Rituximab With or Without Yttrium Y-90 Ibritumomab Tiuxetan in Treating Patients With Untreated Follicular Lymphoma

The Asymptomatic Follicular Lymphoma (AFL) Trial: A Phase III Study of Single-Agent Rituximab Immunotherapy Versus Zevalin Radioimmunotherapy for Patients With New, Untreated Follicular Lymphoma Who Are Candidates for Observation

Status

Terminated

Phases

Phase 3

Study type

Interventional

Source

ClinicalTrials.gov

Registry ID

NCT02320292

Enrollment

Registered

2014-12-19

Start date

2015-02-11

Completion date

2023-11-09

Last updated

2025-07-09

For informational purposes only — not medical advice. Sourced from public registries and may not reflect the latest updates. Terms

Conditions

Ann Arbor Stage I Grade 1 Follicular Lymphoma, Ann Arbor Stage I Grade 2 Follicular Lymphoma, Ann Arbor Stage II Grade 1 Contiguous Follicular Lymphoma, Ann Arbor Stage II Grade 1 Non-Contiguous Follicular Lymphoma, Ann Arbor Stage II Grade 2 Contiguous Follicular Lymphoma, Ann Arbor Stage II Grade 2 Non-Contiguous Follicular Lymphoma, Ann Arbor Stage III Grade 1 Follicular Lymphoma, Ann Arbor Stage III Grade 2 Follicular Lymphoma, Ann Arbor Stage IV Grade 1 Follicular Lymphoma, Ann Arbor Stage IV Grade 2 Follicular Lymphoma

Brief summary

This phase III trial studies rituximab and yttrium Y-90 ibritumomab tiuxetan to see how well they work compared to rituximab alone in treating patients with untreated follicular lymphoma. Immunotherapy with monoclonal antibodies, such as nivolumab, may help the body's immune system attack the cancer, and may interfere with the ability of tumor cells to grow and spread. Radioactive substances linked to monoclonal antibodies can bind to cancer cells and give off radiation which may help kill cancer cells. It is not yet known whether rituximab works better with or without yttrium Y-90 ibritumomab tiuxetan in treating follicular lymphoma.

Detailed description

PRIMARY OBJECTIVE: I. Test the hypothesis that a single dose of Zevalin (yttrium Y-90 ibritumomab tiuxetan) rituximab immunotherapy (RIT) will increase the complete remission (CR) rate over that achieved with standard rituximab in patients with untreated asymptomatic follicular lymphoma (FL). SECONDARY OBJECTIVES: I. Test the hypothesis that Zevalin RIT will improve progression-free survival. II. Test the hypothesis that Zevalin RIT will improve time to next (any) therapy and time to next chemotherapy. CORRELATIVE RESEARCH OBJECTIVES: I. Study the incidence of exon 2 B-cell leukemia/lymphoma 2 protein (bcl2) mutations in patients with asymptomatic follicular lymphoma (AFL). II. Measure regulatory T cells (Tregs) and tissue monocytes in on-study FL tumor tissue. III. Measure serum cytokines and vitamin D at on study and month 6. IV. Evaluate beta-2 microglobulin plus lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) score as a prognostic factor. V. Measure absolute lymphocyte count (ALC), absolute monocyte count (AMC), and ALC/AMC ratio at on study and after treatment. VI. Compare quality of life as measured by the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy (FACT)-Lymphoma (Lym) between arms. OUTLINE: Patients are randomized to 1 of 2 treatment arms. ARM A: Patients receive rituximab intravenously (IV) on days 1, 8, 15, and 22. ARM B: Patients receive rituximab IV on days 1 and 8 and yttrium Y-90 ibritumomab tiuxetan over 10 minutes on day 8. After completion of study treatment, patients are followed up at 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 48, and 60 months and then every 12 months for 5 years.

Interventions

RADIATIONYttrium Y-90 Ibritumomab Tiuxetan

Given IV

OTHERQuality-of-Life Assessment

Ancillary studies

BIOLOGICALRituximab

Given IV

Study design

Allocation

RANDOMIZED

Intervention model

PARALLEL

Primary purpose

TREATMENT

Masking

NONE

Eligibility

Sex/Gender

ALL

Age

18 Years to No maximum

Healthy volunteers

Inclusion criteria

* Histological confirmation of follicular lymphoma grades I, II diagnosed within 12 months (365 days) prior to registration; NOTE: the day of biopsy should be used as day 1 of diagnosis for this calculation * Stage I, II, III, or IV disease; NOTE: stage I disease are eligible only if the disease is not amenable to external beam radiation therapy * No indication for chemotherapy; candidate for observation * Measurable disease by tumor imaging with at least one lesion \>= 1.5 cm in at least one dimension * Previously untreated; NOTE: this includes any chemotherapy or immunotherapy or RIT; patients who received corticosteroids for diseases other than lymphoma are eligible as long as prednisone dose is =\< 10 mg/day * Low tumor burden as defined by Groupe d'Etudes des Lymphomes Folliculaires (GELF) criteria (2): * No tumor mass (nodal or extranodal) \>= 7 cm in one dimension on computed tomography (CT) * Fewer than 3 (2 or less) nodal masses \> 3 cm * No systemic or B symptoms * No splenomegaly greater than 16 cm by CT scan * No risk of organ compression - ureteral, orbital, neurological, gastrointestinal * No leukemic phase (\> 5.0 x 10\^9/L circulating FL cells in the blood as detected by complete blood count \[CBC\] with differential and smear) * No cytopenias - absolute neutrophil count (ANC) \< 1000 or platelets \< 100,000 * Meet standard criteria for RIT: * \< 25% marrow involvement with FL * No evidence of myelodysplasia * Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status (PS) 0, 1, or 2 * Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) \>= 1500/mm\^3 obtained =\< 28 days prior to registration * Platelet count \>= 100,000/mm\^3 =\< 28 days prior to registration * Hemoglobin \> 10.0 g/dL =\< 28 days prior to registration * Total bilirubin =\< 1.5 x upper limit of normal (ULN) or if total bilirubin is \> 1.5 x ULN, the direct bilirubin must be =\< ULN =\< 28 days prior to registration * Alkaline phosphatase =\< 3 x ULN =\< 28 days prior to registration * Aspartate transaminase (AST) =\< 3 x ULN * Creatinine =\< 2 x ULN =\< 28 days prior to registration * Negative pregnancy test done =\< 7 days prior to registration, for women of childbearing potential only * Provide informed written consent * Willing to travel to a radioimmunotherapy site for Zevalin, if necessary * Willing to return to the enrolling institution for follow-up (during the Active Monitoring Phase of the study); Note: during the Active Monitoring Phase of a study (i.e., active treatment and observation), participants must be willing to return to the consenting institution for follow-up * Willing to provide blood samples at baseline for correlative research purposes and tissue for central pathology review * \< 25% bone marrow involvement of cellular marrow with lymphoma as determined by bilateral bone marrow aspirate and biopsy; NOTE: the percent involvement should be estimated by the hematopathologist using all of the biopsy material * Has insurance coverage or is willing to pay for protocol therapy (rituximab x 4 or Zevalin x 1)

Exclusion criteria

* Any of the following because this study involves an agent whose genotoxic, mutagenic and teratogenic effects on the developing fetus and newborn are unknown: * Pregnant women * Nursing women * Men or women of childbearing potential who are unwilling to employ adequate contraception for at least three months after completing study treatment * Co-morbid systemic illnesses or other severe concurrent disease which, in the judgment of the investigator, would make the patient inappropriate for entry into this study or interfere significantly with the proper assessment of safety and toxicity of the prescribed regimens * Patients known to be human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive and currently receiving antiretroviral therapy * NOTE: These patients are excluded because it is unknown what effects prolonged B-cell depletion will have on these patient's immune system * Uncontrolled intercurrent illness including, but not limited to, ongoing or active infection, symptomatic congestive heart failure, unstable angina pectoris, uncontrolled cardiac arrhythmia, or psychiatric illness/social situations that would limit compliance with study requirements * Receiving any other investigational agent that would be considered as a treatment for the lymphoma * Active other malignancy requiring treatment that would interfere with the assessments of response of the lymphoma to protocol treatment and would interfere with follow-up assessments through year 5 * Presence of central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma * Known to have lymphoma related to HIV or acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) * Abnormal renal function (serum creatinine \> 2 x ULN) * Received prior external beam radiation therapy for another reason to \> 25% of active bone marrow * Serious non-malignant disease such as active infection or other condition which in the opinion of the investigator would compromise other protocol objectives * Major surgery other than diagnostic surgery =\< 4 weeks prior to registration * Any evidence of myelodysplastic syndrome or marrow chromosomal changes suggesting myelodysplasia (-7, -5 etc) * Corticosteroid therapy at the time the patient enters the protocol; NOTE: patients using prednisone or its equivalent for adrenal failure or using =\< 10 mg of prednisone/day for other benign causes are accepted * Follicular grades IIIA or IIIB are not eligible * Marrow cellularity =\< 15% (as determined on all bone marrow samples) * Seropositive for or active viral infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV): * Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positive * HBsAg negative, anti-hepatitis B surface antibody (HBs) positive and/or anti-hepatitis B core antibody (HBc) positive and detectable viral deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Notes: * Subjects who are HBsAg negative, anti-HBs positive, and/or anti-HBc positive, but viral DNA negative are eligible * Subjects who are seropositive because of HBV vaccination are eligible (HBV surface antibody positive, HBV core antibody negative, and HBV surface antigen negative) * Active infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV)

Design outcomes

Primary

Measure	Time frame	Description
Complete Response (CR) Rate at the 6-month Disease Assessment	6 months	Will be compared between the two arms. The percentage of patients in each response category (e.g., CR, partial remission, stable disease, relapse/progressive disease) will also be tabulated by arm. The proportion of patients who have a CR at 6 months will be evaluated and compared between the two treatment regimens using a two-sided alpha=0.05 continuity corrected Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test with stratification factors.

Secondary

Measure	Time frame	Description
Progression-free Survival (PFS)	Time from registration to the earliest date documentation of disease progression or death due to any cause, assessed up to 5 years	The distribution of progression-free survival time will be estimated using the method of Kaplan-Meier within each arm and compared between the arms using a logrank test. The progression-free survival rates at 3 years and 5 years will be estimated in each arm.
Time to Any Therapy (TTNT)	Time from registration to the date of initiation of any treatment for follicular lymphoma, assessed up to 5 years	The distribution of time to any therapy will be estimated using the method of Kaplan-Meier within each arm and compared between the arms using a log-rank test. The percentage of patients free of any therapy at 3 years and 5 years will be estimated in each arm.
Time to Chemotherapy (TTC)	Time from registration to the date of initiation of chemotherapy for follicular lymphoma, assessed up to 5 years	The distribution of time to chemotherapy will be estimated using the method of Kaplan-Meier within each arm and compared between the arms using a log-rank test. The percentage of patients free of chemotherapy at 3 years and 5 years will be estimated in each arm.
Incidence of Adverse Events	Up to 5 years	Assessed using the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 4.0. The maximum grade for each type of adverse event will be recorded for each patient, and frequency tables will be reviewed to determine patterns. Additionally, the relationship of the adverse event(s) to the study treatment will be taken into consideration. Rates of individual adverse events (grade 3 and higher) will be compared between arms using a Fisher's exact test.

Other

Measure	Time frame	Description
Change in Absolute Lymphocyte Count (ALC)	Baseline to 6 months	Both the absolute and relative change will be summarized for each measure. Will be evaluated in each arm independently and may also be compared between the two arms. Values may be investigated with respect to response (CR vs. less than CR) chi-square tests. Relationship with time to event measures (PFS, TTNT, TTC) will be evaluated using Kaplan-Meier methods and log-rank statistics (categorical measures). For values collected at more than one time point, changes over time will be evaluated using paired-t-tests.
Change in Absolute Monocyte Count (AMC) Ratio	Baseline to 6 months	Both the absolute and relative change will be summarized for each measure. Will be evaluated in each arm independently and may also be compared between the two arms. Values may be investigated with respect to response (CR vs. less than CR) chi-square tests. Relationship with time to event measures (PFS, TTNT, TTC) will be evaluated using Kaplan-Meier methods and log-rank statistics (categorical measures). For values collected at more than one time point, changes over time will be evaluated using paired-t-tests.
Incidence of Exon 2 bcl2 Mutations	Baseline	Will be evaluated in each arm independently and may also be compared between the two arms. Values may be investigated with respect to response (CR vs. less than CR) chi-square tests. Relationship with time to event measures (PFS, TTNT, TTC) will be evaluated using Kaplan-Meier methods and log-rank statistics (categorical measures).
Quality of Life (QOL)	Up to 5 years	As assessed by Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy (FACT). Mean FACT will be graphically presented by arm using a mean plot with standard deviation error bars including all available data with patients according to the randomized treatment assignment. Baseline characteristics will be compared between arms within the subject of patients who provide QOL data at one or more time points using t-tests for continuous variables and chi-squared tests for categorical variables.
Change in ALC/AMC Ratio	Baseline to 6 months	Both the absolute and relative change will be summarized for each measure. Will be evaluated in each arm independently and may also be compared between the two arms. Values may be investigated with respect to response (CR vs. less than CR) chi-square tests. Relationship with time to event measures (PFS, TTNT, TTC) will be evaluated using Kaplan-Meier methods and log-rank statistics (categorical measures). For values collected at more than one time point, changes over time will be evaluated using paired-t-tests.
Change in Quantification of Tissue Tregs and Tissue Monocytes on Study Tumor Biopsies	Baseline to 6 months	Will be evaluated in each arm independently and may also be compared between the two arms. Values may be investigated with respect to response (CR vs. less than CR) chi-square tests. Relationship with time to event measures (PFS, TTNT, TTC) will be evaluated using Kaplan-Meier methods and log-rank statistics (categorical measures). For values collected at more than one time point, changes over time will be evaluated using paired-t-tests.
Change in Serum Cytokines	Baseline to 6 months	Each cytokine will be evaluated in reference to normal controls and levels will be categorized as normal, elevated, or suppressed. Will be evaluated in each arm independently and may also be compared between the two arms. Values may be investigated with respect to response (CR vs. less than CR) chi-square tests. Relationship with time to event measures (PFS, TTNT, TTC) will be evaluated using Kaplan-Meier methods and log-rank statistics (categorical measures). For values collected at more than one time point, changes over time will be evaluated using paired-t-tests.
Change in Vitamin D	Baseline to 6 months	Vitamin D level will be categorized as normal (sufficient) vs. abnormal (insufficient). Will be evaluated in each arm independently and may also be compared between the two arms. Values may be investigated with respect to response (CR vs. less than CR) chi-square tests. Relationship with time to event measures (PFS, TTNT, TTC) will be evaluated using Kaplan-Meier methods and log-rank statistics (categorical measures). For values collected at more than one time point, changes over time will be evaluated using paired-t-tests.
Beta-2 Microglobulin (B2m) Plus LDH Score	Baseline	Will be categorized at baseline as low risk (both factors =\< 150% ULN), intermediate risk (one factor =\< 150% IULN and the other factor \> 150% ULN), or high risk (both factors \> 150% IULN). The prognostic value of B2m plus LDH score in relation to PFS will be evaluated using Kaplan-Meier methods and log-rank statistics. Will be evaluated in each arm independently and may also be compared between the two arms.

Countries

United States

Participant flow

Participants by arm

Arm	Count
Arm A (Rituximab) Patients receive rituximab IV on days 1, 8, 15, and 22.\> \> Quality-of-Life Assessment: Ancillary studies\> \> Rituximab: Given IV	10
Arm B (Rituximab, Yttrium Y-90 Ibritumomab Tiuxetan) Patients receive rituximab IV on days 1 and 8 and yttrium Y-90 ibritumomab tiuxetan over 10 minutes on day 8.\> \> Quality-of-Life Assessment: Ancillary studies\> \> Rituximab: Given IV\> \> Yttrium Y-90 Ibritumomab Tiuxetan: Given IV	10
Total	20

Baseline characteristics

Characteristic	Total	Arm A (Rituximab)	Arm B (Rituximab, Yttrium Y-90 Ibritumomab Tiuxetan)
Age, Continuous	60.5 years	61.0 years	59.0 years
Age, Customized 18-29	1 Participants	0 Participants	1 Participants
Age, Customized 30-39	1 Participants	1 Participants	0 Participants
Age, Customized 40-49	3 Participants	0 Participants	3 Participants
Age, Customized 50-59	5 Participants	4 Participants	1 Participants
Age, Customized 60-69	8 Participants	3 Participants	5 Participants
Age, Customized 70+	2 Participants	2 Participants	0 Participants
Beta-2 Microglobulin Abnormal	6 Participants	3 Participants	3 Participants
Beta-2 Microglobulin Normal	14 Participants	7 Participants	7 Participants
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Hispanic or Latino	0 Participants	0 Participants	0 Participants
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Not Hispanic or Latino	20 Participants	10 Participants	10 Participants
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported	0 Participants	0 Participants	0 Participants
FLIPI2 score High Risk	2 Participants	0 Participants	2 Participants
FLIPI2 score Intermediate Risk	12 Participants	6 Participants	6 Participants
FLIPI2 score Low Risk	6 Participants	4 Participants	2 Participants
Lactate Dehydrongenase Abnormal	2 Participants	2 Participants	0 Participants
Lactate Dehydrongenase Normal	18 Participants	8 Participants	10 Participants
NHL Type Follicular Lymp Grade 1	6 Participants	4 Participants	2 Participants
NHL Type Follicular Lymp Grade 2	14 Participants	6 Participants	8 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native	0 Participants	0 Participants	0 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) Asian	0 Participants	0 Participants	0 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American	1 Participants	0 Participants	1 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race	0 Participants	0 Participants	0 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander	0 Participants	0 Participants	0 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported	0 Participants	0 Participants	0 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) White	19 Participants	10 Participants	9 Participants
Sex: Female, Male Female	10 Participants	6 Participants	4 Participants
Sex: Female, Male Male	10 Participants	4 Participants	6 Participants
Time from Diagnosis to Registration 3-12 months	5 Participants	2 Participants	3 Participants
Time from Diagnosis to Registration < 3 months	15 Participants	8 Participants	7 Participants

Adverse events

Event type	EG000 affected / at risk	EG001 affected / at risk
deaths Total, all-cause mortality	0 / 10	0 / 10
other Total, other adverse events	1 / 10	8 / 10
serious Total, serious adverse events	0 / 10	1 / 10

Outcome results

Primary

Complete Response (CR) Rate at the 6-month Disease Assessment

Will be compared between the two arms. The percentage of patients in each response category (e.g., CR, partial remission, stable disease, relapse/progressive disease) will also be tabulated by arm. The proportion of patients who have a CR at 6 months will be evaluated and compared between the two treatment regimens using a two-sided alpha=0.05 continuity corrected Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test with stratification factors.

Time frame: 6 months

Arm	Measure	Group	Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS)
Arm A (Rituximab)	Complete Response (CR) Rate at the 6-month Disease Assessment	CR	3 Participants
Arm A (Rituximab)	Complete Response (CR) Rate at the 6-month Disease Assessment	PR	6 Participants
Arm A (Rituximab)	Complete Response (CR) Rate at the 6-month Disease Assessment	SD	1 Participants
Arm B (Rituximab, Yttrium Y-90 Ibritumomab Tiuxetan)	Complete Response (CR) Rate at the 6-month Disease Assessment	CR	6 Participants
Arm B (Rituximab, Yttrium Y-90 Ibritumomab Tiuxetan)	Complete Response (CR) Rate at the 6-month Disease Assessment	PR	2 Participants
Arm B (Rituximab, Yttrium Y-90 Ibritumomab Tiuxetan)	Complete Response (CR) Rate at the 6-month Disease Assessment	SD	2 Participants

Secondary

Incidence of Adverse Events

Assessed using the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 4.0. The maximum grade for each type of adverse event will be recorded for each patient, and frequency tables will be reviewed to determine patterns. Additionally, the relationship of the adverse event(s) to the study treatment will be taken into consideration. Rates of individual adverse events (grade 3 and higher) will be compared between arms using a Fisher's exact test.

Time frame: Up to 5 years

Arm	Measure	Group	Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS)
Arm A (Rituximab)	Incidence of Adverse Events	Grade 3+ Adverse Event	0 Participants
Arm A (Rituximab)	Incidence of Adverse Events	Grade 4+ Adverse Event	0 Participants
Arm A (Rituximab)	Incidence of Adverse Events	Grade 3+ Hem Adverse Event	0 Participants
Arm A (Rituximab)	Incidence of Adverse Events	Grade 4+ Hem Adverse Event	0 Participants
Arm B (Rituximab, Yttrium Y-90 Ibritumomab Tiuxetan)	Incidence of Adverse Events	Grade 4+ Hem Adverse Event	1 Participants
Arm B (Rituximab, Yttrium Y-90 Ibritumomab Tiuxetan)	Incidence of Adverse Events	Grade 3+ Adverse Event	5 Participants
Arm B (Rituximab, Yttrium Y-90 Ibritumomab Tiuxetan)	Incidence of Adverse Events	Grade 3+ Hem Adverse Event	5 Participants
Arm B (Rituximab, Yttrium Y-90 Ibritumomab Tiuxetan)	Incidence of Adverse Events	Grade 4+ Adverse Event	1 Participants

Secondary

Progression-free Survival (PFS)

The distribution of progression-free survival time will be estimated using the method of Kaplan-Meier within each arm and compared between the arms using a logrank test. The progression-free survival rates at 3 years and 5 years will be estimated in each arm.

Time frame: Time from registration to the earliest date documentation of disease progression or death due to any cause, assessed up to 5 years

Arm	Measure	Value (MEDIAN)
Arm A (Rituximab)	Progression-free Survival (PFS)	NA months
Arm B (Rituximab, Yttrium Y-90 Ibritumomab Tiuxetan)	Progression-free Survival (PFS)	29.9 months

Secondary

Time to Any Therapy (TTNT)

The distribution of time to any therapy will be estimated using the method of Kaplan-Meier within each arm and compared between the arms using a log-rank test. The percentage of patients free of any therapy at 3 years and 5 years will be estimated in each arm.

Time frame: Time from registration to the date of initiation of any treatment for follicular lymphoma, assessed up to 5 years

Arm	Measure	Value (MEDIAN)
Arm A (Rituximab)	Time to Any Therapy (TTNT)	NA months
Arm B (Rituximab, Yttrium Y-90 Ibritumomab Tiuxetan)	Time to Any Therapy (TTNT)	59.6 months

Secondary

Time to Chemotherapy (TTC)

The distribution of time to chemotherapy will be estimated using the method of Kaplan-Meier within each arm and compared between the arms using a log-rank test. The percentage of patients free of chemotherapy at 3 years and 5 years will be estimated in each arm.

Time frame: Time from registration to the date of initiation of chemotherapy for follicular lymphoma, assessed up to 5 years

Arm	Measure	Value (MEDIAN)
Arm A (Rituximab)	Time to Chemotherapy (TTC)	NA months
Arm B (Rituximab, Yttrium Y-90 Ibritumomab Tiuxetan)	Time to Chemotherapy (TTC)	NA months

Other Pre-specified

Beta-2 Microglobulin (B2m) Plus LDH Score

Will be categorized at baseline as low risk (both factors =\< 150% ULN), intermediate risk (one factor =\< 150% IULN and the other factor \> 150% ULN), or high risk (both factors \> 150% IULN). The prognostic value of B2m plus LDH score in relation to PFS will be evaluated using Kaplan-Meier methods and log-rank statistics. Will be evaluated in each arm independently and may also be compared between the two arms.

Time frame: Baseline

Other Pre-specified

Change in Absolute Lymphocyte Count (ALC)

Both the absolute and relative change will be summarized for each measure. Will be evaluated in each arm independently and may also be compared between the two arms. Values may be investigated with respect to response (CR vs. less than CR) chi-square tests. Relationship with time to event measures (PFS, TTNT, TTC) will be evaluated using Kaplan-Meier methods and log-rank statistics (categorical measures). For values collected at more than one time point, changes over time will be evaluated using paired-t-tests.