Breathing Exercises, Respiratory Muscles
Conditions
Keywords
Exercise
Brief summary
The effects of inspiratory muscle training (IMT) remain controversial. Many studies have examined the effect IMT has on exercise performance, but any changes to the body that come from IMT have yet to be looked at. This study will look at how someone breathes can change after IMT. Understanding how IMT changes the body can help us use IMT in different treatments.
Interventions
OTHERInspiratory Muscle Training
6-weeks of inspiratory muscle training
A sham training procedure that is meant to elicit no physiologic changes
Sponsors
Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council, Canada
University of British Columbia
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
BASIC_SCIENCE
Masking
SINGLE (Subject)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
MALE
Age
19 Years to 39 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* Recreationally active, 'Moderate' or 'High' category on International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short form questionnaire * Able to read and understand English * Pulmonary function within normal limits
Exclusion criteria
* History of or currently smoking * History or current symptoms of cardiopulmonary disease (including asthma and exercise induced asthma) * Currently participating and training in a sport at a provincial, national, or international level * Ulcer or tumor in the esophagus, a nasal septum deviation, or recent nasopharyngeal surgery * Allergies to latex or local anesthetic * Contraindications to exercise testing
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Diaphragm Electromyography | Post Intervention - ie. immediately after 5 weeks of inspiratory muscle training | Using a multipair esophageal electrode catheter we will determine any changes to the electric activity of the diaphragm. Diaphragm electromyography (EMG) has been expressed as %max. This unit is determined as the ratio of average EMG value (uV) divided by the maximal EMG activity (uV) generated during a maximal respiratory maneuver (inspiratory capacity during exercise). |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Accessory Respiratory Muscle Activation | Post-intervention - ie. immediately after 5 weeks of inspiratory muscle training | Using surface electromyography to determine the activation patterns of accessory respiratory muscles (scalene and sternocleidomastoid). Data are expressed as %max. This value is determined by taking the average electromyography (EMG) activity divided by the maximal EMG activity generated during a maximal inspiratory maneuver (inspiratory capacity during exercise). |
Other
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Dyspnoea | Post-intervention - ie. immediately after 5 weeks of inspiratory muscle training | Using the modified Borg scale to assess changes in perceived dyspnoea after inspiratory muscle training. The modified Borg scale is a 0-10 category ratio scale. The floor (0) of the scale is anchored subjectively to the subjects interpretation of no breathing discomfort at all, and the ceiling (10) to represent the most intense breathing discomfort they have experienced or could imagine experiencing. |
| Muscle Oxygenation | Post-intervention - ie. immediately after 5 weeks of inspiratory muscle training | Using near-infrared spectroscopy to examine if there are any relative changes in concentration (∆umol/Litre) of deoxygenated hemoglobin (HHb) after training. Deoxygenated hemoglobin is used as a surrogate of oxygen extraction specific to the local vasculature of the vastus lateralis, |
Countries
Canada
Participant flow
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Inspiratory Muscle Training Inspiratory Muscle Training: 6-weeks of inspiratory muscle training | 12 |
| Sham-Control Inspiratory Muscle Training Inspiratory muscle training at a low intensity meant to elicit no physiological changes.
Sham Inspiratory Muscle Training: A sham training procedure that is meant to elicit no physiologic changes | 13 |
| Total | 25 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Total | Inspiratory Muscle Training | Sham-Control Inspiratory Muscle Training |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Categorical <=18 years | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical >=65 years | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical Between 18 and 65 years | 25 Participants | 12 Participants | 13 Participants |
| Age, Continuous | 24 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 4 | 25 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 5 | 24 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 4 |
| Race and Ethnicity Not Collected | 0 Participants | — | — |
| Region of Enrollment Canada | 25 participants | 12 participants | 13 participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 25 Participants | 12 Participants | 13 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 12 | 0 / 13 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 12 | 0 / 13 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 12 | 0 / 13 |
Outcome results
Primary
Diaphragm Electromyography
Using a multipair esophageal electrode catheter we will determine any changes to the electric activity of the diaphragm. Diaphragm electromyography (EMG) has been expressed as %max. This unit is determined as the ratio of average EMG value (uV) divided by the maximal EMG activity (uV) generated during a maximal respiratory maneuver (inspiratory capacity during exercise).
Time frame: Post Intervention - ie. immediately after 5 weeks of inspiratory muscle training
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Inspiratory Muscle Training | Diaphragm Electromyography | 60 %max | Standard Deviation 13 |
| Sham-Control Inspiratory Muscle Training | Diaphragm Electromyography | 55 %max | Standard Deviation 13 |
Secondary
Accessory Respiratory Muscle Activation
Using surface electromyography to determine the activation patterns of accessory respiratory muscles (scalene and sternocleidomastoid). Data are expressed as %max. This value is determined by taking the average electromyography (EMG) activity divided by the maximal EMG activity generated during a maximal inspiratory maneuver (inspiratory capacity during exercise).
Time frame: Post-intervention - ie. immediately after 5 weeks of inspiratory muscle training
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Inspiratory Muscle Training | Accessory Respiratory Muscle Activation | 10 %max | Standard Deviation 7 |
| Sham-Control Inspiratory Muscle Training | Accessory Respiratory Muscle Activation | 6 %max | Standard Deviation 4 |
Other Pre-specified
Dyspnoea
Using the modified Borg scale to assess changes in perceived dyspnoea after inspiratory muscle training. The modified Borg scale is a 0-10 category ratio scale. The floor (0) of the scale is anchored subjectively to the subjects interpretation of no breathing discomfort at all, and the ceiling (10) to represent the most intense breathing discomfort they have experienced or could imagine experiencing.
Time frame: Post-intervention - ie. immediately after 5 weeks of inspiratory muscle training
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Inspiratory Muscle Training | Dyspnoea | 8.5 Borg Units | Standard Deviation 1.9 |
| Sham-Control Inspiratory Muscle Training | Dyspnoea | 8.3 Borg Units | Standard Deviation 2.5 |
Other Pre-specified
Muscle Oxygenation
Using near-infrared spectroscopy to examine if there are any relative changes in concentration (∆umol/Litre) of deoxygenated hemoglobin (HHb) after training. Deoxygenated hemoglobin is used as a surrogate of oxygen extraction specific to the local vasculature of the vastus lateralis,
Time frame: Post-intervention - ie. immediately after 5 weeks of inspiratory muscle training
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Inspiratory Muscle Training | Muscle Oxygenation | 15.9 change in umol/Litre HHb | Standard Deviation 9.3 |
| Sham-Control Inspiratory Muscle Training | Muscle Oxygenation | 16.1 change in umol/Litre HHb | Standard Deviation 10.3 |