility and self-care. Each item is scored from 0 (never have problems) to 4 (always have problems), and a percentage is calculated. In addition to the total score, the mobility (questions 1-10) and activities of daily living (questions 11-16) sub-sections can be analysed separately to assess changes in these specific outcomes. The responses are summed and scored as a percentage. We analysed the percentage scores for the mobility sub-section, the activities of daily living sub-section, and the total percentage. Higher values indicate worse outcome.
Time frame: Baseline (Day 0) and Day 15
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Real Prism Adaptation | Change in Activities of Daily Living - Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire | Mobility subscale (%) | -0.89 percentage | Standard Deviation 8.83 |
| Real Prism Adaptation | Change in Activities of Daily Living - Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire | Activities of daily living subscale (%) | -0.63 percentage | Standard Deviation 12.48 |
| Real Prism Adaptation | Change in Activities of Daily Living - Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire | Total (%) | 0.21 percentage | Standard Deviation 6.13 |
| Sham Prism Adaptation | Change in Activities of Daily Living - Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire | Mobility subscale (%) | -2.50 percentage | Standard Deviation 13.27 |
| Sham Prism Adaptation | Change in Activities of Daily Living - Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire | Activities of daily living subscale (%) | 3.8 percentage | Standard Deviation 11.2 |
| Sham Prism Adaptation | Change in Activities of Daily Living - Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire | Total (%) | 1.78 percentage | Standard Deviation 8.27 |