Traumatic Brain Injury
Conditions
Keywords
TBI, Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, Repetitive, magnetic resonance imaging functional, Quality of life, Executive Function, Veterans
Brief summary
This project will study 40 Veterans identified with symptoms understood to characterize mild to moderate Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) including Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Following screening and informed consent, Veterans will be randomly assigned to treatment with repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) or sham rTMS (placebo). Additional examinations will compare brain imaging (structural and functional MRI scans at rest) across participants at baseline, after acute rTMS treatment, and at 6 month followup. The VA population differs significantly from populations that have been included in prior trials of rTMS for many conditions such as depression, chronic pain, and PTSD. Many returning Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF)/Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) personnel and Veterans with concussion histories report cognitive problems, such as impaired attention, verbal fluency, poor planning, reduced working memory, and mental flexibility. The investigators hope to show the efficacy and durability of rTMS in treating these symptoms safely in Veterans with co-morbidities.
Detailed description
The goal of the present study is to evaluate the efficacy and durability of benefits of repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) as a promising non-invasive therapeutic treatment for executive function deficits reported in Veterans with mild to moderate Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) patients. Although much progress has been made towards understanding the various deficits following TBI, progress has yet to be made towards identifying and assessing therapeutic treatment options that are responsive to TBI symptoms. Many returning OEF/OIF Veterans with concussion histories report cognitive symptoms that may last for months or years, and affect every day function. Symptoms faced by Veterans with mild to moderate TBI include executive function deficits such as impaired attention (including shifting sets), verbal fluency, poor planning, reduced working memory, and mental flexibility. The primary objective is to assess the efficacy of rTMS in Veterans with mild to moderate TBI in improving executive functioning. A recent VA study reported improvements in PTSD and related symptoms in Veterans with PTSD who received rTMS (Watts et al., 2012). Repetitive TMS is a method of delivering therapeutic, non-invasive brain stimulation that is currently being used at the VA Palo Alto and Stanford University in a number of clinical trials. For this pilot study the investigators propose to enroll 40 Veterans diagnosed with mild to moderate TBI (age range 20-65). Inclusion Criteria: mild and moderate TBI will be defined as: post-traumatic amnesia (PTA \< 1 day for mild; 1 day\> x \< 7days for moderate). Because of the extensively documented co-occurrence of TBI with PTSD, (Veterans with TBI with and without PTSD will be enrolled). PTSD will be assessed using standard clinical measures. Exclusionary criteria: patients will be screened for TMS and MRI safety. The duration of the study will be two years, with a 1.5 year enrollment period, and a final half-year of follow-up completion. Following a preliminary telephone screen, Veterans will be scheduled for onsite informed consent, screening, and baseline assessments. Using an electronic randomization form, participants will be enrolled into two groups: active rTMS or sham rTMS. As this is a double blind placebo controlled study, only the subject ID number is provided to the nurse administrating the rTMS treatment. After randomization, the rTMS nurse will test the motor threshold (MT) for rTMS. Each participant will be in the trial for a total of approximately (28) weeks: 1-2 weeks screening, (2) weeks acute treatment phase (including MRI pre and post rTMS) and 24 weeks (6 month) follow-up phase (with MRI, neuropsychological testing and self-report measures). Left Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC) will be the stimulation site as it is shown to be affective in treatment of depression and approved by FDA. All participants will receive a minimum of 20 treatments before being evaluated for change in executive function (primary outcome measure). The primary hypothesis is that Veterans receiving active rTMS will show improvement more than sham treated Veterans in (performance between baseline and last assessment of \>1 SD on either the Trail Making Test part B, Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System \[D-KEFS\] Verbal Fluency and/or D-KEFS Color-Word Interference Test). Additional analysis will include: Sustained Improvement on executive function composite score; secondary consequences of TBI scores on Quality of Life (QOL) scale, moderators of response such as age, severity of symptoms at baseline, type of comorbidity (e.g., PTSD); and, functional brain activity changes with rTMS treatment. This pilot study will be one of the first to demonstrate rTMS as a treatment for executive function deficit in Veterans with mild to moderate TBI. Additionally, it would also report on the efficacy of using functional MRI (fMRI) as a biomarker to capture this improvement in executive function.
Interventions
DEVICErTMS
Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
DEVICESham rTMS
Placebo Device that simulates active rTMS treatment
Sponsors
VA Office of Research and Development
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
TRIPLE (Subject, Caregiver, Outcomes Assessor)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
20 Years to 65 Years
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* Veteran of any combat era * Both Genders * 20-65years * (History of (Post Traumatic Amnesia \< 1 day for mild TBI; 1 day\> x \< 7days for moderate TBI)) * Ability to obtain a Motor Threshold (MT) will be determined during the screening process. * If on a psychotropic medication regimen, that regimen will be stable for at least 4 weeks prior to entry to the study and patient will be willing to remain on a stable regimen during the acute treatment phase. * Has an adequately stable condition and environment to enable attendance at scheduled clinic visits. * For female participants, agrees to use one of the following acceptable methods of birth control: abstinence, oral contraceptive; Norplant * Able to read, verbalize understanding, and voluntarily sign the Informed Consent Form prior to participating in any study-specific procedures or assessments.
Exclusion criteria
* Pregnant or lactating female. * Unable to be safely withdraw, at least two-weeks prior to treatment commencement, from medications that substantially increase the risk of having seizures * Have a cardiac pacemaker or a cochlear implant * Have an implanted device (deep brain stimulation) or metal in the brain (see standard MRI
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Trail Making Test Part B | Baseline (up to two weeks after screening visit); Post-Treatment (2 weeks from end of Baseline up to one month from entering the study but always the day of last treatment) | The primary hypothesis is that Veterans receiving active rTMS will show improvement more than sham treated Veterans in performance between baseline and last assessment of \>1 SD on the Trail Making Test part B. This test is known for its accurate assessment of executive function in mild and moderate TBI. The TMT is a timed test and the goal is to complete the test as accurately and as quickly as possible. Raw scores are reported in seconds to complete the test. For Part B, an average score is 75 seconds and a deficient score is greater than 273 seconds. The present study reports T-scores, which can range from a minimum of 0 and a maximum of 100. The higher the T- score achieved by a participant, the better the performance, indicating a higher level of functioning. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Sustained Improvement on Executive Function | 6-month post treatment follow up | Hypothesis: At the end of the 6 month post treatment followup TBI patients who received rTMS would be more likely to continue to have greater executive function improvement on Trail making test part B than patients who received Sham rTMS. Outcome measures Description: Trials B T-score range 0-75; higher scores indicate better performance on T-score |
| Change in Quality of Life (QOL) Scale | baseline and immediately post treatment (~two weeks) | The Veterans RAND 36 Item Health Survey (VR-36©) is a brief, generic, multi-use, self-administered health surveys comprised of 36 items The instruments are primarily used to measure health-related quality of life, to estimate disease burden and to evaluate disease-specific impact on general and selected populations. The items on the questionnaire correspond to eight principal health domains including general health perceptions, physical functioning, role limitations due to physical and emotional problems, bodily pain, energy-fatigue , social functioning and mental health. higher scores mean better health and depicted in percentages. This scale would show significantly greater improvement in patients with mild to moderate TBI who received rTMS treatment. Outcome variable description: Scores for each domain are from 0-100 with a higher score defining a more favorable health outcome. |
| Moderators of Response: PTSD Score | Baseline only | Moderators of response Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) as measured by PTSD Checklist- Military. The Score range is 17-85; higher scores indicate more severe symptoms. |
| Treatment Induced Change in Functional Connectivity | post treatment (2 weeks) and 6-months | Each participant went under an MRI scan at post treatment (2 weeks) and 6-months. Functional MRI measures the Blood Oxygen Level Dependent (BOLD) signal in the brain and it can change with this brain stimulation. One common way to address this change or response to treatment is to measure the connectivity between BOLD signal of a network, such as the established default mode network, with the stimulation site. This is provided as a correlation value between the two points- and the strength of correlation is used for each participant at each time point to see if any change has occurred due to stimulation (active vs. placebo). Beta Values are provided below. |
| Change in a Mediator of Response: Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) | baseline and post treatment (2 weeks) | Mediator of response to treatment: to establish a preliminary understanding of the underlying mechanisms related to rTMS modulation of synaptic repair in TBI we will also look at the change from baseline and post treatment in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) samples in our population. Outcome Measure description: mean of BDNF/ProBDNF ratio measured in blood (ng/ml) will be provided |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| rTMS Those receiving experimental treatment will receive 20 sessions of rTMS. The treatment will be delivered by trained medical personnel.
rTMS: Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation | 17 |
| Sham rTMS Those receiving the sham rTMS will receive 20 sessions of sham rTMS. The treatment will be delivered by trained medical personnel.
Sham rTMS: Placebo Device that simulates active rTMS treatment | 16 |
| Total | 33 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | rTMS | Sham rTMS | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Categorical <=18 years | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical >=65 years | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical Between 18 and 65 years | 17 Participants | 16 Participants | 33 Participants |
| Age, Continuous | 49.4 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 13.3 | 39.4 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 11.9 | 44.4 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 12.6 |
| Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Asian | 1 Participants | 0 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American | 1 Participants | 2 Participants | 3 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race | 3 Participants | 4 Participants | 7 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 Participants | 1 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 1 Participants | 1 Participants | 2 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) White | 11 Participants | 8 Participants | 19 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment United States | 17 Participants | 16 Participants | 33 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 5 Participants | 0 Participants | 5 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 12 Participants | 16 Participants | 28 Participants |
| Trails B T-score | 52.1 T-score STANDARD_DEVIATION 8.2 | 45.3 T-score STANDARD_DEVIATION 14.9 | 48.7 T-score STANDARD_DEVIATION 11.6 |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 17 | 0 / 16 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 6 / 17 | 0 / 16 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 17 | 0 / 16 |
Outcome results
Primary
Trail Making Test Part B
The primary hypothesis is that Veterans receiving active rTMS will show improvement more than sham treated Veterans in performance between baseline and last assessment of \>1 SD on the Trail Making Test part B. This test is known for its accurate assessment of executive function in mild and moderate TBI. The TMT is a timed test and the goal is to complete the test as accurately and as quickly as possible. Raw scores are reported in seconds to complete the test. For Part B, an average score is 75 seconds and a deficient score is greater than 273 seconds. The present study reports T-scores, which can range from a minimum of 0 and a maximum of 100. The higher the T- score achieved by a participant, the better the performance, indicating a higher level of functioning.
Time frame: Baseline (up to two weeks after screening visit); Post-Treatment (2 weeks from end of Baseline up to one month from entering the study but always the day of last treatment)
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| rTMS | Trail Making Test Part B | Baseline | 52.1 T-score | Standard Error 14.9 |
| rTMS | Trail Making Test Part B | post-treatment | 52.9 T-score | Standard Error 8.2 |
| Sham rTMS | Trail Making Test Part B | Baseline | 45.3 T-score | Standard Error 13.7 |
| Sham rTMS | Trail Making Test Part B | post-treatment | 50.8 T-score | Standard Error 10.3 |
Secondary
Change in a Mediator of Response: Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF)
Mediator of response to treatment: to establish a preliminary understanding of the underlying mechanisms related to rTMS modulation of synaptic repair in TBI we will also look at the change from baseline and post treatment in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) samples in our population. Outcome Measure description: mean of BDNF/ProBDNF ratio measured in blood (ng/ml) will be provided
Time frame: baseline and post treatment (2 weeks)
Population: We present the mean ratio of Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF)/Pro-BDNF in Active vs. Sham groups from baseline to post treatment
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| rTMS | Change in a Mediator of Response: Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) | -0.31 ratio of BDNF/Pro-BDNF | Standard Deviation 3.02 |
| Sham rTMS | Change in a Mediator of Response: Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) | 0.25 ratio of BDNF/Pro-BDNF | Standard Deviation 3.1 |
Secondary
Change in Quality of Life (QOL) Scale
The Veterans RAND 36 Item Health Survey (VR-36©) is a brief, generic, multi-use, self-administered health surveys comprised of 36 items The instruments are primarily used to measure health-related quality of life, to estimate disease burden and to evaluate disease-specific impact on general and selected populations. The items on the questionnaire correspond to eight principal health domains including general health perceptions, physical functioning, role limitations due to physical and emotional problems, bodily pain, energy-fatigue , social functioning and mental health. higher scores mean better health and depicted in percentages. This scale would show significantly greater improvement in patients with mild to moderate TBI who received rTMS treatment. Outcome variable description: Scores for each domain are from 0-100 with a higher score defining a more favorable health outcome.
Time frame: baseline and immediately post treatment (~two weeks)
Population: All 33 Veterans met criteria for mild and moderate TBI based on the VA/DOD definition and a neurologist's physical exam. All patients went through baseline testing that collected demographic (including military history etc.), neuropsychological and self-report questionnaires for health problems.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| rTMS | Change in Quality of Life (QOL) Scale | 59.0 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 23.1 |
| Sham rTMS | Change in Quality of Life (QOL) Scale | 58.1 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 25.7 |
Secondary
Moderators of Response: PTSD Score
Moderators of response Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) as measured by PTSD Checklist- Military. The Score range is 17-85; higher scores indicate more severe symptoms.
Time frame: Baseline only
Population: All 33 Veterans met criteria for mild and moderate TBI based on the VA/DOD definition and a neurologist's physical exam. All patients went through baseline testing that collected demographic (including military history etc.), neuropsychological and self-report questionnaires for health problems including PTSD. Mean Scores for PTSD Checklist are reported here between Sham and Active rTMS groups.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| rTMS | Moderators of Response: PTSD Score | 41.8 score on the scale | Standard Deviation 19.4 |
| Sham rTMS | Moderators of Response: PTSD Score | 38.7 score on the scale | Standard Deviation 11.8 |
Secondary
Sustained Improvement on Executive Function
Hypothesis: At the end of the 6 month post treatment followup TBI patients who received rTMS would be more likely to continue to have greater executive function improvement on Trail making test part B than patients who received Sham rTMS. Outcome measures Description: Trials B T-score range 0-75; higher scores indicate better performance on T-score
Time frame: 6-month post treatment follow up
Population: All 25 Veterans met criteria for mild and moderate TBI based on the VA/DOD definition and a neurologist's physical exam.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| rTMS | Sustained Improvement on Executive Function | 51.3 T-score | Standard Deviation 5.4 |
| Sham rTMS | Sustained Improvement on Executive Function | 51.2 T-score | Standard Deviation 12.9 |
Secondary
Treatment Induced Change in Functional Connectivity
Each participant went under an MRI scan at post treatment (2 weeks) and 6-months. Functional MRI measures the Blood Oxygen Level Dependent (BOLD) signal in the brain and it can change with this brain stimulation. One common way to address this change or response to treatment is to measure the connectivity between BOLD signal of a network, such as the established default mode network, with the stimulation site. This is provided as a correlation value between the two points- and the strength of correlation is used for each participant at each time point to see if any change has occurred due to stimulation (active vs. placebo). Beta Values are provided below.
Time frame: post treatment (2 weeks) and 6-months
Population: We only analyzed 12 participants MRI scans in each group (Active and sham) because some data was lost due to MRI server issue. We are providing Beta scores means and stand below that are from the FMRI connectivity analysis from post treatment to 6-months in Sham and Active groups.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| rTMS | Treatment Induced Change in Functional Connectivity | -0.81 beta coefficient | Standard Error 0.12 |
| Sham rTMS | Treatment Induced Change in Functional Connectivity | 0.34 beta coefficient | Standard Error 0.15 |