Emergency Room, Hospitalization, Wellness Programs
Conditions
Keywords
Older Adults, Aging in Place
Brief summary
The investigators' overall objective is to evaluate the effectiveness of peer-to-peer support programs in preventing the necessity of acute health care and nursing home services for older adult populations and in promoting their health and wellness. The investigators' Specific Aims are: 1. To compare the effectiveness of peer-to-peer community support in preventing hospitalization, emergency department (ED) use, and nursing home placement in an at-risk older adult population relative to standard community services. 2. To compare the effect of peer-to-peer community support on intermediary measures of health and wellness such as self-rated health, depression, and anxiety relative to standard community services.
Detailed description
The investigators will accomplish the aims by conducting a longitudinal comparative-effectiveness study in which at-risk older adult study participants in three communities across the US are followed for 12-months. Using a quasi-experimental design, investigators will compare outcomes in those receiving peer-to-peer community support to those receiving standard community services. At all three sites investigators will include 120 older adults in the peer-to-peer support group and 120 in the standard community services group for a total intervention group size of 360 (120 from each site) and 360 in the control group (120 from each site). Study Outcomes & Measures To meet the first two aims investigators will (1) compare annualized rates of hospitalization, ED use, and nursing home placement and (2) examine the changes in self-reported health, depression, anxiety, and other measures of well-being in the group receiving peer-to-peer support compared to the group receiving standard community services from baseline to the end of study enrolment. The investigators describe each of our outcomes and additional study measures in detail below. Measures have been translated and used in Spanish and have been shown to be valid or have high reliability in Spanish
Interventions
BEHAVIORALPeer-to-Peer Support
All three data collection sites run peer-to-peer community support programs. Core program elements include the same program objective, standard definition of who qualifies for peer-to-peer support, the mechanism by which older adults are referred for consideration for peer-support, core elements of training programs for the older adults who volunteer to provide the peer support, and monthly in-service trainings for all volunteers once trained, weekly hours that volunteers spend providing support, and provision of small stipends for volunteers.As they find their role very rewarding, there is very little peer turn-over; the vast majority of peers volunteer for years in this role, until they themselves start requiring services.
BEHAVIORALStandard Community Services
All three data collection sites will continue to provide standard community services to the older adults that are not enrolled in the peer-to-peer support program
Sponsors
Community Place
Jewish Family Service of Los Angeles
Alpert Jewish Family And Childrens Service
Alliance for Children and Families
Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute
University of Wisconsin, Madison
Study design
Allocation
NON_RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
PREVENTION
Masking
NONE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
65 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* Overall * ≥65 years of age * Speaks English or Spanish * Lives independently in their community year-round * Meet the community defined criterion for receiving peer-to-peer support (at least one of the following) * Low income (at or below poverty level) * On a fixed income that barely meets their living expenses * Social and/or familial isolation * Chronic Illness * In need of frequent community services or resources. Peer-to-peer support group (must meet the overall inclusion criteria as well as the following) * Enrolled in the peer-to-peer support program and have an assigned peer volunteer
Exclusion criteria
* \< 65 * Score ≤ 30 on the Telephone Interview of Cognitive Status (TICS) because they will not have the ability to complete the survey * State that it is unlikely that they will receive peer-to-peer support services for at least a year. Individuals who are unlikely to receive at least a year of services include those who need short-term help after a surgery and are likely to return to full functioning and those planning to transition to nursing home care or move away. * Currently receiving hospice services
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Number of Hospitalizations, Emergency Department Visits, and Urgent Care Visits | 1 year | Investigators will ask participants to report their hospitalizations, ED and Urgent Care visits over the course of a 1 year follow up |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Health Status and Quality of Life as Assessed by the Short Form-12 Question Physical Component Summary (SF-12 PCS) and the Short Form-12 Mental Component Summary (SF-12 MCS). | 1 year | Investigators will use the Short Form-12 question Physical Component Summary (SF-12 PCS) and the Short Form-12 Mental component Summary (SF-12 MCS) to measure physical and mental health status. Summary scores range from 0-100, with higher scores indicating a better self-reported level of health. |
| Anxiety Symptoms as Assessed by the 5-item Version of the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory Short Form | 1 year | Investigators will use the 5-item version of the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory Short Form to measure anxiety symptoms. The scale is 0 to 5, with 0 points indicating zero anxiety symptoms and 5 indicating the most anxiety symptoms. |
| Loneliness as Assessed by the Short Scale for Measuring Loneliness in a Large Survey | 1 year | Investigators will use the Short Scale for Measuring Loneliness in a large survey. Three item measure with a three-point response scale from 1-3, with a score of 1 indicating the least loneliness and a score of 3 indicating the most loneliness. |
| Self-Efficacy as Assessed by the General Self-efficacy Scale to Measure an Individual's Sense of Perceived Self-efficacy. | 1 year | Investigators will use the General Self-efficacy Scale to measure an individual's sense of perceived self-efficacy. The total score ranges between 1 and 4, with 1 indicating low self-efficacy and 4 indicating high self-efficacy. |
| Depressive Symptoms as Assessed by the 10 Item Version of the Center of Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale | 1 year | Investigators will use the 10 item version of the Center of Epidemiologic Studies-Depression scale to assess depressive symptoms. The possible range of scores is 0 to 10, with a score of zero indicating no depressive symptoms and a score of 10 indicating the most depressive symptoms |
| Social Support as Assessed by the 8-item Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Survey | 1 year | Investigators will use the 8-item medical outcomes study social support survey to measure social support. Scored from 1-5, and a score of 1 indicates lower levels of social support while a score of 5 indicates higher levels of social support. |
| Mobility Disability as Assessed by the Rosow-Breslow Scale | 1 year | The Rosow-Breslow scale is a composite measure of mobility disability. The composite score ranges from 0 to 3 with higher scores indicating greater disability. |
| Physical Health as Assessed by the NAGI Test | 1 year | The NAGI test is a nine-item instrument scored from 1-5, with higher scores indicating less physical health. |
| Medical Conditions as Assessed by the Medical Conditions Questionnaire (MCQ) | 1 year | Medical Conditions Questionnaire has 9 yes/no questions on whether or not participants have ever had a condition like heart disease, cancer, diabetes, etc. It ranges from 0 to 9, with 0 indicating better overall health and 9 indicating poor overall health. |
| Resilience as Assessed by the Brief Resilience Scale | 1 year | Investigators will use the Brief Resilience Scale to measure the ability of individuals to bounce back from stress. Six item scale scored from 1-5, with a score of 1 indicating low resilience and a score of 5 indicating high resilience. |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Peer-to-peer Support (Non-randomized) 222 older adults that are currently receiving peer-to-peer support
Peer-to-Peer Support: All three data collection sites run peer-to-peer community support programs. Core program elements include the same program objective, standard definition of who qualifies for peer-to-peer support, the mechanism by which older adults are referred for consideration for peer-support, core elements of training programs for the older adults who volunteer to provide the peer support, and monthly in-service trainings for all volunteers once trained, weekly hours that volunteers spend providing support, and provision of small stipends for volunteers.As they find their role very rewarding, there is very little peer turn-over; the vast majority of peers volunteer for years in this role, until they themselves start requiring services. | 222 |
| Standard Services (Non-randomized) 234 older adults will continue receiving standard community services
Standard Community Services: All three data collection sites will continue to provide standard community services to the older adults that are not enrolled in the peer-to-peer support program | 234 |
| Total | 456 |
Withdrawals & dropouts
| Period | Reason | FG000 | FG001 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study | Death | 8 | 4 |
| Overall Study | Lost to Follow-up | 28 | 21 |
| Overall Study | Moved to a Higher Level of Care | 17 | 6 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Peer-to-peer Support (Non-randomized) | Standard Services (Non-randomized) | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Categorical <=18 years | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical >=65 years | 222 Participants | 234 Participants | 456 Participants |
| Age, Categorical Between 18 and 65 years | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized African American | 24 Participants | 25 Participants | 49 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Asian | 2 Participants | 2 Participants | 4 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Hispanic | 21 Participants | 24 Participants | 45 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Other | 2 Participants | 0 Participants | 2 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized White | 173 Participants | 183 Participants | 356 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment United States | 222 Participants | 234 Participants | 456 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 185 Participants | 185 Participants | 370 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 37 Participants | 49 Participants | 86 Participants |
| Spanish Language Preferred | 13 Participants | 8 Participants | 21 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 222 | 0 / 234 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 222 | 0 / 234 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 222 | 0 / 234 |
Outcome results
Primary
Number of Hospitalizations, Emergency Department Visits, and Urgent Care Visits
Investigators will ask participants to report their hospitalizations, ED and Urgent Care visits over the course of a 1 year follow up
Time frame: 1 year
Population: It was determined that baseline characteristics between the groups were not comparable despite frequency-based matching on age, gender, race/ethnicity. A propensity score analytic method was used to make the groups more comparable at baseline. The participant numbers are based on this model (218, 227) to account for baseline differences.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Peer-to-peer Support (Non-randomized) | Number of Hospitalizations, Emergency Department Visits, and Urgent Care Visits | Emergency Department | 43 Participants |
| Peer-to-peer Support (Non-randomized) | Number of Hospitalizations, Emergency Department Visits, and Urgent Care Visits | Urgent Care | 10 Participants |
| Peer-to-peer Support (Non-randomized) | Number of Hospitalizations, Emergency Department Visits, and Urgent Care Visits | Hospitalization | 59 Participants |
| Standard Services (Non-randomized) | Number of Hospitalizations, Emergency Department Visits, and Urgent Care Visits | Hospitalization | 53 Participants |
| Standard Services (Non-randomized) | Number of Hospitalizations, Emergency Department Visits, and Urgent Care Visits | Emergency Department | 51 Participants |
| Standard Services (Non-randomized) | Number of Hospitalizations, Emergency Department Visits, and Urgent Care Visits | Urgent Care | 26 Participants |
Secondary
Anxiety Symptoms as Assessed by the 5-item Version of the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory Short Form
Investigators will use the 5-item version of the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory Short Form to measure anxiety symptoms. The scale is 0 to 5, with 0 points indicating zero anxiety symptoms and 5 indicating the most anxiety symptoms.
Time frame: 1 year
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Peer-to-peer Support (Non-randomized) | Anxiety Symptoms as Assessed by the 5-item Version of the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory Short Form | Anxiety Index (0-5) Baseline | 1.80 units on a scale |
| Peer-to-peer Support (Non-randomized) | Anxiety Symptoms as Assessed by the 5-item Version of the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory Short Form | Anxiety Index (0-5) 6 months | 1.51 units on a scale |
| Peer-to-peer Support (Non-randomized) | Anxiety Symptoms as Assessed by the 5-item Version of the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory Short Form | Anxiety Index (0-5) 12 Months | 1.82 units on a scale |
| Standard Services (Non-randomized) | Anxiety Symptoms as Assessed by the 5-item Version of the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory Short Form | Anxiety Index (0-5) Baseline | 1.59 units on a scale |
| Standard Services (Non-randomized) | Anxiety Symptoms as Assessed by the 5-item Version of the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory Short Form | Anxiety Index (0-5) 6 months | 1.28 units on a scale |
| Standard Services (Non-randomized) | Anxiety Symptoms as Assessed by the 5-item Version of the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory Short Form | Anxiety Index (0-5) 12 Months | 1.29 units on a scale |
Secondary
Depressive Symptoms as Assessed by the 10 Item Version of the Center of Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale
Investigators will use the 10 item version of the Center of Epidemiologic Studies-Depression scale to assess depressive symptoms. The possible range of scores is 0 to 10, with a score of zero indicating no depressive symptoms and a score of 10 indicating the most depressive symptoms
Time frame: 1 year
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Peer-to-peer Support (Non-randomized) | Depressive Symptoms as Assessed by the 10 Item Version of the Center of Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale | CES-D-10 Baseline | 3.82 units on a scale |
| Peer-to-peer Support (Non-randomized) | Depressive Symptoms as Assessed by the 10 Item Version of the Center of Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale | CES-D-10 6 months | 3.49 units on a scale |
| Peer-to-peer Support (Non-randomized) | Depressive Symptoms as Assessed by the 10 Item Version of the Center of Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale | CES-D-10 12 months | 3.48 units on a scale |
| Standard Services (Non-randomized) | Depressive Symptoms as Assessed by the 10 Item Version of the Center of Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale | CES-D-10 Baseline | 3.71 units on a scale |
| Standard Services (Non-randomized) | Depressive Symptoms as Assessed by the 10 Item Version of the Center of Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale | CES-D-10 6 months | 3.17 units on a scale |
| Standard Services (Non-randomized) | Depressive Symptoms as Assessed by the 10 Item Version of the Center of Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale | CES-D-10 12 months | 3.34 units on a scale |
Secondary
Health Status and Quality of Life as Assessed by the Short Form-12 Question Physical Component Summary (SF-12 PCS) and the Short Form-12 Mental Component Summary (SF-12 MCS).
Investigators will use the Short Form-12 question Physical Component Summary (SF-12 PCS) and the Short Form-12 Mental component Summary (SF-12 MCS) to measure physical and mental health status. Summary scores range from 0-100, with higher scores indicating a better self-reported level of health.
Time frame: 1 year
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Peer-to-peer Support (Non-randomized) | Health Status and Quality of Life as Assessed by the Short Form-12 Question Physical Component Summary (SF-12 PCS) and the Short Form-12 Mental Component Summary (SF-12 MCS). | SF-12 MCS Baseline | 49.0 units on a scale |
| Peer-to-peer Support (Non-randomized) | Health Status and Quality of Life as Assessed by the Short Form-12 Question Physical Component Summary (SF-12 PCS) and the Short Form-12 Mental Component Summary (SF-12 MCS). | SF-12 MCS 6 months | 51.2 units on a scale |
| Peer-to-peer Support (Non-randomized) | Health Status and Quality of Life as Assessed by the Short Form-12 Question Physical Component Summary (SF-12 PCS) and the Short Form-12 Mental Component Summary (SF-12 MCS). | SF-12 MCS 12 months | 50.1 units on a scale |
| Peer-to-peer Support (Non-randomized) | Health Status and Quality of Life as Assessed by the Short Form-12 Question Physical Component Summary (SF-12 PCS) and the Short Form-12 Mental Component Summary (SF-12 MCS). | SF-12 PCS Baseline | 35.5 units on a scale |
| Peer-to-peer Support (Non-randomized) | Health Status and Quality of Life as Assessed by the Short Form-12 Question Physical Component Summary (SF-12 PCS) and the Short Form-12 Mental Component Summary (SF-12 MCS). | SF-12 PCS 6 months | 35.6 units on a scale |
| Peer-to-peer Support (Non-randomized) | Health Status and Quality of Life as Assessed by the Short Form-12 Question Physical Component Summary (SF-12 PCS) and the Short Form-12 Mental Component Summary (SF-12 MCS). | SF-12 PCS 12 months | 36.4 units on a scale |
| Standard Services (Non-randomized) | Health Status and Quality of Life as Assessed by the Short Form-12 Question Physical Component Summary (SF-12 PCS) and the Short Form-12 Mental Component Summary (SF-12 MCS). | SF-12 PCS 6 months | 40.6 units on a scale |
| Standard Services (Non-randomized) | Health Status and Quality of Life as Assessed by the Short Form-12 Question Physical Component Summary (SF-12 PCS) and the Short Form-12 Mental Component Summary (SF-12 MCS). | SF-12 MCS Baseline | 50.8 units on a scale |
| Standard Services (Non-randomized) | Health Status and Quality of Life as Assessed by the Short Form-12 Question Physical Component Summary (SF-12 PCS) and the Short Form-12 Mental Component Summary (SF-12 MCS). | SF-12 PCS Baseline | 41.3 units on a scale |
| Standard Services (Non-randomized) | Health Status and Quality of Life as Assessed by the Short Form-12 Question Physical Component Summary (SF-12 PCS) and the Short Form-12 Mental Component Summary (SF-12 MCS). | SF-12 MCS 6 months | 50.7 units on a scale |
| Standard Services (Non-randomized) | Health Status and Quality of Life as Assessed by the Short Form-12 Question Physical Component Summary (SF-12 PCS) and the Short Form-12 Mental Component Summary (SF-12 MCS). | SF-12 PCS 12 months | 40.8 units on a scale |
| Standard Services (Non-randomized) | Health Status and Quality of Life as Assessed by the Short Form-12 Question Physical Component Summary (SF-12 PCS) and the Short Form-12 Mental Component Summary (SF-12 MCS). | SF-12 MCS 12 months | 51.1 units on a scale |
Secondary
Loneliness as Assessed by the Short Scale for Measuring Loneliness in a Large Survey
Investigators will use the Short Scale for Measuring Loneliness in a large survey. Three item measure with a three-point response scale from 1-3, with a score of 1 indicating the least loneliness and a score of 3 indicating the most loneliness.
Time frame: 1 year
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Peer-to-peer Support (Non-randomized) | Loneliness as Assessed by the Short Scale for Measuring Loneliness in a Large Survey | Loneliness (1-3) baseline | 1.70 units on a scale |
| Peer-to-peer Support (Non-randomized) | Loneliness as Assessed by the Short Scale for Measuring Loneliness in a Large Survey | Loneliness (1-3) 6 months | 1.66 units on a scale |
| Peer-to-peer Support (Non-randomized) | Loneliness as Assessed by the Short Scale for Measuring Loneliness in a Large Survey | Loneliness (1-3) 12 months | 1.75 units on a scale |
| Standard Services (Non-randomized) | Loneliness as Assessed by the Short Scale for Measuring Loneliness in a Large Survey | Loneliness (1-3) baseline | 1.54 units on a scale |
| Standard Services (Non-randomized) | Loneliness as Assessed by the Short Scale for Measuring Loneliness in a Large Survey | Loneliness (1-3) 6 months | 1.52 units on a scale |
| Standard Services (Non-randomized) | Loneliness as Assessed by the Short Scale for Measuring Loneliness in a Large Survey | Loneliness (1-3) 12 months | 1.55 units on a scale |
Secondary
Medical Conditions as Assessed by the Medical Conditions Questionnaire (MCQ)
Medical Conditions Questionnaire has 9 yes/no questions on whether or not participants have ever had a condition like heart disease, cancer, diabetes, etc. It ranges from 0 to 9, with 0 indicating better overall health and 9 indicating poor overall health.
Time frame: 1 year
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Peer-to-peer Support (Non-randomized) | Medical Conditions as Assessed by the Medical Conditions Questionnaire (MCQ) | MCQ Total (0-9) Baseline | 2.19 units on a scale |
| Peer-to-peer Support (Non-randomized) | Medical Conditions as Assessed by the Medical Conditions Questionnaire (MCQ) | MCQ Total (0-9) 6 Months | 2.10 units on a scale |
| Peer-to-peer Support (Non-randomized) | Medical Conditions as Assessed by the Medical Conditions Questionnaire (MCQ) | MCQ Total (0-9) 12 Months | 2.24 units on a scale |
| Standard Services (Non-randomized) | Medical Conditions as Assessed by the Medical Conditions Questionnaire (MCQ) | MCQ Total (0-9) Baseline | 2.10 units on a scale |
| Standard Services (Non-randomized) | Medical Conditions as Assessed by the Medical Conditions Questionnaire (MCQ) | MCQ Total (0-9) 6 Months | 1.70 units on a scale |
| Standard Services (Non-randomized) | Medical Conditions as Assessed by the Medical Conditions Questionnaire (MCQ) | MCQ Total (0-9) 12 Months | 1.88 units on a scale |
Secondary
Mobility Disability as Assessed by the Rosow-Breslow Scale
The Rosow-Breslow scale is a composite measure of mobility disability. The composite score ranges from 0 to 3 with higher scores indicating greater disability.
Time frame: 1 year
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Peer-to-peer Support (Non-randomized) | Mobility Disability as Assessed by the Rosow-Breslow Scale | Rosow-Breslow (0-3) 6 Months | 1.69 units on a scale |
| Peer-to-peer Support (Non-randomized) | Mobility Disability as Assessed by the Rosow-Breslow Scale | Rosow-Breslow (0-3) Baseline | 1.85 units on a scale |
| Peer-to-peer Support (Non-randomized) | Mobility Disability as Assessed by the Rosow-Breslow Scale | Rosow-Breslow (0-3) 12 Months | 1.90 units on a scale |
| Standard Services (Non-randomized) | Mobility Disability as Assessed by the Rosow-Breslow Scale | Rosow-Breslow (0-3) Baseline | 1.45 units on a scale |
| Standard Services (Non-randomized) | Mobility Disability as Assessed by the Rosow-Breslow Scale | Rosow-Breslow (0-3) 6 Months | 1.24 units on a scale |
| Standard Services (Non-randomized) | Mobility Disability as Assessed by the Rosow-Breslow Scale | Rosow-Breslow (0-3) 12 Months | 1.47 units on a scale |
Secondary
Physical Health as Assessed by the NAGI Test
The NAGI test is a nine-item instrument scored from 1-5, with higher scores indicating less physical health.
Time frame: 1 year
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Peer-to-peer Support (Non-randomized) | Physical Health as Assessed by the NAGI Test | NAGI (0-5) Baseline | 3.02 units on a scale |
| Peer-to-peer Support (Non-randomized) | Physical Health as Assessed by the NAGI Test | NAGI (0-5) 6 Months | 2.74 units on a scale |
| Peer-to-peer Support (Non-randomized) | Physical Health as Assessed by the NAGI Test | NAGI (0-5) 12 Months | 2.97 units on a scale |
| Standard Services (Non-randomized) | Physical Health as Assessed by the NAGI Test | NAGI (0-5) Baseline | 2.39 units on a scale |
| Standard Services (Non-randomized) | Physical Health as Assessed by the NAGI Test | NAGI (0-5) 6 Months | 2.08 units on a scale |
| Standard Services (Non-randomized) | Physical Health as Assessed by the NAGI Test | NAGI (0-5) 12 Months | 2.26 units on a scale |
Secondary
Resilience as Assessed by the Brief Resilience Scale
Investigators will use the Brief Resilience Scale to measure the ability of individuals to bounce back from stress. Six item scale scored from 1-5, with a score of 1 indicating low resilience and a score of 5 indicating high resilience.
Time frame: 1 year
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Peer-to-peer Support (Non-randomized) | Resilience as Assessed by the Brief Resilience Scale | Resilience (1-5) Baseline | 3.47 units on a scale |
| Peer-to-peer Support (Non-randomized) | Resilience as Assessed by the Brief Resilience Scale | Resilience (1-5) 6 Months | 3.46 units on a scale |
| Peer-to-peer Support (Non-randomized) | Resilience as Assessed by the Brief Resilience Scale | Resilience (1-5) 12 Months | 3.29 units on a scale |
| Standard Services (Non-randomized) | Resilience as Assessed by the Brief Resilience Scale | Resilience (1-5) Baseline | 3.60 units on a scale |
| Standard Services (Non-randomized) | Resilience as Assessed by the Brief Resilience Scale | Resilience (1-5) 6 Months | 3.49 units on a scale |
| Standard Services (Non-randomized) | Resilience as Assessed by the Brief Resilience Scale | Resilience (1-5) 12 Months | 3.64 units on a scale |
Secondary
Self-Efficacy as Assessed by the General Self-efficacy Scale to Measure an Individual's Sense of Perceived Self-efficacy.
Investigators will use the General Self-efficacy Scale to measure an individual's sense of perceived self-efficacy. The total score ranges between 1 and 4, with 1 indicating low self-efficacy and 4 indicating high self-efficacy.
Time frame: 1 year
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Peer-to-peer Support (Non-randomized) | Self-Efficacy as Assessed by the General Self-efficacy Scale to Measure an Individual's Sense of Perceived Self-efficacy. | Self-Efficacy (1-4) Baseline | 3.27 units on a scale |
| Peer-to-peer Support (Non-randomized) | Self-Efficacy as Assessed by the General Self-efficacy Scale to Measure an Individual's Sense of Perceived Self-efficacy. | Self-Efficacy (1-4) 6 Months | 3.24 units on a scale |
| Peer-to-peer Support (Non-randomized) | Self-Efficacy as Assessed by the General Self-efficacy Scale to Measure an Individual's Sense of Perceived Self-efficacy. | Self-Efficacy (1-4) 12 Months | 3.20 units on a scale |
| Standard Services (Non-randomized) | Self-Efficacy as Assessed by the General Self-efficacy Scale to Measure an Individual's Sense of Perceived Self-efficacy. | Self-Efficacy (1-4) Baseline | 3.44 units on a scale |
| Standard Services (Non-randomized) | Self-Efficacy as Assessed by the General Self-efficacy Scale to Measure an Individual's Sense of Perceived Self-efficacy. | Self-Efficacy (1-4) 6 Months | 3.35 units on a scale |
| Standard Services (Non-randomized) | Self-Efficacy as Assessed by the General Self-efficacy Scale to Measure an Individual's Sense of Perceived Self-efficacy. | Self-Efficacy (1-4) 12 Months | 3.29 units on a scale |
Secondary
Social Support as Assessed by the 8-item Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Survey
Investigators will use the 8-item medical outcomes study social support survey to measure social support. Scored from 1-5, and a score of 1 indicates lower levels of social support while a score of 5 indicates higher levels of social support.
Time frame: 1 year
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Peer-to-peer Support (Non-randomized) | Social Support as Assessed by the 8-item Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Survey | Social Support (1-5) Baseline | 3.48 units on a scale |
| Peer-to-peer Support (Non-randomized) | Social Support as Assessed by the 8-item Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Survey | Social Support (1-5) 6 Months | 3.50 units on a scale |
| Peer-to-peer Support (Non-randomized) | Social Support as Assessed by the 8-item Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Survey | Social Support (1-5) 12 Months | 3.54 units on a scale |
| Standard Services (Non-randomized) | Social Support as Assessed by the 8-item Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Survey | Social Support (1-5) Baseline | 3.763 units on a scale |
| Standard Services (Non-randomized) | Social Support as Assessed by the 8-item Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Survey | Social Support (1-5) 6 Months | 3.57 units on a scale |
| Standard Services (Non-randomized) | Social Support as Assessed by the 8-item Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Survey | Social Support (1-5) 12 Months | 3.74 units on a scale |