Chemo Brain, Chemotherapy-related Cognitive Impairment, Chemo Fog, Breast Cancer, Chemobrain
Conditions
Keywords
Chemo brain, Chemotherapy-related cognitive impairment, CRCI, Breast cancer, Chemo fog, Nicotine, Transdermal nicotine
Brief summary
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the use of a nicotine patch as a treatment for problems with attention, learning and memory in breast cancer patients who are 1-5 years post chemotherapy.
Detailed description
Studies have suggested that chemotherapy treatment for breast cancer may change the way the brain functions. As a result, patients who receive chemotherapy for breast cancer may experience problems with their attention, learning, and memory that they did not have before receiving chemotherapy. The investigators have found that nicotine treatment can help other types of patients with similar difficulties with attention, learning, and memory. Nicotine is a naturally occurring substance found in tobacco and is known to interact with nerve cells in the brain that are important for functions like learning and memory, and has been studied in a number of disorders. This study is designed to test whether nicotine treatment is helpful for learning and memory problems after chemotherapy for breast cancer. This study will be a randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study to evaluate the effect of transdermal nicotine to 1) reduce subjective complaints and 2) enhance cognitive performance on laboratory measures of cognitive performance in breast cancer patients with persistent chemotherapy-related cognitive impairment (CRCI), a condition also known as chemo brain. Participants will be randomized to either placebo or active compound (50/50) for the 6-week treatment portion of the study. Participants will be assessed before, during, and at the end of treatment. At the end of the 8-week study, participants will have the option to take part in the open-label portion of the study for an additional 6 weeks.
Interventions
Nicotine patches are currently FDA approved for smoking cessation. Nicotine has effects that have been well studied for many years. Studies have shown that nicotine by itself does not appear by itself to be cancer causing. The use of the nicotine patch is not expected to increase risk of breast cancer recurrence.
Matching transdermal placebo patches will be used. Participants will follow the same titration schedule as the transdermal nicotine arm.
Sponsors
Vanderbilt University Medical Center
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
QUADRUPLE (Subject, Caregiver, Investigator, Outcomes Assessor)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
FEMALE
Age
35 Years to 80 Years
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* All participants will: 1. Be between 35 and 80 years of age, 2. Have been diagnosed with noninvasive or invasive (Stage 1, 2, or 3A) breast cancer, 3. Have undergone treatment with systemic chemotherapy within the last 1-5 years, 4. Endorse persistent CRCI subjective complaints, 5. Be non-smokers (no nicotine use within the last 5 years), 6. Have no active cardiac, neurologic, or psychiatric illness, and 7. Fluent in and able to read English.
Exclusion criteria
* Participants will be excluded for: 1. Any active neurologic and/or psychiatric disease, history of significant head trauma followed by persistent neurologic deficits, or known structural brain abnormalities, 2. Current major depression or another major psychiatric disorder as described in DSM-5 (use of CNS active medications (e.g. antidepressants) will be permitted, provided dosing has been stable for at least 3 months), 3. Any history of alcohol or substance abuse or dependence within the past 2 years (DSM-5 criteria), 4. Any significant systemic illness or unstable medical condition which could lead to difficulty complying with the protocol including: * History of myocardial infarction in the past year or unstable, severe cardiovascular disease including angina or CHF with symptoms at rest, or clinically significant abnormalities on the ECG * Clinically significant and/or unstable pulmonary, gastrointestinal, hepatic, or renal disease * Insulin-requiring diabetes or uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, * Uncontrolled hypertension (systolic BP\> 170 or diastolic BP\> 100), 5. Use of any investigational drugs within 30 days or 5 half-lives, whichever is longer, prior to screening, and 6. Use of any drugs with pro-cholinergic properties (e.g. donepezil).
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Change in the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Cognitive Function (FACT-Cog) PCI Scale | Baseline to 8-Weeks | The Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Cognitive Function (FACT-Cog) scale will be used to monitor change in CRCI subjective complaints. This instrument has been used to monitor change in CRCI subjective complaints in previous studies and demonstrates good internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and discriminant and convergent validity. Specifically, the PCI subscale was used as the primary outcome measure. The FACT-Cog PCI consists of 20 items and has a minimum score of 0 and total possible score of 72. Higher scores indicate better cognitive functioning. The PCI evaluates memory, concentration, mental acuity, verbal fluency, functional interference, and multitasking ability. Visit 3 is the 3-week visit, Visit 4 is the 6-week visit, and Visit 5 is the 8-week visit. Change scores were calculated as follow |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Conners Continuous Performance Test | Baseline to 8 Weeks | The secondary outcome measure was the computerized Conners Continuous Performance Test (CPT), which measures sustained attention and vigilance. Participants see a series of letters appearing one at a time on a computer screen and they press a button for every letter that appears on the screen, except for X. Lower scores indicate better performance. Scores on the CPT are calculated using the each participant's performance on the task (defined as reaction time (in ms) standard error/interstimulus interval). Change scores from baseline are then calculated. A decrease in CPT score = improvement. \*This is not a clinical measure. This is a research measure of reaction time variability and therefore there is no clinical interpretation and no defined score range.\* |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Recruitment details
Participants were recruited through Vanderbilt University-affiliated clinics and the greater Nashville, TN community.
Pre-assignment details
Of the 106 people pre-screened for the study, 37 attended the initial screening visit. Twenty-two participants met entry criteria and were randomized. Participants that were not randomized were excluded from the study because they did not meet inclusion/exclusion criteria.
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Transdermal Nicotine Nicotine will be delivered by a transdermal patch delivery system for topical application. Each patch will contain approximately 1.75mg nicotine/cm2, and releases 7, and 14mg of nicotine, respectively, over 24 hours. Patches will be applied for 16 hours per day. Participants will be titrated over the course of the 6-week treatment period in order to avoid initial side effects as follows:
Week 1: ½ 7 mg patch per day, Week 2: 7 mg patch per day, Weeks 3-4: ¾ 14 mg patch per day, Weeks 5-6: 14 mg per day, Weeks 7-8: Treatment withdrawal
Transdermal nicotine: Nicotine patches are currently FDA approved for smoking cessation. Nicotine has effects that have been well studied for many years. Studies have shown that nicotine by itself does not appear by itself to be cancer causing. The use of the nicotine patch is not expected to increase risk of breast cancer recurrence. | 11 |
| Placebo Matching transdermal placebo patches will be used. Participants will follow the same titration schedule as the transdermal nicotine arm.
Week 1: ½ 7 mg patch per day, Week 2: 7 mg patch per day, Weeks 3-4: ¾ 14 mg patch per day, Weeks 5-6: 14 mg per day, Weeks 7-8: Treatment withdrawal
Placebo Transdermal Patch | 11 |
| Total | 22 |
Withdrawals & dropouts
| Period | Reason | FG000 | FG001 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study | Lost to Follow-up | 1 | 0 |
| Overall Study | Physician Decision | 1 | 0 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Transdermal Nicotine | Total | Placebo |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Categorical <=18 years | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical >=65 years | 2 Participants | 2 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical Between 18 and 65 years | 9 Participants | 20 Participants | 11 Participants |
| Age, Continuous | 56.00 Years STANDARD_DEVIATION 11.58 | 54.27 Years STANDARD_DEVIATION 9.74 | 52.55 Years STANDARD_DEVIATION 7.66 |
| Cancer Stage Stage I | 3 Participants | 8 Participants | 5 Participants |
| Cancer Stage Stage II | 3 Participants | 7 Participants | 4 Participants |
| Cancer Stage Stage III | 4 Participants | 5 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Cancer Stage Stage IV | 1 Participants | 2 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Cancer Treatment Received Chemotherapy | 11 participants | 22 participants | 11 participants |
| Cancer Treatment Received Radiation | 5 participants | 12 participants | 7 participants |
| Cancer Treatment Received Surgery | 10 participants | 21 participants | 11 participants |
| Cancer Type Breast Cancer | 8 Participants | 18 Participants | 10 Participants |
| Cancer Type Colon Cancer | 1 Participants | 1 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Cancer Type Non-Hodgekin's Lymphoma | 2 Participants | 2 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Cancer Type Ovarian Cancer | 0 Participants | 1 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Current Endocrine Therapy No | 5 Participants | 9 Participants | 4 Participants |
| Current Endocrine Therapy Yes | 6 Participants | 13 Participants | 7 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Hispanic or Latino | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Not Hispanic or Latino | 11 Participants | 22 Participants | 11 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Post-Menopausal Status Post-Menopausal | 6 Participants | 11 Participants | 5 Participants |
| Post-Menopausal Status Pre-Menopausal | 5 Participants | 11 Participants | 6 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Asian | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American | 1 Participants | 1 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race | 0 Participants | 1 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) White | 10 Participants | 20 Participants | 10 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment United States | 11 participants | 25 participants | 11 participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 11 Participants | 22 Participants | 11 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 11 | 0 / 11 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 7 / 11 | 8 / 11 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 11 | 0 / 11 |
Outcome results
Primary
Change in the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Cognitive Function (FACT-Cog) PCI Scale
The Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Cognitive Function (FACT-Cog) scale will be used to monitor change in CRCI subjective complaints. This instrument has been used to monitor change in CRCI subjective complaints in previous studies and demonstrates good internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and discriminant and convergent validity. Specifically, the PCI subscale was used as the primary outcome measure. The FACT-Cog PCI consists of 20 items and has a minimum score of 0 and total possible score of 72. Higher scores indicate better cognitive functioning. The PCI evaluates memory, concentration, mental acuity, verbal fluency, functional interference, and multitasking ability. Visit 3 is the 3-week visit, Visit 4 is the 6-week visit, and Visit 5 is the 8-week visit. Change scores were calculated as follow
Time frame: Baseline to 8-Weeks
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Transdermal Nicotine | Change in the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Cognitive Function (FACT-Cog) PCI Scale | Visit 3 PCI Change from Baseline Score (3-Weeks) | 7.00 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 12.01 |
| Transdermal Nicotine | Change in the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Cognitive Function (FACT-Cog) PCI Scale | Visit 4 PCI Change from Baseline Score (6-Weeks) | 16.80 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 15.47 |
| Transdermal Nicotine | Change in the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Cognitive Function (FACT-Cog) PCI Scale | Visit 5 PCI Change from Baseline Score (8-Weeks) | 11.20 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 14.4 |
| Placebo | Change in the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Cognitive Function (FACT-Cog) PCI Scale | Visit 3 PCI Change from Baseline Score (3-Weeks) | 11.55 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 9.59 |
| Placebo | Change in the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Cognitive Function (FACT-Cog) PCI Scale | Visit 4 PCI Change from Baseline Score (6-Weeks) | 16.64 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 7.58 |
| Placebo | Change in the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Cognitive Function (FACT-Cog) PCI Scale | Visit 5 PCI Change from Baseline Score (8-Weeks) | 16.55 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 10.4 |
Comparison: For the Primary Aim (Specific Aim 1), a mixed-models repeated measures ANOVA was used to assess the interaction of treatment group (nicotine, placebo) with time (Visit), using change from baseline PCI FACT-Cog score (Visit 3, Visit 4, and Visit 5) as the dependent measure.p-value: =0.41Mixed Models Analysis
Secondary
Conners Continuous Performance Test
The secondary outcome measure was the computerized Conners Continuous Performance Test (CPT), which measures sustained attention and vigilance. Participants see a series of letters appearing one at a time on a computer screen and they press a button for every letter that appears on the screen, except for X. Lower scores indicate better performance. Scores on the CPT are calculated using the each participant's performance on the task (defined as reaction time (in ms) standard error/interstimulus interval). Change scores from baseline are then calculated. A decrease in CPT score = improvement. \*This is not a clinical measure. This is a research measure of reaction time variability and therefore there is no clinical interpretation and no defined score range.\*
Time frame: Baseline to 8 Weeks
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Transdermal Nicotine | Conners Continuous Performance Test | Visit 3 CPT Change from Baseline Score (3-Weeks) | 0.0127 ms | Standard Deviation 0.11705 |
| Transdermal Nicotine | Conners Continuous Performance Test | Visit 4 CPT Change from Baseline Score (6-Weeks) | 0.01 ms | Standard Deviation 0.17205 |
| Transdermal Nicotine | Conners Continuous Performance Test | Visit 5 CPT Change from Baseline Score (8-Weeks) | -0.0185 ms | Standard Deviation 0.19357 |
| Placebo | Conners Continuous Performance Test | Visit 3 CPT Change from Baseline Score (3-Weeks) | -0.0318 ms | Standard Deviation 0.1256 |
| Placebo | Conners Continuous Performance Test | Visit 4 CPT Change from Baseline Score (6-Weeks) | -0.0355 ms | Standard Deviation 0.12242 |
| Placebo | Conners Continuous Performance Test | Visit 5 CPT Change from Baseline Score (8-Weeks) | -0.0236 ms | Standard Deviation 0.14009 |
Comparison: For the Secondary Aim (Specific Aim 2), a mixed-models repeated measures ANOVA was used to assess the interaction of treatment group (nicotine, placebo) with time (Visit), using change from baseline CPT Scores (Visit 3, Visit 4, and Visit 5) as the dependent measure.p-value: 0.79Mixed Models Analysis