Sleep, TBI, Traumatic Brain Injury
Conditions
Keywords
traumatic brain injury, TBI, Sleep, Bright White Light Therapy, Red Light Therapy, Recovery, Central Nervous System Diseases, Brain Diseases, Nervous System Diseases, Signs and Symptoms, Rehabilitation, Actigraphy
Brief summary
This study proposes to investigate how well Bright White Light Therapy will work in the acute inpatient rehabilitation units for people whom have experienced a traumatic brain injury for the purpose of treating sleep disruption. Participants will be assessed based on sleep efficiency, thinking abilities, therapy participation, and perception of fatigue/sleepiness. In previous studies dim red light has not had the same effects on function as bright white light, and will be chosen for use as a placebo. Each subject will be randomized to receive 30 minutes of either Bright White Light Therapy or Red Light Treatment each morning for 10 days. To measure the effect of this treatment, the investigators will measure the each participants sleep daily by using an actigraph watch. This watch will record movement continuously. The investigators will also measure the subjects' report of how well they slept, whether fatigue is present, and how attentive they are before and after treatment. Research Hypothesis: In persons with TBI, prospectively compare overnight sleep in a cohort exposed to morning Bright White Light with a comparison group exposed to Red Light in an acute inpatient rehabilitation setting.
Detailed description
The investigators will recruit persons with moderate to severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) on admission to intensive rehabilitation units. Consented participants (who meet all inclusion and exclusion criteria) will wear an actigraphy watch for 2 nights to obtain a baseline for sleep pattern identification. Prior to treatment, baseline measures (detailed below) will be obtained. Participants will be randomized to receive either Bright White Light (BWL) or Red Light (RL) treatment. Light therapy treatments will be given for 30 minutes daily in the morning for 10 days, and an Actiwatch will be worn continuously during that period. At the end of 10 days, outcome measures will be obtained (as below). The specific period of treatment may be affected by the length of stay on the rehabilitation unit. For lengths of stay less than the 10 days, subjects will receive the intervention until the day of discharge at which time the outcome measures will be administered. The investigators primary outcome measure with be the actigraphic measurement of sleep efficiency. Other secondary measures will be participation in therapy, sleepiness, and attention. The investigators will also evaluate the anticipated device costs and clinical staff burden involved in utilizing light therapy exposure in an inpatient rehabilitation clinical setting.
Interventions
DEVICEBright White Light (BWL)
The device emitting BWL will be placed 24 inches from the participant's face on a pre-measured table. The participant will spend 30 minutes with the eyes open in front of the device. This will occur each morning for 10 days.
DEVICERed Light (RL)
The device emitting RL will be placed 24 inches from the participant's face on a pre-measured table. The participant will spend 30 minutes with the eyes open in front of the device. This will occur each morning for 10 days.
Sponsors
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
University of North Texas Health Science Center
University of Washington
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
TRIPLE (Subject, Investigator, Outcomes Assessor)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to 70 Years
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* Have experienced a moderate to severe TBI. Defined by any of the following: 1. Loss of Consciousness greater than 30 minutes. 2. Emergency Room admission with a Glasgow Coma Scale of 12 or below. 3. Intracranial abnormalities on imaging. 4. Post-traumatic amnesia that lasts more than 24 hours. * Admitted to acute inpatient rehabilitation unit at Harborview Medical Center within 3 months of their Traumatic Brain Injury. * Able to communicate in English. * Between the ages of 18 and 70 years old * Have a clinician rating of the presence of a sleep disturbance (using the Makley scale) * Have some vision in one or both eyes. * Have a Body Mass Index lower than 40 kg/m2
Exclusion criteria
Unable to enroll if any of the following are true * Complete blindness * Absence of eye opening or disorders of consciousness (Rancho level 1-3). * Tetraplegia with less than antigravity strength in all myotomes caudal to C6 level given the limitations on measuring movements with actigraphy in this population (i.e. cannot reliably detect upper extremity or lower extremity movement with this level of paralysis). * Past medical history of retinal pathology * Past medical history of light sensitivity * Past medical history of narcolepsy * Past medical history of bipolar disorder * Past medical history of obstructive sleep apnea * Suspected sleep apnea. (Determined by administering the Berlin questionnaire)
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Actigraphy Data | Average percent sleep efficiency (0-100) at baseline and after 10 days of light exposure | Sleep efficiency scores derived from actigraphy data will be the primary outcome. We will set the Actiwatch to record activity data in 60-second intervals. Actigraphy data will be automatically scored with Actiware software (Respironics, Philips Healthcare), which uses validated algorithms to determine whether an epoch of activity is sleep or wake (Cole RJ, 1992). Typically there is a lack of a consistent sleep/wake cycle in the study population, therefore we will be using sleep efficiency and total sleep time scores obtained during a set night-time interval (2200 to 0600) as the primary index of sleep function, as has been used in previous publications\[39, 40\]. We will be comparing average between group differences between the BWL and RL groups at baseline and after 10 days of light therapy. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Barrow Neurological Institute Fatigue Scale (BNI-FS) | At Baseline and After 10 Days of Light Exposure | The Barrow Neurological Institute Fatigue Scale (BNI-FS; Fatigue Outcome) is an 11-point scale that examines fatigue during acute recovery from TBI. Scores on items 1-10 may range from 1 (rarely a problem), 2-3 (occasional problem but not frequent), 4-5 (a frequent problem), 6-7 (a problem most of the time). The last item is a general rating of fatigue from 0 (not a problem) to 10 (a severe problem). The total BNI-FS is a sum of the first 10 items (0-70), where higher scores indicate worse outcome. The BNI-FS is a scale that was designed to examine fatigue during acute recovery from TBI. The clinical staff involved in the care of these subjects were asked to rate the phototherapy intervention for ease of use, perceived relevance to rehabilitation care, and impression of effectiveness. |
| Functional Independence Measure (FIM) - Motor | Administered at baseline (admission to unit) and after Day 10 of intervention (or at the day of discharge from the rehabilitation unit) | Functional Independence Measure (FIM) is the most widely accepted functional assessment measure in use in the rehabilitation community. The FIM is an 18-item ordinal scale, used with all diagnoses within a rehabilitation population. Each item is scored on a 7 point ordinal scale, ranging from a score of 1 to a score of 7. The higher the score, the more independent the patient is in performing the task associated with that item. Motor subscale (the sum of the individual motor subscale items) will be a value between 13 and 91. |
| Symbol Digit Modalities Test | Administered at Baseline and After 10 Days of Light Exposure | The Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) is a pencil and paper test for attention that takes approximately five minutes to administer and is frequently used in evaluations after TBI. The SDMT was administered at enrollment and after intervention. The Interagency Workgroup on TBI Outcomes selected the SDMT as CORE common data elements in TBI outcomes research. The SDMT measures attention and speed of processing (the test-taker substitutes a number for random presentations of geometric figures). Scoring involves summing the number of correct substitutions within the 90 second interval (min=0, max = 110), with higher scores representing better attention/speed of processing. |
| Positive and Negative Affect Schedule - Positive | Administered at Baseline and After 10 Days of Light Exposure | The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS; Mood Outcome) includes a total of 20 items of affect with 10 focused on positive affect and 10 focused on negative affect. The total score of the PANAS: Positive is the sum of the 10 positive items which are rated on a likert scale ranging from 1=very slightly or not at all to 5=extremely. For the total positive score, a higher score indicates more positive affect. affect. Scores can range from 10-50 for Positive Affect. |
| Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) | Administered at Baseline and after 10 Days of Light Exposure | The Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS; Sleepiness Outcome) is a single-question with a 9-point Likert scale (1 = extremely alert, 9 = extremely sleepy, fighting sleep) measuring subjective sleepiness at the time of report. |
| Makley Scale | A sleep log was completed every 2 hours during the night (2200 until 0600) on each patient by the unit nursing staff hours for 12 nights or until discharge from the hospital (2 nights baseline and after 10 nights of intervention light exposure) | The Makley scale is a 4-point ordinal scale which allows staff to score sleep as follows: 0 = asleep; 1 = drowsy/falling asleep; 2 = drowsy/waking up; 3 = awake. |
| Functional Independence Measure (FIM) - Cognitive | Administered at baseline (admission to unit) and after Day 10 of light exposure (or at the day of discharge from the rehabilitation unit) | Functional Independence Measure (FIM) is the most widely accepted functional assessment measure in use in the rehabilitation community. The FIM is an 18-item ordinal scale, used with all diagnoses within a rehabilitation population. Each item is scored on a 7 point ordinal scale, ranging from a score of 1 to a score of 7. The higher the score, the more independent the patient is in performing the task associated with that item. Cognition subscale (the sum of the individual cognition subscale items) will be a value between 5 and 35. |
| Positive and Negative Affect Schedule - Negative | Administered at baseline and after 10 days of light exposure | The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS; Mood Outcome) includes a total of 20 items of affect with 10 focused on positive affect and 10 focused on negative affect. The total score of the PANAS: Negative is the sum of the 10 negative items which are rated on a likert scale ranging from 1=very slightly or not at all to 5=extremely. For the total negative score, a higher score indicates more negative affect. affect. Scores can range from 10-50 for Negative Affect. |
Other
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Cooperation Measure (Therapy Outcome) | Collected at Baseline and after 10 days of light exposure | Cooperation Measure (Therapy Outcome). Patient cooperation was rated using a visual analogue scale (VAS) ranging from 0%-not cooperative to 100%- fully cooperative.10 Staff physical therapists were asked to rate cooperation both prior to initiation and after completion of phototherapy. |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Red Light (RL) Intervention/Device:
This patient group will receive 30 minutes of red light daily for a period of 10 days in the morning. Identical baseline and outcome testing will be completed for both arms.
Red Light (RL): The device emitting RL will be placed 24 inches from the participant's face on a pre-measured table. The participant will spend 30 minutes with the eyes open in front of the device. This will occur each morning for 10 days. | 66 |
| Bright White Light (BWL) Intervention/Device:
This patient group will receive 30 minutes of bright white light daily for a period of 10 days in the morning. Identical baseline and outcome testing will be completed for both arms.
Bright White Light (BWL): The device emitting BWL will be placed 24 inches from the participant's face on a pre-measured table. The participant will spend 30 minutes with the eyes open in front of the device. This will occur each morning for 10 days. | 65 |
| Total | 131 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Bright White Light (BWL) | Red Light (RL) | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | 39.8 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.6 | 42.1 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.7 | 41 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.7 |
| Age, Customized <25 | 12 Participants | 15 Participants | 27 Participants |
| Age, Customized 25-39 | 24 Participants | 15 Participants | 39 Participants |
| Age, Customized 40-54 | 15 Participants | 19 Participants | 34 Participants |
| Age, Customized 55+ | 12 Participants | 17 Participants | 29 Participants |
| Age, Customized Unknown | 2 Participants | 0 Participants | 2 Participants |
| Cause of Injury Fall | 13 Participants | 17 Participants | 30 Participants |
| Cause of Injury Other | 1 Participants | 7 Participants | 8 Participants |
| Cause of Injury Pedestrian | 6 Participants | 3 Participants | 9 Participants |
| Cause of Injury Vehicular | 42 Participants | 28 Participants | 70 Participants |
| Cause of Injury Violence | 3 Participants | 11 Participants | 14 Participants |
| Education | 14 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.5 | 13 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.3 | 13.5 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.5 |
| Marital Status Div/Sep/Widow | 11 participants | 16 participants | 27 participants |
| Marital Status Married | 25 participants | 25 participants | 50 participants |
| Marital Status Single | 27 participants | 24 participants | 51 participants |
| Marital Status Unknown | 2 participants | 1 participants | 3 participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Asian/Pacific Islander | 0 Participants | 2 Participants | 2 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Black | 6 Participants | 10 Participants | 16 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Hispanic | 7 Participants | 5 Participants | 12 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Native American | 2 Participants | 4 Participants | 6 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Other | 0 Participants | 2 Participants | 2 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Unknown | 2 Participants | 0 Participants | 2 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized White | 48 Participants | 43 Participants | 91 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 19 Participants | 22 Participants | 41 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 46 Participants | 44 Participants | 90 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 66 | 0 / 65 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 66 | 0 / 65 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 66 | 0 / 65 |
Outcome results
Primary
Actigraphy Data
Sleep efficiency scores derived from actigraphy data will be the primary outcome. We will set the Actiwatch to record activity data in 60-second intervals. Actigraphy data will be automatically scored with Actiware software (Respironics, Philips Healthcare), which uses validated algorithms to determine whether an epoch of activity is sleep or wake (Cole RJ, 1992). Typically there is a lack of a consistent sleep/wake cycle in the study population, therefore we will be using sleep efficiency and total sleep time scores obtained during a set night-time interval (2200 to 0600) as the primary index of sleep function, as has been used in previous publications\[39, 40\]. We will be comparing average between group differences between the BWL and RL groups at baseline and after 10 days of light therapy.
Time frame: Average percent sleep efficiency (0-100) at baseline and after 10 days of light exposure
Population: Of the overall enrollment number of 131 participants, we were able to obtain completed data for this measure on 117 (or 89%) and a breakdown between groups for light exposure of 57=Red Light and 60=Bright White Light.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Red Light (RL) | Actigraphy Data | Baseline | 72 percentage of sleep efficiency (0-100) | Standard Deviation 17 |
| Red Light (RL) | Actigraphy Data | After 10 days of light exposure | 76 percentage of sleep efficiency (0-100) | Standard Deviation 11 |
| Bright White Light (BWL) | Actigraphy Data | Baseline | 76 percentage of sleep efficiency (0-100) | Standard Deviation 17 |
| Bright White Light (BWL) | Actigraphy Data | After 10 days of light exposure | 77 percentage of sleep efficiency (0-100) | Standard Deviation 13 |
p-value: 0.95595% CI: [-5.69, 5.37]Mixed Models Analysis
Secondary
Barrow Neurological Institute Fatigue Scale (BNI-FS)
The Barrow Neurological Institute Fatigue Scale (BNI-FS; Fatigue Outcome) is an 11-point scale that examines fatigue during acute recovery from TBI. Scores on items 1-10 may range from 1 (rarely a problem), 2-3 (occasional problem but not frequent), 4-5 (a frequent problem), 6-7 (a problem most of the time). The last item is a general rating of fatigue from 0 (not a problem) to 10 (a severe problem). The total BNI-FS is a sum of the first 10 items (0-70), where higher scores indicate worse outcome. The BNI-FS is a scale that was designed to examine fatigue during acute recovery from TBI. The clinical staff involved in the care of these subjects were asked to rate the phototherapy intervention for ease of use, perceived relevance to rehabilitation care, and impression of effectiveness.
Time frame: At Baseline and After 10 Days of Light Exposure
Population: Statistical significance by mixed-effects regression adjusting for site, FIM admit cognitive, FIM admit motor. (Incident and education did not improve any of the models.) Of the overall enrollment number of 131 participants, we were able to obtain completed data for this measure on 116 (or 88%).
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Red Light (RL) | Barrow Neurological Institute Fatigue Scale (BNI-FS) | Baseline | 23.7 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 15.6 |
| Red Light (RL) | Barrow Neurological Institute Fatigue Scale (BNI-FS) | After 10 days of light exposure | 15.6 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 13 |
| Bright White Light (BWL) | Barrow Neurological Institute Fatigue Scale (BNI-FS) | Baseline | 26.5 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 14 |
| Bright White Light (BWL) | Barrow Neurological Institute Fatigue Scale (BNI-FS) | After 10 days of light exposure | 18.3 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 16.3 |
p-value: 0.80795% CI: [-4.9, 6.29]Mixed Models Analysis
Secondary
Functional Independence Measure (FIM) - Cognitive
Functional Independence Measure (FIM) is the most widely accepted functional assessment measure in use in the rehabilitation community. The FIM is an 18-item ordinal scale, used with all diagnoses within a rehabilitation population. Each item is scored on a 7 point ordinal scale, ranging from a score of 1 to a score of 7. The higher the score, the more independent the patient is in performing the task associated with that item. Cognition subscale (the sum of the individual cognition subscale items) will be a value between 5 and 35.
Time frame: Administered at baseline (admission to unit) and after Day 10 of light exposure (or at the day of discharge from the rehabilitation unit)
Population: Of the overall enrollment number of 131, we were able to obtain completed data for this measure on 124 participants (or 95%).
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Red Light (RL) | Functional Independence Measure (FIM) - Cognitive | FIM Cognitive- Admit | 15.1 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 6.9 |
| Red Light (RL) | Functional Independence Measure (FIM) - Cognitive | FIM Cognitive-Discharge | 24.7 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.7 |
| Bright White Light (BWL) | Functional Independence Measure (FIM) - Cognitive | FIM Cognitive- Admit | 14.3 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 6.3 |
| Bright White Light (BWL) | Functional Independence Measure (FIM) - Cognitive | FIM Cognitive-Discharge | 24.1 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.1 |
p-value: 0.1995% CI: [-1.93, 2.32]Mixed Models Analysis
Secondary
Functional Independence Measure (FIM) - Motor
Functional Independence Measure (FIM) is the most widely accepted functional assessment measure in use in the rehabilitation community. The FIM is an 18-item ordinal scale, used with all diagnoses within a rehabilitation population. Each item is scored on a 7 point ordinal scale, ranging from a score of 1 to a score of 7. The higher the score, the more independent the patient is in performing the task associated with that item. Motor subscale (the sum of the individual motor subscale items) will be a value between 13 and 91.
Time frame: Administered at baseline (admission to unit) and after Day 10 of intervention (or at the day of discharge from the rehabilitation unit)
Population: Of the overall enrollment number of 131 participants, we were able to obtain completed data for this measure on 124 (or 95%). The Functional Independence Measure (FIM) was completed at Rehab Admit and again at Rehab Discharge.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Red Light (RL) | Functional Independence Measure (FIM) - Motor | FIM Motor -Rehab Admit | 36.5 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 18.9 |
| Red Light (RL) | Functional Independence Measure (FIM) - Motor | FIM Motor - Rehab Discharge | 68.2 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 16 |
| Bright White Light (BWL) | Functional Independence Measure (FIM) - Motor | FIM Motor -Rehab Admit | 38.5 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 17.3 |
| Bright White Light (BWL) | Functional Independence Measure (FIM) - Motor | FIM Motor - Rehab Discharge | 69.8 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 12.8 |
p-value: 0.84795% CI: [-5.38, 4.43]Mixed Models Analysis
Secondary
Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS)
The Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS; Sleepiness Outcome) is a single-question with a 9-point Likert scale (1 = extremely alert, 9 = extremely sleepy, fighting sleep) measuring subjective sleepiness at the time of report.
Time frame: Administered at Baseline and after 10 Days of Light Exposure
Population: Of the overall enrollment number of 131, we were able to obtain completed data for this measure on 121 participants (or 92%).
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Red Light (RL) | Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) | Baseline | 4.1 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.8 |
| Red Light (RL) | Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) | After 10 Days of Light Exposure | 4.1 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2 |
| Bright White Light (BWL) | Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) | Baseline | 4.1 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.8 |
| Bright White Light (BWL) | Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) | After 10 Days of Light Exposure | 3.7 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.7 |
p-value: 0.35195% CI: [-1.21, 0.44]Mixed Models Analysis
Secondary
Makley Scale
The Makley scale is a 4-point ordinal scale which allows staff to score sleep as follows: 0 = asleep; 1 = drowsy/falling asleep; 2 = drowsy/waking up; 3 = awake.
Time frame: A sleep log was completed every 2 hours during the night (2200 until 0600) on each patient by the unit nursing staff hours for 12 nights or until discharge from the hospital (2 nights baseline and after 10 nights of intervention light exposure)
Population: 1:1 comparison; Of the overall enrollment number of 131, we were able to obtain completed data for this measure on 117 participants (or 89%).
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Red Light (RL) | Makley Scale | Baseline | 0.58 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.38 |
| Red Light (RL) | Makley Scale | After 10 Days of Light Exposure | 0.59 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.29 |
| Bright White Light (BWL) | Makley Scale | Baseline | 0.67 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.54 |
| Bright White Light (BWL) | Makley Scale | After 10 Days of Light Exposure | 0.61 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.33 |
p-value: 0.9195% CI: [-0.03, 0.03]Mixed Models Analysis
Secondary
Positive and Negative Affect Schedule - Negative
The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS; Mood Outcome) includes a total of 20 items of affect with 10 focused on positive affect and 10 focused on negative affect. The total score of the PANAS: Negative is the sum of the 10 negative items which are rated on a likert scale ranging from 1=very slightly or not at all to 5=extremely. For the total negative score, a higher score indicates more negative affect. affect. Scores can range from 10-50 for Negative Affect.
Time frame: Administered at baseline and after 10 days of light exposure
Population: Of the overall enrollment number of 131, we were able to obtain completed data for this measure on 119 participants (or 91%).
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Red Light (RL) | Positive and Negative Affect Schedule - Negative | Baseline | 19.7 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 8.7 |
| Red Light (RL) | Positive and Negative Affect Schedule - Negative | After 10 days of light exposure | 18.4 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 8.6 |
| Bright White Light (BWL) | Positive and Negative Affect Schedule - Negative | Baseline | 19.6 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 8.2 |
| Bright White Light (BWL) | Positive and Negative Affect Schedule - Negative | After 10 days of light exposure | 17.1 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 7.2 |
p-value: 0.25395% CI: [-6.13, 1.64]Mixed Models Analysis
Secondary
Positive and Negative Affect Schedule - Positive
The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS; Mood Outcome) includes a total of 20 items of affect with 10 focused on positive affect and 10 focused on negative affect. The total score of the PANAS: Positive is the sum of the 10 positive items which are rated on a likert scale ranging from 1=very slightly or not at all to 5=extremely. For the total positive score, a higher score indicates more positive affect. affect. Scores can range from 10-50 for Positive Affect.
Time frame: Administered at Baseline and After 10 Days of Light Exposure
Population: Of the overall enrollment number of 131, we were able to obtain completed data for this measure on 118 participants (or 90%).
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Red Light (RL) | Positive and Negative Affect Schedule - Positive | Baseline | 31.8 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 9 |
| Red Light (RL) | Positive and Negative Affect Schedule - Positive | After 10 Days of Light Exposure | 34.0 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 8.8 |
| Bright White Light (BWL) | Positive and Negative Affect Schedule - Positive | Baseline | 30.9 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 9.3 |
| Bright White Light (BWL) | Positive and Negative Affect Schedule - Positive | After 10 Days of Light Exposure | 34.2 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 9 |
p-value: 0.72295% CI: [-3.08, 4.4]Mixed Models Analysis
Secondary
Symbol Digit Modalities Test
The Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) is a pencil and paper test for attention that takes approximately five minutes to administer and is frequently used in evaluations after TBI. The SDMT was administered at enrollment and after intervention. The Interagency Workgroup on TBI Outcomes selected the SDMT as CORE common data elements in TBI outcomes research. The SDMT measures attention and speed of processing (the test-taker substitutes a number for random presentations of geometric figures). Scoring involves summing the number of correct substitutions within the 90 second interval (min=0, max = 110), with higher scores representing better attention/speed of processing.
Time frame: Administered at Baseline and After 10 Days of Light Exposure
Population: Of the overall enrollment number of 131 participants, we were able to obtain completed data for this measure on 79 participants (or 60%).
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Red Light (RL) | Symbol Digit Modalities Test | Baseline | 21.3 score on a scale | Standard Error 13.3 |
| Red Light (RL) | Symbol Digit Modalities Test | After 10 days light exposure | 25.9 score on a scale | Standard Error 14.4 |
| Bright White Light (BWL) | Symbol Digit Modalities Test | Baseline | 21.6 score on a scale | Standard Error 12.3 |
| Bright White Light (BWL) | Symbol Digit Modalities Test | After 10 days light exposure | 29.0 score on a scale | Standard Error 12 |
p-value: 0.25295% CI: [-2.29, 8.56]Mixed Models Analysis
Other Pre-specified
Cooperation Measure (Therapy Outcome)
Cooperation Measure (Therapy Outcome). Patient cooperation was rated using a visual analogue scale (VAS) ranging from 0%-not cooperative to 100%- fully cooperative.10 Staff physical therapists were asked to rate cooperation both prior to initiation and after completion of phototherapy.
Time frame: Collected at Baseline and after 10 days of light exposure
Population: Of the overall enrollment number of 131, we were able to obtain completed data for this measure on 123 participants (or 94%).
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Red Light (RL) | Cooperation Measure (Therapy Outcome) | Baseline | 77.3 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 27.3 |
| Red Light (RL) | Cooperation Measure (Therapy Outcome) | After 10 Days of Light Exposure | 86.6 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 23 |
| Bright White Light (BWL) | Cooperation Measure (Therapy Outcome) | Baseline | 84.5 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 22.5 |
| Bright White Light (BWL) | Cooperation Measure (Therapy Outcome) | After 10 Days of Light Exposure | 89.4 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 22.5 |
p-value: 0.34595% CI: [-14.83, 5.24]Mixed Models Analysis