Infection
Conditions
Keywords
immunity, vaccination, milk
Brief summary
Rationale: Infections are an important worldwide cause of death, both in elderly and young children. Therefore, support of immunity could help to reduce the incidence of infections. To screen the potential of specific foods or food ingredients to support immunity, oral vaccination can serve as a model. In this study, oral cholera vaccination will be applied in human adult volunteers, and used as a model to study the support of the immune response by raw milk. Objective: To investigate whether raw milk is able to enhance the immune response as induced by oral cholera vaccination. Study design: The study is designed as a single-blind randomized controlled trial of 4 weeks. Study population: Healthy subjects of 18-50 years of age. Intervention: Raw milk, obtained from farms that comply to the high quality requirements for production of raw milk, and that has been screened according to the safety criteria for raw milk.
Interventions
BIOLOGICALCholera vaccination
Oral cholera vaccination on day 0 and day 14
OTHERRaw milk
Sponsors
FrieslandCampina
NIZO Food Research
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
PREVENTION
Masking
SINGLE (Investigator)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to 50 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* Age 18-50 yr * Signed informed consent * Availability of internet connection * Male or female * Willing to stop blood donation at the blood bank during the study period
Exclusion criteria
* Currently participating in another clinical trial * Previous Cholera, Salmonella, or E. coli vaccination * Tonsillectomy * Acute gastroenteritis in the past 2 months * Use of antibiotics in the past 2 months * Hypersensitivity to the vaccine, to formaldehyde or to any of the excipients (sodium salts) * Pregnancy or lactating (pregnancy test will be performed on the vaccination days) * Not willing to drink raw milk * Allergic to milk or lactose-intolerant * Disease of GI tract, liver, gall bladder, kidneys, thyroid gland * Immune-compromised * Use of immunosuppressive drugs * Drug abuse, and not willing/able to stop this during the study * Excessive alcohol usage (men: \>4 consumptions/day or \>20 consumptions/week; women: \>3 consumptions/day or \>15 consumptions/week)
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| Change in cholera toxin-specific IgA and IgG antibody level in nasal wash as a marker of the vaccination response | baseline and day 18 |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| Change in the cholera toxin-specific IgA and IgG antibody level in serum as a marker of the vaccination response | baseline and day 18 |
| Change in the cholera toxin-specific IgA antibody level in feces as a marker of the vaccination response | baseline and day 28 |
| Change in the cholera toxin-specific IgA and IgG antibody level in saliva as a marker of the vaccination response | baseline and day 18 |
| Change in the expression of tissue homing markers on IgA and IgG antibody-secreting B cells in peripheral blood as markers of the route of modulation of the vaccination response | baseline and day 18 |
| Cholera toxin-specific T cell proliferation as marker of modulation of the vaccination response | baseline and day 28 |
Countries
Netherlands
Outcome results
None listed