Brain Injuries, Traumatic
Conditions
Keywords
Cranial Nerve Noninvasive Neuromodulation, Portable Neuromodulation Stimulator (PoNS), Balance and Gait Training, Breathing Awareness Training
Brief summary
The investigators hypothesis is that electrical stimulation to the tongue that directly stimulates two cranial nerve nuclei (Trigeminal and Facial Nerve Nuclei), will excite neural impulses to the brainstem and cerebellum. The investigators call this cranial nerve non-invasive neuromodulation (CN-NINM). The activation of these structures induces neuroplasticity when combined with specific physical, cognitive and/or mental exercises, promoting recovery of selected functional damage such as problems with balance or walking. 44 subjects will be recruited for 2 weeks of intensive In-Lab Balance and Gait Training followed by 12 weeks of intensive Home Training with weekly In-Lab check sessions. Half of the subjects will use CN-NINM in conjunction with the exercise. Half of the subjects will use very low level stimulation in conjunction with the exercise, and will serve as a control group.
Detailed description
* Based on the results of the investigators pilot study in moderate traumatic brain injury (M-TBI), the investigators will conduct a randomized, controlled study of cranial nerve non-invasive neuromodulation (CN-NINM) in individuals with chronic symptoms of mild to moderate traumatic brain injury (mTBI), post-concussive sequelae, (PCS) and post-traumatic stress (PTS). * The study will involve training of both balance and gait, with assessments using standardized and relevant metrics to monitor changes in these indications, as well as cognitive function, sleep, headache, anxiety, mood, and eye-movement control. * The training regimen involves using a neurostimulation intervention that addresses primary and secondary symptoms associated with mTBI, PCS, and PTS. * This randomized double blind controlled study will enroll a total of 44 subjects (M & F) in 2 equal subgroups: 22 with an Active PoNS™, and 22 with a Control (non-zero, minimally perceivable stimulation) device. * Subjects will participate in a 3-phase intervention beginning with a 2-week in-lab training program (ITP) (2 in-lab training sessions and 1 home training session daily), followed by 12 weeks of training at home (HTP) (3 home training sessions daily), and a 12-week withdrawal period (no training). Subjects will return to the clinic weekly during the at-home phase for a single session of retraining and progression, and participate in periodic retesting. * All training and testing will be performed uniformly across all subjects in both groups. Multiple assessment metrics will capture data at the beginning and end of the 2-week in-lab CN-NINM intervention period and at 3-week intervals. After completion of the formal training period, subjects will stop using the device (withdrawal stage) and will be tested every 3 weeks over an additional 12 weeks to monitor and assess changes due to withdrawal of the PoNS. This will yield a total of 10 data points for each subject. * If successful, this study would indicate that CN-NINM may improve rehabilitation outcomes and reduce time required to improve function.
Interventions
DEVICEBalance and Gait Training using neurostimulation modulation.
CN-NINM uses sequenced patterns of electrical stimulation on the tongue. Our hypothesis is that CN-NINM induces neuroplasticity by noninvasive stimulation of two major cranial nerves: trigeminal, CN-V, and facial, CN-VII.
DEVICESham Device
The sham device is visually identical to the CN-NINM device, and offers a non-zero, minimally perceivable stimulation.
Sponsors
University of Wisconsin, Madison
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
TRIPLE (Subject, Caregiver, Investigator)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to 65 Years
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* All candidates will have a balance disorder as a result of a traumatic brain injury (TBI). * All candidates will have a NeuroCom® Sensory Organization Test (SOT) composite score at least 8 points below normal after adjustment for age and height \[based on normative data\]. * All candidates will be between the ages of 18 and 65 (at the time of screening). * If female of childbearing potential, the candidate agrees to use adequate contraception throughout participation in the study (from enrollment to completion). * All candidates must have access to a treadmill. * All candidates will be at least 1 year post-injury. * All candidates will have a neuroradiologic scan and report after their most recent TBI. * All candidates will be ambulatory and able to walk for 20 minutes. * All candidates, if on medications, will not have had any major changes in type or dosage within 3 months of enrollment. * All candidates will have participated in a focused physical rehabilitation program for their TBI and feel that they have reached a plateau. * All candidates will be able to understand and willing to give informed consent.
Exclusion criteria
* All candidates that have oral health problems (e.g. gum disease, active cankers, piercings, oral surgery within the previous 3 months). * All candidates with non-removable metal orthodontic devices (e.g., braces) or oral cavity piercings that could interfere with PoNS™ use. * All candidates who have chronic infectious diseases (e.g. hepatitis, HIV, TB). * All candidates with unmanaged hypertension. * All candidates with unmanaged diabetes, or complications due to diabetes (e.g. retinopathy, neuropathy, renal disease). * All candidates with neurological disorders other than those attributed to their primary diagnosis (e.g., MS, PD, ALS, AD or other dementia, uncontrolled pain). * All candidates with a history of oral cancer. * All candidates who have been treated for any type of cancer other than basal cell carcinoma within the past year. * All candidates who have had a penetrating injury, craniotomy (with the exception of a burr hole \[trephination\] for resolution of acute subdural hematoma), or refractory subdural hematoma. * Exceptions for other abnormalities identified in neuroradiologic scan reports that are asymptomatic and not expected to change may be made on a case by case basis by the Medical Advisor. * All candidates with chronic use of psychoactive or psychostimulant medications that, in the opinion of the investigators, would compromise the subject's ability to comprehend and perform the study activities. * All candidates who have a pacemaker, or are identified as at-risk for cardiovascular events. * All candidates who are pregnant or lactating. * All candidates with a lower extremity biomechanical prosthetic. * All candidates with a history of seizures (except those in the acute or post-acute phases, and are controlled). * All candidates who who experienced a loss of consciousness greater than 24 hours as a result of their TBI. * All candidates with a severe score in any of the Attention, Memory, or Executive Functions categories on the Cognitive Linguistic Quick Test (CLQT). * All candidates who, in the opinion of the investigators, are unable to feel the stimulation and successfully complete the device level setting procedure.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| NeuroCom Computerized Dynamic Posturography Sensory Organization Test (SOT) | Baseline, 2, 14, and 26 weeks | SOT assesses the ability to use visual, proprioceptive, and vestibular cues to maintain postural stability. Subjects stand on dual-force plates and the anterior-posterior sway is recorded. 6 conditions are tested (3, 20-sec trials each): Eyes open on firm surface; Eyes closed on firm surface; Eyes open with sway referenced visual surround; Eyes open on sway referenced support surface; Eyes closed on sway referenced support surface; Eyes open on sway referenced support surface and surround. A composite score is generated by the NeuroCom BalanceMaster System using an algorithm to calculate the composite score from each of the 3 serial repetitions for each of the 6 conditions (a total of 18 sub-scores). The calculated composite score ranges from 0 to 100 points; 0 is complete failure, 100 is perfect stability, 70 is the lower limit normal. Group mean score for each time-point is reported. |
Other
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Change in 6-Minute Walk Test (6MWT) Over Baseline | Change from Baseline at 2,14, and 26 weeks | Measures walking speed over ground. The six-minute walk test (6MWT) measures the distance in meters an individual is able to walk over a total of six minutes on a hard, flat surface. The goal is for the individual to walk as far as possible in six minutes. Change in 6MWT over baseline for each time point is reported. |
| Change in Dynamic Gait Index (DGI) Over Baseline | Change from Baseline at 2,14, and 26 weeks | Assesses walking, walking with head turns, over and around obstacles, and stairs. Dynamic Gait Index - A semiquantitative tool used to evaluate a patient's ability to modify gait by changing task demands, esp. in patients with dizziness and balance deficits. This test is used to identify patients, esp. older adults, who are predisposed to falling. Participants are graded from 0 (low function) to 3 (high function) on 8 tasks: normal walking, their ability to vary walking speed, turn their heads, turn their bodies, step over and around obstacles, climb stairs, turn while walking. The range of scores is 0-24, higher scores indicate higher function, with a score of 24 considered Normal. Change from baseline to 2, 14, and 26 weeks is reported. |
| Change in California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT) Over Baseline | Change from Baseline at 2,14, and 26 weeks | Assesses short- and long-term verbal memory by evaluating a series of recall and recognition tasks. The test is scored via computer algorithm. A score of 50 represents is equal to the population mean, the normal range is between 40-60 (ie. +/- 1 SD from the mean). The total range of possible scores is 0 (no recalled words) to 100 (all correct). Change in score over baseline at 2, 14, and 26 weeks is reported. |
| Change in Brief Symptom Inventory 18 (BSI 18) Over Baseline | Change from Baseline at 2,14, and 26 weeks | A short, reliable, 18-question instrument for assessment of psychological distress (anxiety, depression, & somatization) in a clinical population. It is scored from 0-4, with a total range of possible scores 0-72 where higher scores indicate more distress. |
| Change in Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory Over Baseline | Change from Baseline at 2,14, and 26 weeks | A 22-item subjective inventory of TBI symptoms where symptoms are scored on a scale of 0 (none) to 4 (very severe). Lower scores indicate decreased symptoms. Group mean change from baseline at 2, 14, and 26 weeks is reported. The range of possible scores if from 0 to 88. The results are reported as a change from baseline. |
| Change in Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) From Baseline | Baseline at 2,14, and 26 weeks | Subjective inventory of sleep habits, duration and quality. It is scored from 7 components (sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep duration, habitual sleep efficiency, sleep disturbances, use of sleep medication, and daytime dysfunction) to provide a global PSQI score. Most items are scored from 0-3 where 3 is a negative extreme, therefore lower cumulative scores are indicative of improved sleep habits. The total range of scores is from 0-21. |
| Change in Headache Disability Index (HDI) From Baseline | Change from Baseline at 2,14, and 26 weeks | Assesses frequency & severity of headaches via a 25-item questionnaire where an answer of 'yes' = 4 points, 'sometimes' = 2 points, and 'no' = 0 points. The lower the score, the less frequent and severe the symptoms. The range of possible scores is 0 to 100. The results are reported as a change from baseline. |
| Electromyography (EMG) | Change from Baseline at 2,14, and 26 weeks | Measures muscle activation patterns during gait. |
| Computerized Video Nystagmography (VNG) | Change from Baseline at 2,14, and 26 weeks | Measures eye movement control under 3 static (x and y axis fixation, spontaneous nystagmus), and 3 dynamic conditions (random saccade, smooth pursuit, optokinetic nystagmus). |
| Change in Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale - Symbol Search and Coding (WAIS-IV) Over Baseline | Change from Baseline at 2,14, and 26 weeks | Assesses visual spatial abilities. The Symbol Search and Coding WAIS-IV subtests measure Processing Speed, an indicator of the rate of cognitive processing and creating an appropriate response output. The tasks require attending to visual material, visual scanning and perception, spatial organization, hand-eye coordination, and paired associative learning. The raw score (processing speed for each test) is converted to a scaled score 1-10 for each and summed for a total possible score of 2-20, the higher the score, the more improved the processing speed. Change in score from baseline to 2, 14, and 26 weeks are reported. |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Pre-assignment details
13 subjects provided consent but did not enroll in the study at sites under UW-Madison purview.
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Neurostimulation Balance and gait training using neurostimulation modulation. 2-week in lab training (ITP), (2 in-lab training sessions and 1 home training session daily) followed by 12 weeks of training at home (HTP) (3 home training sessions daily), and a 12-week withdrawal period (no training). | 22 |
| Control (Non-zero, Minimally Perceivable Stimulation) Balance and gait training using non-zero, minimally perceivable stimulation. 2-week in lab training (ITP), (2 in-lab training sessions and 1 home training session daily) followed by 12 weeks of training at home (HTP) (3 home training sessions daily), and a 12-week withdrawal period (no training). | 21 |
| Total | 43 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Control (Non-zero, Minimally Perceivable Stimulation) | Total | Neurostimulation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | 53.24 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 10.55 | 53.89 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 9.14 | 54.05 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 5.91 |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Hispanic or Latino | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Not Hispanic or Latino | 20 Participants | 40 Participants | 20 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 1 Participants | 3 Participants | 2 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native | 1 Participants | 1 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Asian | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American | 0 Participants | 2 Participants | 2 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race | 0 Participants | 1 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) White | 20 Participants | 39 Participants | 19 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 14 Participants | 28 Participants | 14 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 7 Participants | 15 Participants | 8 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 22 | 0 / 21 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 11 / 22 | 8 / 21 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 3 / 22 | 1 / 21 |
Outcome results
Primary
NeuroCom Computerized Dynamic Posturography Sensory Organization Test (SOT)
SOT assesses the ability to use visual, proprioceptive, and vestibular cues to maintain postural stability. Subjects stand on dual-force plates and the anterior-posterior sway is recorded. 6 conditions are tested (3, 20-sec trials each): Eyes open on firm surface; Eyes closed on firm surface; Eyes open with sway referenced visual surround; Eyes open on sway referenced support surface; Eyes closed on sway referenced support surface; Eyes open on sway referenced support surface and surround. A composite score is generated by the NeuroCom BalanceMaster System using an algorithm to calculate the composite score from each of the 3 serial repetitions for each of the 6 conditions (a total of 18 sub-scores). The calculated composite score ranges from 0 to 100 points; 0 is complete failure, 100 is perfect stability, 70 is the lower limit normal. Group mean score for each time-point is reported.
Time frame: Baseline, 2, 14, and 26 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neurostimulation | NeuroCom Computerized Dynamic Posturography Sensory Organization Test (SOT) | Week 14 | 70.89 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 11.45 |
| Neurostimulation | NeuroCom Computerized Dynamic Posturography Sensory Organization Test (SOT) | Baseline | 42.77 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 17.54 |
| Neurostimulation | NeuroCom Computerized Dynamic Posturography Sensory Organization Test (SOT) | Week 26 | 74.83 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 11.86 |
| Neurostimulation | NeuroCom Computerized Dynamic Posturography Sensory Organization Test (SOT) | Week 2 | 63.73 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 15.06 |
| Control (Non-zero, Minimally Perceivable Stimulation) | NeuroCom Computerized Dynamic Posturography Sensory Organization Test (SOT) | Week 26 | 71.50 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 17.5 |
| Control (Non-zero, Minimally Perceivable Stimulation) | NeuroCom Computerized Dynamic Posturography Sensory Organization Test (SOT) | Baseline | 36.24 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 16.09 |
| Control (Non-zero, Minimally Perceivable Stimulation) | NeuroCom Computerized Dynamic Posturography Sensory Organization Test (SOT) | Week 14 | 71.21 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 16.95 |
| Control (Non-zero, Minimally Perceivable Stimulation) | NeuroCom Computerized Dynamic Posturography Sensory Organization Test (SOT) | Week 2 | 62.00 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 22.32 |
Comparison: P-Value for Sensory Organization Test results at 2 weeksp-value: 0.41t-test, 2 sided
Comparison: P-Value for Sensory Organization Test results at 14 weeksp-value: 0.47t-test, 2 sided
Comparison: P-Value for Sensory Organization Test results at 26 weeksp-value: 0.99t-test, 2 sided
Other Pre-specified
Change in 6-Minute Walk Test (6MWT) Over Baseline
Measures walking speed over ground. The six-minute walk test (6MWT) measures the distance in meters an individual is able to walk over a total of six minutes on a hard, flat surface. The goal is for the individual to walk as far as possible in six minutes. Change in 6MWT over baseline for each time point is reported.
Time frame: Change from Baseline at 2,14, and 26 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neurostimulation | Change in 6-Minute Walk Test (6MWT) Over Baseline | Week 2 | 33.06 meters | Standard Deviation 75.01 |
| Neurostimulation | Change in 6-Minute Walk Test (6MWT) Over Baseline | Week 14 | 72.27 meters | Standard Deviation 79.97 |
| Neurostimulation | Change in 6-Minute Walk Test (6MWT) Over Baseline | Week 26 | 76.81 meters | Standard Deviation 95.41 |
| Control (Non-zero, Minimally Perceivable Stimulation) | Change in 6-Minute Walk Test (6MWT) Over Baseline | Week 2 | 19.02 meters | Standard Deviation 39.41 |
| Control (Non-zero, Minimally Perceivable Stimulation) | Change in 6-Minute Walk Test (6MWT) Over Baseline | Week 14 | 62.30 meters | Standard Deviation 51.04 |
| Control (Non-zero, Minimally Perceivable Stimulation) | Change in 6-Minute Walk Test (6MWT) Over Baseline | Week 26 | 74.38 meters | Standard Deviation 49.21 |
Other Pre-specified
Change in Brief Symptom Inventory 18 (BSI 18) Over Baseline
A short, reliable, 18-question instrument for assessment of psychological distress (anxiety, depression, & somatization) in a clinical population. It is scored from 0-4, with a total range of possible scores 0-72 where higher scores indicate more distress.
Time frame: Change from Baseline at 2,14, and 26 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neurostimulation | Change in Brief Symptom Inventory 18 (BSI 18) Over Baseline | Week 2 | -5.32 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 9.1 |
| Neurostimulation | Change in Brief Symptom Inventory 18 (BSI 18) Over Baseline | Week 14 | -4.16 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 9.41 |
| Neurostimulation | Change in Brief Symptom Inventory 18 (BSI 18) Over Baseline | Week 26 | -7.72 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 10.15 |
| Control (Non-zero, Minimally Perceivable Stimulation) | Change in Brief Symptom Inventory 18 (BSI 18) Over Baseline | Week 2 | -2.38 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 7.53 |
| Control (Non-zero, Minimally Perceivable Stimulation) | Change in Brief Symptom Inventory 18 (BSI 18) Over Baseline | Week 14 | -2.95 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 6.13 |
| Control (Non-zero, Minimally Perceivable Stimulation) | Change in Brief Symptom Inventory 18 (BSI 18) Over Baseline | Week 26 | -2.50 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 6.93 |
Other Pre-specified
Change in California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT) Over Baseline
Assesses short- and long-term verbal memory by evaluating a series of recall and recognition tasks. The test is scored via computer algorithm. A score of 50 represents is equal to the population mean, the normal range is between 40-60 (ie. +/- 1 SD from the mean). The total range of possible scores is 0 (no recalled words) to 100 (all correct). Change in score over baseline at 2, 14, and 26 weeks is reported.
Time frame: Change from Baseline at 2,14, and 26 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neurostimulation | Change in California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT) Over Baseline | Week 2 | 8.95 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 8.48 |
| Neurostimulation | Change in California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT) Over Baseline | Week 14 | 9.00 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 11.34 |
| Neurostimulation | Change in California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT) Over Baseline | Week 26 | 10.28 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 11.79 |
| Control (Non-zero, Minimally Perceivable Stimulation) | Change in California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT) Over Baseline | Week 2 | 9.71 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 6.63 |
| Control (Non-zero, Minimally Perceivable Stimulation) | Change in California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT) Over Baseline | Week 14 | 11.30 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 9.4 |
| Control (Non-zero, Minimally Perceivable Stimulation) | Change in California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT) Over Baseline | Week 26 | 11.00 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 9.7 |
Other Pre-specified
Change in Dynamic Gait Index (DGI) Over Baseline
Assesses walking, walking with head turns, over and around obstacles, and stairs. Dynamic Gait Index - A semiquantitative tool used to evaluate a patient's ability to modify gait by changing task demands, esp. in patients with dizziness and balance deficits. This test is used to identify patients, esp. older adults, who are predisposed to falling. Participants are graded from 0 (low function) to 3 (high function) on 8 tasks: normal walking, their ability to vary walking speed, turn their heads, turn their bodies, step over and around obstacles, climb stairs, turn while walking. The range of scores is 0-24, higher scores indicate higher function, with a score of 24 considered Normal. Change from baseline to 2, 14, and 26 weeks is reported.
Time frame: Change from Baseline at 2,14, and 26 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neurostimulation | Change in Dynamic Gait Index (DGI) Over Baseline | Week 2 | 2.23 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.88 |
| Neurostimulation | Change in Dynamic Gait Index (DGI) Over Baseline | Week 14 | 3.58 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.53 |
| Neurostimulation | Change in Dynamic Gait Index (DGI) Over Baseline | Week 26 | 4.12 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.67 |
| Control (Non-zero, Minimally Perceivable Stimulation) | Change in Dynamic Gait Index (DGI) Over Baseline | Week 14 | 3.42 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.11 |
| Control (Non-zero, Minimally Perceivable Stimulation) | Change in Dynamic Gait Index (DGI) Over Baseline | Week 2 | 1.76 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.72 |
| Control (Non-zero, Minimally Perceivable Stimulation) | Change in Dynamic Gait Index (DGI) Over Baseline | Week 26 | 3.45 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.41 |
Other Pre-specified
Change in Headache Disability Index (HDI) From Baseline
Assesses frequency & severity of headaches via a 25-item questionnaire where an answer of 'yes' = 4 points, 'sometimes' = 2 points, and 'no' = 0 points. The lower the score, the less frequent and severe the symptoms. The range of possible scores is 0 to 100. The results are reported as a change from baseline.
Time frame: Change from Baseline at 2,14, and 26 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neurostimulation | Change in Headache Disability Index (HDI) From Baseline | Week 2 | -16.00 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 23.56 |
| Neurostimulation | Change in Headache Disability Index (HDI) From Baseline | Week 14 | -9.79 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 18.02 |
| Neurostimulation | Change in Headache Disability Index (HDI) From Baseline | Week 26 | -14.78 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 21.17 |
| Control (Non-zero, Minimally Perceivable Stimulation) | Change in Headache Disability Index (HDI) From Baseline | Week 2 | -4.38 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 20.15 |
| Control (Non-zero, Minimally Perceivable Stimulation) | Change in Headache Disability Index (HDI) From Baseline | Week 14 | -11.00 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 20.62 |
| Control (Non-zero, Minimally Perceivable Stimulation) | Change in Headache Disability Index (HDI) From Baseline | Week 26 | -13.60 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 23.48 |
Other Pre-specified
Change in Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory Over Baseline
A 22-item subjective inventory of TBI symptoms where symptoms are scored on a scale of 0 (none) to 4 (very severe). Lower scores indicate decreased symptoms. Group mean change from baseline at 2, 14, and 26 weeks is reported. The range of possible scores if from 0 to 88. The results are reported as a change from baseline.
Time frame: Change from Baseline at 2,14, and 26 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neurostimulation | Change in Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory Over Baseline | Week 2 | -13.52 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 9.17 |
| Neurostimulation | Change in Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory Over Baseline | Week 14 | -10.47 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 10.12 |
| Neurostimulation | Change in Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory Over Baseline | Week 26 | -9.94 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 15.49 |
| Control (Non-zero, Minimally Perceivable Stimulation) | Change in Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory Over Baseline | Week 2 | -7.52 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 13.58 |
| Control (Non-zero, Minimally Perceivable Stimulation) | Change in Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory Over Baseline | Week 14 | -7.10 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 9.83 |
| Control (Non-zero, Minimally Perceivable Stimulation) | Change in Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory Over Baseline | Week 26 | -8.40 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 10.46 |
Other Pre-specified
Change in Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) From Baseline
Subjective inventory of sleep habits, duration and quality. It is scored from 7 components (sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep duration, habitual sleep efficiency, sleep disturbances, use of sleep medication, and daytime dysfunction) to provide a global PSQI score. Most items are scored from 0-3 where 3 is a negative extreme, therefore lower cumulative scores are indicative of improved sleep habits. The total range of scores is from 0-21.
Time frame: Baseline at 2,14, and 26 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neurostimulation | Change in Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) From Baseline | Baseline | 9.318 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.874 |
| Neurostimulation | Change in Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) From Baseline | Week 2 | 8.682 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.213 |
| Neurostimulation | Change in Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) From Baseline | Week 14 | 8.611 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.742 |
| Neurostimulation | Change in Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) From Baseline | Week 26 | 8.294 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.084 |
| Control (Non-zero, Minimally Perceivable Stimulation) | Change in Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) From Baseline | Week 26 | 8.238 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.272 |
| Control (Non-zero, Minimally Perceivable Stimulation) | Change in Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) From Baseline | Baseline | 9.182 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.934 |
| Control (Non-zero, Minimally Perceivable Stimulation) | Change in Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) From Baseline | Week 14 | 8.714 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.349 |
| Control (Non-zero, Minimally Perceivable Stimulation) | Change in Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) From Baseline | Week 2 | 7.810 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.698 |
Other Pre-specified
Change in Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale - Symbol Search and Coding (WAIS-IV) Over Baseline
Assesses visual spatial abilities. The Symbol Search and Coding WAIS-IV subtests measure Processing Speed, an indicator of the rate of cognitive processing and creating an appropriate response output. The tasks require attending to visual material, visual scanning and perception, spatial organization, hand-eye coordination, and paired associative learning. The raw score (processing speed for each test) is converted to a scaled score 1-10 for each and summed for a total possible score of 2-20, the higher the score, the more improved the processing speed. Change in score from baseline to 2, 14, and 26 weeks are reported.
Time frame: Change from Baseline at 2,14, and 26 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neurostimulation | Change in Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale - Symbol Search and Coding (WAIS-IV) Over Baseline | Week 2 | 0.95 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.38 |
| Neurostimulation | Change in Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale - Symbol Search and Coding (WAIS-IV) Over Baseline | Week 14 | 1.11 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.9 |
| Neurostimulation | Change in Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale - Symbol Search and Coding (WAIS-IV) Over Baseline | Week 26 | 1.78 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.44 |
| Control (Non-zero, Minimally Perceivable Stimulation) | Change in Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale - Symbol Search and Coding (WAIS-IV) Over Baseline | Week 2 | 1.14 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.29 |
| Control (Non-zero, Minimally Perceivable Stimulation) | Change in Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale - Symbol Search and Coding (WAIS-IV) Over Baseline | Week 14 | 1.25 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.02 |
| Control (Non-zero, Minimally Perceivable Stimulation) | Change in Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale - Symbol Search and Coding (WAIS-IV) Over Baseline | Week 26 | 1.20 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.35 |
Other Pre-specified
Computerized Video Nystagmography (VNG)
Measures eye movement control under 3 static (x and y axis fixation, spontaneous nystagmus), and 3 dynamic conditions (random saccade, smooth pursuit, optokinetic nystagmus).
Time frame: Change from Baseline at 2,14, and 26 weeks
Other Pre-specified
Electromyography (EMG)
Measures muscle activation patterns during gait.
Time frame: Change from Baseline at 2,14, and 26 weeks