Exercise Training
Conditions
Keywords
interval training, hyperbaric oxygen, VO2 max, altitude, exercise performance, mitochondrial oxidative capacity, mitochondrial biogenesis
Brief summary
This study seeks to examine the effectiveness of training while in a hyperoxic-hyperbaric environment for exercise performance at altitude. Subjects will complete a short, high-intensity interval training (HIT) program inside the hyperbaric chamber.Before and after this training phase, all subjects will be tested for maximum aerobic capacity at a simulated high altitude of 15,000ft in a hypobaric chamber, as well as for molecular markers of mitochondrial oxidative capacity in a skeletal muscle biopsy. A group of individuals of similar characteristics completing this training program in a normoxic-normobaric environment will serve as a control.
Interventions
PROCEDUREHyperoxic hyperbaric interval exercise training
Six 30-min high-intensity interval training sessions completed 3-times a week while at 1.4 ATA of oxygen in a hyperbaric chamber.
PROCEDURENormoxic, normobaric, interval exercise training
Six 30-min high-intensity interval training sessions completed 3-times a week.
DRUGOxygen
Used in Hyperoxic hyperbaric interval exercise training intervention
Sponsors
Duke University
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
OTHER
Masking
NONE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to 35 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* healthy, recreationally active or sedentary individuals
Exclusion criteria
* VO2max \< 35 ml/kg/min - male 30 ml/kg/min - female * chronic cardiovascular or pulmonary diseases * history of pneumothorax * active smoker * pregnant women * non-english speaking * not in full mental capacity * blind * sickle cell trait or disease
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Change in Maximum Aerobic Capacity (VO2max) From Baseline to Post-training (< 72 Hours ) | Baseline and <72 hrs Post-training | Graded exercise test to exhaustion at simulated 15000 ft altitude |
| Change in Ventilatory Threshold (VT) From Baseline to Post-training (<72 Hours) | Baseline and <72 hrs Post-training | Graded exercise test to exhaustion at simulated 15000 ft altitude |
| Mitochondrial Mass Change | Baseline/24 hrs Post-training | Immunofluorescence microscopy using citrate synthase staining |
| Tfam Muscle Protein Content Change | Baseline/24 hrs Post-training | Western analysis |
| Pgc-1a Coactivator Muscle Protein Content Change | Baseline/24 hrs Post-training | Western analysis |
| COX-I Gene Expression Change | Baseline/24 hrs Post-training | Real-time PCR |
| Muscle Phenotype Change | Baseline/24 hrs Post-training | Immunofluorescence microscopy using citrate synthase staining |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Pre-assignment details
25 participants were consented. 21 were randomized and completed the study, 1 was a screen failure, 1 withdrew after the initial biopsy and rash from bandage adhesive, 1 was withdrawn due to schedule noncompliance, and one was withdrawn after a syncopal episode during the initial biopsy.
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Hyperoxic, Hyperbaric Hyperoxic hyperbaric interval exercise training Six sessions of 30 min.of High-intensity interval training completed on a 3-times a week basis at 1.4 ATA of oxygen in a hyperbaric chamber.
Hyperoxic hyperbaric interval exercise training: Six 30-min high-intensity interval training sessions completed 3-times a week while at 1.4 ATA of oxygen in a hyperbaric chamber.
Oxygen: Used in Hyperoxic hyperbaric interval exercise training intervention | 11 |
| Normoxic, Normobaric Normoxic, normobaric, interval exercise training Six sessions of 30 min.of High-intensity interval training completed on a 3-times a week basis.
Normoxic, normobaric, interval exercise training: Six 30-min high-intensity interval training sessions completed 3-times a week. | 10 |
| Total | 21 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Hyperoxic, Hyperbaric | Total | Normoxic, Normobaric |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | 25.0 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.5 | 25.4 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.6 | 25.9 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.8 |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Hispanic or Latino | 0 Participants | 1 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Not Hispanic or Latino | 11 Participants | 20 Participants | 9 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Asian | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American | 0 Participants | 1 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race | 3 Participants | 3 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) White | 8 Participants | 17 Participants | 9 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment United States | 11 participants | 21 participants | 10 participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 3 Participants | 9 Participants | 6 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 8 Participants | 12 Participants | 4 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 11 | 0 / 10 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 11 | 1 / 10 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 11 | 0 / 10 |
Outcome results
Primary
Change in Maximum Aerobic Capacity (VO2max) From Baseline to Post-training (< 72 Hours )
Graded exercise test to exhaustion at simulated 15000 ft altitude
Time frame: Baseline and <72 hrs Post-training
Population: Three participants in the Hyperoxic, Hyperbaric group and one participant in the Normoxic, Normobaric group were not included in the analysis due to experimental errors.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hyperoxic, Hyperbaric | Change in Maximum Aerobic Capacity (VO2max) From Baseline to Post-training (< 72 Hours ) | 3.8 mL/kg/min | Standard Deviation 5 |
| Normoxic, Normobaric | Change in Maximum Aerobic Capacity (VO2max) From Baseline to Post-training (< 72 Hours ) | 4.2 mL/kg/min | Standard Deviation 4.9 |
Primary
Change in Ventilatory Threshold (VT) From Baseline to Post-training (<72 Hours)
Graded exercise test to exhaustion at simulated 15000 ft altitude
Time frame: Baseline and <72 hrs Post-training
Population: Three participants in the Hyperoxic, Hyperbaric group and one participant in the Normoxic, Normobaric group were not included in the analysis due to experimental errors.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hyperoxic, Hyperbaric | Change in Ventilatory Threshold (VT) From Baseline to Post-training (<72 Hours) | 3.2 mL/kg/min | Standard Deviation 4.9 |
| Normoxic, Normobaric | Change in Ventilatory Threshold (VT) From Baseline to Post-training (<72 Hours) | 2.3 mL/kg/min | Standard Deviation 3.4 |
Primary
COX-I Gene Expression Change
Real-time PCR
Time frame: Baseline/24 hrs Post-training
Population: Muscle Biopsy samples were not analyzed due to funding issues.
Primary
Mitochondrial Mass Change
Immunofluorescence microscopy using citrate synthase staining
Time frame: Baseline/24 hrs Post-training
Population: Muscle Biopsy samples were not analyzed due to funding issues.
Primary
Muscle Phenotype Change
Immunofluorescence microscopy using citrate synthase staining
Time frame: Baseline/24 hrs Post-training
Population: Muscle Biopsy samples were not analyzed due to funding issues.
Primary
Pgc-1a Coactivator Muscle Protein Content Change
Western analysis
Time frame: Baseline/24 hrs Post-training
Population: Muscle Biopsy samples were not analyzed due to funding issues.
Primary
Tfam Muscle Protein Content Change
Western analysis
Time frame: Baseline/24 hrs Post-training
Population: Muscle Biopsy samples were not analyzed due to funding issues.