Current Smokers, Never Smokers, Past Smokers
Conditions
Brief summary
Numbers of postoperative PCA(Patient-Controlled Analgesia) related side effects among current, past and non smokers are determined by comparing and analyzing frequency distributions. To determine whether smokers require more post operative opiate analgesics than others. Multivariate analysis will be performed to identify the major and the minor factors predicting the use of postoperative pain therapy. Our previous related study showed that the smoker male patients consumed more analgesics than those without smoking, but the female group showed the similar findings. However, the case number, especially the female cases, is underpowered. Investigators hope to increase the case number to have a better statistical and clinical significance.
Interventions
PROCEDURE5 ml arterial blood
A sample of 5 ml arterial blood will be withdraw to test the arterial blood oxygen saturation, CO2 content, carbon monoxide (CO) content and carboxyhemoglobin (COHg).
Sponsors
Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital.
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
FACTORIAL
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
NONE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
20 Years to 80 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* Patients undergoing elective general surgery are assigned to current smokers（n=100） or past smokers（n=100） or never smokers（n=100） according to the questionnaires Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence 1 day prior to the surgery.
Exclusion criteria
* the patients undergoing major thoracic cardiovascular surgery * the patients with significant lung lesion * the patients with conscious disturbance * the patients with allergic history to morphine
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence | Post-operation Day1 to Day4 |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Differences in pain intensity between the three groups after postoperative analgesia. | Post-operation Day1 to Day4 | Patients will give a pain score from 0 to 10. 10 is the most painful score. |
Other
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Morphine consumption | Post-operation Day1 to Day4 | Differences in postoperative morphine consumption between the 3 groups |
| side effects | Post-operation Day1 to Day4 | site effects include dizzy, vomit, lethargic sleep and pruritus |
Countries
Taiwan
Outcome results
None listed