Pain
Conditions
Keywords
chronic pain, opioid
Brief summary
Tapentadol has already been studied in adults. This study is needed to find out if tapentadol works and is safe to use in children and adolescents with long-term pain.
Detailed description
During the first 2 weeks of the study (Part 1), participants were given either tapentadol or morphine prolonged-release (PR) tablets. Assignment was done randomly (like tossing a coin). The participant and the caregiver knew which medication the child was taking. The primary endpoint was based on data collected in Part 1 of this study. If eligible and willing, participants from Part 1 could enter a 12 month follow-up period (Part 2). In Part 2 of this study, participants were either treated with tapentadol PR tablets or entered observations arms where they were not treated at all or with standard of care.
Interventions
Sponsors
Grünenthal GmbH
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
NONE
Intervention model description
There were 2 arms in Part 1: Randomization was carried out in blocks and in a 2:1 ratio (tapentadol PR to morphine PR). Participants were stratified using interactive response technology: by age group (6 years to less than 12 years and 12 years to less than 18 years, at the second visit \[Allocation Visit\]) so that at least 25% of participants were in the younger age group, and by underlying pain condition (cancer/non-cancer-related pain). There were 4 arms in Part 2: The investigators/participants decided if participants from Part 1 switched to or continued on tapentadol PR (tapentadol arm) or if they received no treatment/standard of care treatment if needed (2 direct observation arms following treatment in Part 1 and 1 observation arm after initial treatment with tapentadol in Part 2).
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
6 Years to 17 Years
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
Part 1 - Randomized to open-label, active comparator controlled treatment Participants were eligible for the study at enrollment if all the following applied: * Informed consent (if applicable assent) obtained. * Male or female participant at least 6 years of age at the Enrollment Visit and less than 18 years of age on Day 14. * Participant has an underlying long-term pain condition (e.g., cancer, chronic disease, planned or performed surgery) that is, according to the judgment of the investigator, expected to require a twice-daily prolonged release opioid treatment until at least the end of the 14-day Treatment Period. * Participant can swallow tablets of appropriate size. * Participant is able to participate in the study as planned and willing to comply with the requirements of the protocol including refraining from drinking beverages containing alcohol and recreational intake of drugs while on study medication. Participants had to satisfy the following criteria before allocation to treatment: * Less than 18 years of age. * No opioid intake or last calculated morphine equivalent dose of less than 3.5 mg/kg per day. * Participant has a body weight of at least 17.5 kg. * If a female of childbearing potential (post menarchal and not surgically incapable of childbearing) and sexually active, must practice an effective method of birth control (e.g., prescription oral contraceptives, contraceptive injections, intrauterine device, double barrier method, contraceptive patch) before allocation to study medication until the end of intake of study medication. * If a female and post menarchal or older than 12 years, has a negative urine pregnancy test on the day before or on the day of allocation to study medication. Part 2 Inclusion criteria for the Tapentadol Open-label extension period: * Participant has completed the 14-day Treatment Period. * Participant is still in need of prolonged release opioid treatment. * Participant does not meet any of the compulsory discontinuation criteria.
Exclusion criteria
Participants were not eligible for the study if any of the following applied. The following was checked at enrollment: * Has been previously enrolled in this study or a previous study with tapentadol. * Has a clinically relevant history of hypersensitivity, allergy, or contraindication to morphine or tapentadol or any ingredient, including galactose intolerance (see investigator's brochure for tapentadol prolonged-release \[PR\] and summary of product characteristics for morphine PR), or naloxone. * History or current condition of any one of the following: * Seizure disorder or epilepsy. * Serotonin syndrome. * Traumatic or hypoxic brain injury, brain contusion, stroke, transient ischemic attack, intracranial hematoma, posttraumatic amnesia, brain neoplasm, or episode(s) of more than 24 hours duration of unconsciousness. * History or current condition of any one of the following: * Moderate to severe renal or hepatic impairment. * Abnormal pulmonary function or clinically relevant respiratory disease (e.g., acute or severe bronchial asthma, hypercapnia) * Complex regional pain syndrome. * A pain indication with a strong psycho-somatic component that, in the judgment of the investigator, is unlikely to respond to opioids. * History of alcohol or drug abuse in the investigator's judgment, based on history and physical examination. Drugs of abuse detected in urine screen unless explained by allowed concomitant medication * Participant has: * A clinically relevant abnormal electrocardiogram. * Signs of pre-excitation syndrome. * Brugada's syndrome. * QT or corrected QT (QTcF, Fridericia) interval greater than 470 ms. * Any surgery scheduled during the first 14 days of the study that is expected to require post-surgical intensive care unit (ICU) treatment, or that requires post-surgical parenteral pain-treatment, or may, affect the safety of the participant. * Participant is not able to understand and comply with the protocol as appropriate for the age of the participant or participant is cognitively impaired in the investigator's judgment such that they cannot comply with the protocol. * Participant, parent or the legal representative is an employee of the investigator or study site, with direct involvement in the proposed study or other studies under the direction of that investigator or study site, or family member of the employees or the investigator. The following was checked at the enrollment and the allocation visits: * Has a concomitant disease or disorder (e.g., endocrine, metabolic, neurological, psychiatric, infection) that in the opinion of the investigator may affect or compromise participant safety during the study participation. * Pancreatic/biliary tract disease (e.g., pancreatitis) or paralytic ileus. * Intake of forbidden concomitant medication/use of forbidden therapies (see synopsis section Concomitant medications/therapies). * Female participant is breastfeeding a child. The following was checked at the allocation to treatment visit: * Has received a drug or used a medical device not approved for human use within 30 days prior to visit. * Based on data from the local laboratory, one or more of: * Total serum bilirubin greater than 2.0 mg/dL. * Serum albumin less than 2.8 g/dL. * Aspartate transaminase or alanine transaminase greater than 5 times upper limit of normal. * Based on data from the local laboratory, creatinine clearance less than 30 mL/min per 1.73 m2 (calculated according to a formula that is appropriate for the respective age group).
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Number of Participants Classified as Responder (Part 1) | From Day 1 up to Day 14 (End of Part 1) | The proportion of participants classified as responders was assessed and compared between the treatment groups. A participant was defined as responder if both of the following criteria were met: * Completion of the 14-day Treatment Period (Part 1). * One of the following calculated from the scheduled pain assessments (pain right now) documented during the last 3 days of the Treatment Period: * Average pain less than 50 on a visual analog scale (VAS, range 0 \[no pain\] to 100 \[pain as bad as it could be\]) for participants aged 12 years to less than 18 years; or less than 5 on the Faces Pain Scale-revised (FPS-R, range 0 \[no pain\] and 10 \[very much pain\]) for participants aged 6 years to less than 12 years. * Average reduction from baseline of pain greater than or equal to 20 on a VAS for participants aged 12 years to less than 18 years; or greater than or equal to 2 on the FPS-R for participants aged 6 years to less than 12 years. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Extent of Constipation (Part 1) | From Day 1 to Day 14 (End of Part 1) | Constipation was assessed using the modified constipation assessment scale (mCAS). This is an 8-item questionnaire where the observer has scored constipation on a nominal scale (no Problem \[score 0\], some problem \[score 1\] or severe Problem \[score 2\]). The response to an item could also be scored as unable to assess. The Total Score can vary from 0-16; the higher the Total Score the higher the extent of constipation. A positive change from Day 1 to Day 14 indicates a worsening, a negative change an improvement. |
| Tolerability Over the Complete Trial Period | Part 1: Day 1 (Start of Part 1) to Day 14; Part 2: Day 15 to Day 379 (End of Part 2) | Tolerability was assessed by the number of participants with exactly 1 to more than 5 treatment emergent adverse events (TEAE) by treatment group during the different trial periods, on a participant level. In addition, tolerability was assessed by the number of participants with TEAEs which were considered by the investigator to be at least possibly related to the treatment the participant received. |
Other
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Serum Concentrations of Tapentadol (Part 1) | From Day 1 to Day 14 (End of Part 1) | Tapentadol serum concentrations were measured in participants in the tapentadol treatment arm (Part 1). All participants who had quantifiable serum concentrations during the Treatment Period were included in the descriptive pharmacokinetic analysis. Data from participants who vomited within 6 hours of administration of IMP during the Treatment Period were carefully assessed to decide if the data should be included in the pharmacokinetic analysis. |
| Serum Concentrations of Tapentadol-O-glucuronide (Part 1) | From Day 1 to Day 14 (End of Part1) | Tapentadol-O-glucuronide is a metabolite of tapentadol. The body transforms tapentadol into its metabolites so that it can be more easily/quickly removed from the body. Tapentadol-O-glucuronide serum concentrations were measured in participants who received tapentadol PR in Part 1. All participants who had quantifiable serum concentrations were included in the descriptive pharmacokinetic analysis. Data from participants who vomited within 6 hours of administration of IMP during Part 1 were carefully assessed to decide if they should be included in the pharmacokinetic analysis. |
| Palatability of Study Medication (Part 1, Day 8) | Day 8 (Part 1) | Palatability was determined in Part 1 by asking the participant How does the medication taste. The participant was requested to give a score on a 5-point hedonic faces rating scale in combination with a verbal rating. The response can range from really bad to really good. |
| Palatability of Study Medication (Part 1, Day 14) | Day 14 (Part 1) | Palatability was determined in Part 1 by asking the participant How does the medication taste. The participant was requested to give a score on a 5-point hedonic faces rating scale in combination with a verbal rating. The response can range from really bad to really good. |
| Acceptability of Study Medication (Part 1, Day 8) | Day 8 (Part 1) | Acceptability of the study medication was determined in Part 1 by asking the participant Swallowing the medication is.... The participant was requested to give a score on a 5-point hedonic faces rating scale in combination with a verbal rating. The response can range from really difficult to really easy. |
| Acceptability of Study Medication (Part 1, Day 14) | Day 14 (End of Part 1) | Acceptability of the study medication was determined in Part 1 by asking the participant Swallowing the medication is.... The participant was requested to give a score on a 5-point hedonic faces rating scale in combination with a verbal rating. The response can range from really difficult to really easy. |
| Change in Pain Intensity in the Open-label, Active-controlled Treatment Period (Part 1) | From Baseline up to Day 14 (End of Part 1) or early discontinuation | Pain intensity was assessed by scoring Pain right now twice daily up to Day 14 by every participant using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) as well as the Faces Pain Scale-Revised (FPS-R) in an electronic diary. Pain intensity was first documented using the VAS and directly thereafter the FPS-R. If required, pain intensity diary entry could be assisted by the legal guardian or a health care provider. The VAS is scored from 0, equivalent to no pain, to 100, equivalent to pain as bad as it could be. The FPS-R is a validated self-reported 6-point scale with 0 representing no pain and 10 representing very much pain. Facial representations were used to indicate how much the pain hurts. The pain right now scores at baseline (last evaluation before starting IMP) and the mean of last 6 assessments collected up to the time point of last IMP intake in Part 1 (i.e., Day 14 or the day of early discontinuation) were used for the calculation of the change in pain intensity from baseline. |
| Change From Baseline in Subjective Opiate Withdrawal Scale (SOWS) | From Day 1 to Day 386 (End of Part 2 + 7 days) | Opiate withdrawal symptoms were assessed using the Subjective Opiate Withdrawal Scale (SOWS) questionnaire. The SOWS is designed to reflect common motoric, autonomic, musculoskeletal, and psychic signs and symptoms of opiate withdrawal. Each participant was requested to rate the first 15 items of the 16-item questionnaire for 7 days after last IMP intake. Participants rated the intensity of specific signs and symptoms on a scale of 0 (not at all) to 4 (extremely). The minimum overall score is 0, the maximum score is 64. SOWS Total Score at baseline (i.e., for Part 1 = Day 14-17, for Part 2 = Day 352-380, or the day after an early termination visit (Part 1/2)), and changes from baseline 2-7 days after last intake of IMP in Part 1 (= up to Day 23) and in Part 2 (= up to Day 386) are presented. |
| Time to Discontinuation (Lack of Efficacy) in Part 1 | From first day in Part 1 (Day 1) to last day in Part 1 | The time to discontinuation from IMP due to lack of efficacy was planned to be analyzed for both treatment arms (tapentadol PR and morphine PR) in Part 1 of the trial. However, no participant was reported with early discontinuation from IMP due to lack of efficacy. Consequently, no time to discontinuation can be reported. |
| Time to Discontinuation (Lack of Efficacy) in Part 2 | From first day in Part 2 (Day 15) to last day in Part 2 (Day 379) | The time to discontinuation from IMP due to lack of efficacy was analyzed for tapentadol PR treatment in Part 2 of the trial. |
| Time to Discontinuation (Treatment Emergent Adverse Events) in Part 1 | From first day in Part 1 (Day 1) to last day in Part 1 (Day 14) | The time to discontinuation from IMP due to treatment emergent adverse events (TEAEs) was analyzed for both treatment arms (tapentadol PR and morphine PR) in Part 1 of the study. Note that no participant discontinued due to a TEAE in the morphine PR arm, and 2 participants in the tapentadol PR arm. |
| Time to Discontinuation (Treatment Emergent Adverse Events) in Part 2 | From first day in Part 2 (Day 15) to last day in Part 2 (Day 379) | The time to discontinuation from IMP due to treatment emergent adverse events (TEAEs) was analyzed for tapentadol PR treatment in Part 2 of the study. |
| Time to First Intake of Rescue Medication in the Open-label, Active-controlled Treatment Period (Part 1) | From Day 1 up to Day 14 (End of Part 1) | Morphine oral solution could be given during Part 1 as rescue medication in both treatment groups. The dose per rescue medication intake was 1/6 of the total daily dose of the scheduled tapentadol or morphine PR intakes. Rescue medication administration times and doses were recorded. 18 Participants in the morphine PR group and 27 participants in the tapentadol PR group had no documented intake of rescue medication between Day 1 and Day 14. Summary statistics were calculated based on participants with any intake, i.e., those that took at least 1 dose of rescue medication. The mean (standard deviation) time (hours) to first dose of rescue medication following the first dose of the IMP (on Day 1) is presented. |
| Extent of Constipation (Part 2) | From baseline (Day 15 or switch) to last assessment (up to Day 379 of Part 2) | Constipation was assessed using the modified constipation assessment scale (mCAS). This is an 8-item questionnaire where the observer has scored constipation on a nominal scale (no problem \[score 0\], some problem \[score 1\] or severe problem \[score 2\]). The response to an item could also be scored as unable to assess. The Total Score can vary from 0-16; the higher the Total Score the higher the extent of constipation. A positive change from baseline to last assessment indicates a worsening, a negative change an improvement. |
| Change in Pain Intensity in the Tapentadol Open-label Extension Period (Part 2) | From Day 15 to Day 379 (End of Part 2) | Pain intensity was assessed by scoring Pain right now using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) as well as the Faces Pain Scale-Revised (FPS-R) at each visit. The pain intensity was first documented using the VAS and directly thereafter the FPS-R. If required, pain intensity assessments could be assisted by the legal guardian or a health care provider. The VAS is scored from 0, equivalent to no pain, to 100, equivalent to pain as bad as it could be. The FPS-R is a validated self-reported 6-point scale with 0 representing no pain and 10 representing very much pain. Facial representations were used to indicate how much the pain hurts. The pain right now score at the tapentadol baseline (last evaluation before or at Day 15) and at the last assessment for those subjects who completed the 12 months treatment of Part 2 were used for the calculation of the change in pain intensity from the tapentadol baseline. |
| Use of Rescue Medication in the Open-Label, Active-controlled Treatment Period (Part 1) | From Day 1 up to Day 14 (End of Part 1) | Due to an overall low intake of rescue medication, it was not appropriate to present the number of doses of oral morphine solution used at different dose levels of investigational medicinal product (IMP) but the average daily dose (milligrams per kilogram body weight) for the treatment period and a modified average daily dose. Average daily dose and modified average daily dose were both calculated based on drug accountability. For the modified average daily doses, implausible values were excluded from the analysis, i.e., the amount of rescue medication that was lost due to a broken bottle was excluded from the analysis and negative amounts of rescue medication intakes due to measurement inaccuracies for bottle weights were considered as no intake. |
Countries
Belgium, Bulgaria, Chile, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Portugal, Spain, United Kingdom
Participant flow
Recruitment details
The first participant was enrolled for Part 1 on 29 April 2015.
Pre-assignment details
73 participants signed an informed consent form (assented). 1 participant withdrew consent and 2 did not meet in-/exclusion criteria. 70 participants were allocated to investigational medicinal product (IMP). 1 of the allocated participants was not treated, resulting in 69 participants who were dosed in Part 1.
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Morphine Prolonged-release (Part 1) The treatment group comprised 7 participants aged 6 years to less than 12 years and 17 participants aged 12 years to less than 18 years.
Starting doses varied from 10 to 40 milligrams (mg) morphine PR twice daily depending on participant's weight; if necessary, doses were gradually increased up to a maximum dose defined per weight group.
The highest dose defined for participants weighing 55 kg and more was 200 mg per day. | 24 |
| Tapentadol Prolonged-release (Part 1) The treatment group comprised 12 participants aged 6 years to less than 12 years and 33 participants aged 12 years to less than 18 years.
Starting doses varied from 25 to 100 mg tapentadol PR twice daily depending on participant's weight. If necessary, doses were gradually increased up to a maximum dose defined per weight group.
The highest dose defined for participants weighing 55 kg and more was 500 mg per day. | 45 |
| Total | 69 |
Withdrawals & dropouts
| Period | Reason | FG000 | FG001 | FG002 | FG003 | FG004 | FG005 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part 1: 14 Days Morphine or Tapentadol | Adverse Event | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Part 1: 14 Days Morphine or Tapentadol | Missing | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Part 1: 14 Days Morphine or Tapentadol | No need for opioid | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Part 1: 14 Days Morphine or Tapentadol | Technical problems | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Part 1: 14 Days Morphine or Tapentadol | Withdrawal by Subject | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Part 2: Observ. Aft. Tapent. Extension | Death | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Part 2: Observ. Aft. Tapent. Extension | Missing | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
| Part 2: Observ. Aft. Tapent. Extension | Various other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| Part 2: Observ. Aft. Tapent. Extension | Withdrawal by Subject | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Part 2: Tapent. Extension or Observation | Adverse Event | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Part 2: Tapent. Extension or Observation | Death | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
| Part 2: Tapent. Extension or Observation | Final post-treatment visit not performed | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Part 2: Tapent. Extension or Observation | Lack of Efficacy | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Part 2: Tapent. Extension or Observation | Missing | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Part 2: Tapent. Extension or Observation | No need for opioid | 0 | 0 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Part 2: Tapent. Extension or Observation | Protocol Violation | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Part 2: Tapent. Extension or Observation | Various other | 0 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Part 2: Tapent. Extension or Observation | Withdrawal by Subject | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Tapentadol Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Total | Morphine Prolonged-release (Part 1) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous All participants | 13.2 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.8 | 13.2 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.8 | 13.2 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.8 |
| Age, customized 12 years to less than 18 years | 33 Participants | 50 Participants | 17 Participants |
| Age, customized 6 years to less than 12 years | 12 Participants | 19 Participants | 7 Participants |
| Body Mass Index 12 years to less than 18 years | 21.15 kg/m^2 STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.66 | 20.96 kg/m^2 STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.14 | 20.59 kg/m^2 STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.98 |
| Body Mass Index 6 years to less than 12 years | 17.08 kg/m^2 STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.38 | 17.16 kg/m^2 STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.22 | 17.28 kg/m^2 STANDARD_DEVIATION 5.69 |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Hispanic or Latino | 7 Participants | 11 Participants | 4 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Not Hispanic or Latino | 36 Participants | 56 Participants | 20 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 2 Participants | 2 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Height 12 years to less than 18 years | 162.9 centimeters STANDARD_DEVIATION 11.3 | 163.9 centimeters STANDARD_DEVIATION 11.2 | 165.8 centimeters STANDARD_DEVIATION 11.2 |
| Height 6 years to less than 12 years | 136.0 centimeters STANDARD_DEVIATION 12.5 | 137.1 centimeters STANDARD_DEVIATION 12.5 | 138.9 centimeters STANDARD_DEVIATION 13.4 |
| Pain cause Cancer-related pain 12 years to less than 18 years | 9 Participants | 13 Participants | 4 Participants |
| Pain cause Cancer-related pain 6 years to less than 12 years | 0 Participants | 1 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Pain cause Non-cancer-related pain 12 years to less than 18 years | 24 Participants | 37 Participants | 13 Participants |
| Pain cause Non-cancer-related pain 6 years to less than 12 years | 12 Participants | 18 Participants | 6 Participants |
| Pain intensity (FPS-R) 12 years to less than 18 years | 4.0 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.1 | 3.7 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.9 | 3.1 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.7 |
| Pain intensity (FPS-R) 6 years to less than 12 years | 5.8 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.6 | 6.1 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.1 | 6.7 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.1 |
| Pain intensity (VAS) 12 years to less than 18 years | 42.7 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 31.6 | 41.5 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 31.5 | 39.5 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 32.4 |
| Pain intensity (VAS) 6 years to less than 12 years | 59.1 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 32.8 | 65.2 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 28 | 75.3 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 14.6 |
| Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Asian | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 1 Participants | 1 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) White | 44 Participants | 68 Participants | 24 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment Belgium | 1 Participants | 1 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment Bulgaria | 11 Participants | 17 Participants | 6 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment Chile | 4 Participants | 7 Participants | 3 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment France | 9 Participants | 14 Participants | 5 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment Germany | 5 Participants | 9 Participants | 4 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment Hungary | 1 Participants | 1 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment Italy | 3 Participants | 3 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment Portugal | 3 Participants | 7 Participants | 4 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment Spain | 1 Participants | 2 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment United Kingdom | 7 Participants | 8 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 22 Participants | 32 Participants | 10 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 23 Participants | 37 Participants | 14 Participants |
| Type of pain All of the pain types | 1 Participants | 1 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Type of pain Neuropathic | 9 Participants | 13 Participants | 4 Participants |
| Type of pain Neuropathic and nociceptive/somatic | 6 Participants | 12 Participants | 6 Participants |
| Type of pain Neuropathic and nociceptive/visceral | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Type of pain Nociceptive/somatic | 28 Participants | 41 Participants | 13 Participants |
| Type of pain Nociceptive/somatic and nociceptive/visceral | 1 Participants | 2 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Type of pain Nociceptive/visceral | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Weight 12 years to less than 18 years | 56.35 kilograms STANDARD_DEVIATION 13.92 | 56.47 kilograms STANDARD_DEVIATION 12.5 | 56.69 kilograms STANDARD_DEVIATION 9.52 |
| Weight 6 years to less than 12 years | 32.37 kilograms STANDARD_DEVIATION 11.39 | 33.03 kilograms STANDARD_DEVIATION 12.09 | 34.17 kilograms STANDARD_DEVIATION 14.08 |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk | EG002 affected / at risk | EG003 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 24 | 0 / 45 | 0 / 69 | 0 / 36 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 11 / 24 | 26 / 45 | 37 / 69 | 30 / 36 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 1 / 24 | 3 / 45 | 4 / 69 | 13 / 36 |
Outcome results
Primary
Number of Participants Classified as Responder (Part 1)
The proportion of participants classified as responders was assessed and compared between the treatment groups. A participant was defined as responder if both of the following criteria were met: * Completion of the 14-day Treatment Period (Part 1). * One of the following calculated from the scheduled pain assessments (pain right now) documented during the last 3 days of the Treatment Period: * Average pain less than 50 on a visual analog scale (VAS, range 0 \[no pain\] to 100 \[pain as bad as it could be\]) for participants aged 12 years to less than 18 years; or less than 5 on the Faces Pain Scale-revised (FPS-R, range 0 \[no pain\] and 10 \[very much pain\]) for participants aged 6 years to less than 12 years. * Average reduction from baseline of pain greater than or equal to 20 on a VAS for participants aged 12 years to less than 18 years; or greater than or equal to 2 on the FPS-R for participants aged 6 years to less than 12 years.
Time frame: From Day 1 up to Day 14 (End of Part 1)
Population: Full Analysis Set; missing pain assessments (last 3 days) were imputed using multiple imputation.
| Arm | Measure | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|
| Morphine Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Number of Participants Classified as Responder (Part 1) | 19 Participants |
| Tapentadol Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Number of Participants Classified as Responder (Part 1) | 32 Participants |
p-value: 0.07980% CI: [-0.19, 0.06]Farrington-Manning test
Secondary
Extent of Constipation (Part 1)
Constipation was assessed using the modified constipation assessment scale (mCAS). This is an 8-item questionnaire where the observer has scored constipation on a nominal scale (no Problem \[score 0\], some problem \[score 1\] or severe Problem \[score 2\]). The response to an item could also be scored as unable to assess. The Total Score can vary from 0-16; the higher the Total Score the higher the extent of constipation. A positive change from Day 1 to Day 14 indicates a worsening, a negative change an improvement.
Time frame: From Day 1 to Day 14 (End of Part 1)
Population: Safety Set
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Morphine Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Extent of Constipation (Part 1) | Day 1 | 2.7 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 3 |
| Morphine Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Extent of Constipation (Part 1) | Day 14 | 2.7 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.4 |
| Morphine Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Extent of Constipation (Part 1) | Change from Day 1 | -0.1 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.6 |
| Tapentadol Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Extent of Constipation (Part 1) | Change from Day 1 | 0.4 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.4 |
| Tapentadol Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Extent of Constipation (Part 1) | Day 1 | 1.5 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.4 |
| Tapentadol Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Extent of Constipation (Part 1) | Day 14 | 1.8 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2 |
Secondary
Tolerability Over the Complete Trial Period
Tolerability was assessed by the number of participants with exactly 1 to more than 5 treatment emergent adverse events (TEAE) by treatment group during the different trial periods, on a participant level. In addition, tolerability was assessed by the number of participants with TEAEs which were considered by the investigator to be at least possibly related to the treatment the participant received.
Time frame: Part 1: Day 1 (Start of Part 1) to Day 14; Part 2: Day 15 to Day 379 (End of Part 2)
Population: Safety Set
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Morphine Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Tolerability Over the Complete Trial Period | Participants without any TEAE | 12 participants |
| Morphine Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Tolerability Over the Complete Trial Period | Participants with exactly 2 TEAEs | 2 participants |
| Morphine Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Tolerability Over the Complete Trial Period | Participants with exactly 5 TEAEs | 1 participants |
| Morphine Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Tolerability Over the Complete Trial Period | Participants with at least 1 TEAE | 12 participants |
| Morphine Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Tolerability Over the Complete Trial Period | Participants with exactly 3 TEAEs | 2 participants |
| Morphine Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Tolerability Over the Complete Trial Period | Participants with related TEAEs | 6 participants |
| Morphine Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Tolerability Over the Complete Trial Period | Participants with exactly 1 TEAE | 1 participants |
| Morphine Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Tolerability Over the Complete Trial Period | Participants with exactly 4 TEAEs | 2 participants |
| Morphine Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Tolerability Over the Complete Trial Period | Participants with more than 5 TEAEs | 4 participants |
| Tapentadol Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Tolerability Over the Complete Trial Period | Participants with exactly 4 TEAEs | 1 participants |
| Tapentadol Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Tolerability Over the Complete Trial Period | Participants with exactly 5 TEAEs | 3 participants |
| Tapentadol Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Tolerability Over the Complete Trial Period | Participants with more than 5 TEAEs | 6 participants |
| Tapentadol Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Tolerability Over the Complete Trial Period | Participants with related TEAEs | 12 participants |
| Tapentadol Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Tolerability Over the Complete Trial Period | Participants with exactly 1 TEAE | 7 participants |
| Tapentadol Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Tolerability Over the Complete Trial Period | Participants with exactly 2 TEAEs | 5 participants |
| Tapentadol Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Tolerability Over the Complete Trial Period | Participants with exactly 3 TEAEs | 4 participants |
| Tapentadol Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Tolerability Over the Complete Trial Period | Participants with at least 1 TEAE | 26 participants |
| Tapentadol Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Tolerability Over the Complete Trial Period | Participants without any TEAE | 19 participants |
| Tapentadol Prolonged-release (Part 2) | Tolerability Over the Complete Trial Period | Participants with related TEAEs | 13 participants |
| Tapentadol Prolonged-release (Part 2) | Tolerability Over the Complete Trial Period | Participants without any TEAE | 6 participants |
| Tapentadol Prolonged-release (Part 2) | Tolerability Over the Complete Trial Period | Participants with at least 1 TEAE | 30 participants |
| Tapentadol Prolonged-release (Part 2) | Tolerability Over the Complete Trial Period | Participants with exactly 1 TEAE | 5 participants |
| Tapentadol Prolonged-release (Part 2) | Tolerability Over the Complete Trial Period | Participants with exactly 2 TEAEs | 2 participants |
| Tapentadol Prolonged-release (Part 2) | Tolerability Over the Complete Trial Period | Participants with exactly 3 TEAEs | 2 participants |
| Tapentadol Prolonged-release (Part 2) | Tolerability Over the Complete Trial Period | Participants with exactly 4 TEAEs | 4 participants |
| Tapentadol Prolonged-release (Part 2) | Tolerability Over the Complete Trial Period | Participants with exactly 5 TEAEs | 3 participants |
| Tapentadol Prolonged-release (Part 2) | Tolerability Over the Complete Trial Period | Participants with more than 5 TEAEs | 14 participants |
Other Pre-specified
Acceptability of Study Medication (Part 1, Day 14)
Acceptability of the study medication was determined in Part 1 by asking the participant Swallowing the medication is.... The participant was requested to give a score on a 5-point hedonic faces rating scale in combination with a verbal rating. The response can range from really difficult to really easy.
Time frame: Day 14 (End of Part 1)
Population: Full Analysis Set
| Arm | Measure | Category | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Morphine Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Acceptability of Study Medication (Part 1, Day 14) | Difficult | 0 Participants |
| Morphine Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Acceptability of Study Medication (Part 1, Day 14) | Easy | 8 Participants |
| Morphine Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Acceptability of Study Medication (Part 1, Day 14) | Really difficult | 1 Participants |
| Morphine Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Acceptability of Study Medication (Part 1, Day 14) | Really easy | 13 Participants |
| Morphine Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Acceptability of Study Medication (Part 1, Day 14) | Missing | 0 Participants |
| Morphine Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Acceptability of Study Medication (Part 1, Day 14) | A bit difficult/a bit easy | 2 Participants |
| Tapentadol Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Acceptability of Study Medication (Part 1, Day 14) | Missing | 1 Participants |
| Tapentadol Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Acceptability of Study Medication (Part 1, Day 14) | Really difficult | 1 Participants |
| Tapentadol Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Acceptability of Study Medication (Part 1, Day 14) | Difficult | 1 Participants |
| Tapentadol Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Acceptability of Study Medication (Part 1, Day 14) | A bit difficult/a bit easy | 7 Participants |
| Tapentadol Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Acceptability of Study Medication (Part 1, Day 14) | Easy | 16 Participants |
| Tapentadol Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Acceptability of Study Medication (Part 1, Day 14) | Really easy | 19 Participants |
Other Pre-specified
Acceptability of Study Medication (Part 1, Day 8)
Acceptability of the study medication was determined in Part 1 by asking the participant Swallowing the medication is.... The participant was requested to give a score on a 5-point hedonic faces rating scale in combination with a verbal rating. The response can range from really difficult to really easy.
Time frame: Day 8 (Part 1)
Population: Full Analysis Set
| Arm | Measure | Category | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Morphine Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Acceptability of Study Medication (Part 1, Day 8) | Really difficult | 0 Participants |
| Morphine Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Acceptability of Study Medication (Part 1, Day 8) | Difficult | 0 Participants |
| Morphine Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Acceptability of Study Medication (Part 1, Day 8) | A bit difficult/a bit easy | 3 Participants |
| Morphine Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Acceptability of Study Medication (Part 1, Day 8) | Easy | 8 Participants |
| Morphine Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Acceptability of Study Medication (Part 1, Day 8) | Really easy | 12 Participants |
| Morphine Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Acceptability of Study Medication (Part 1, Day 8) | Missing | 1 Participants |
| Tapentadol Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Acceptability of Study Medication (Part 1, Day 8) | Really easy | 24 Participants |
| Tapentadol Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Acceptability of Study Medication (Part 1, Day 8) | Really difficult | 0 Participants |
| Tapentadol Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Acceptability of Study Medication (Part 1, Day 8) | Easy | 9 Participants |
| Tapentadol Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Acceptability of Study Medication (Part 1, Day 8) | Difficult | 3 Participants |
| Tapentadol Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Acceptability of Study Medication (Part 1, Day 8) | Missing | 4 Participants |
| Tapentadol Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Acceptability of Study Medication (Part 1, Day 8) | A bit difficult/a bit easy | 5 Participants |
Other Pre-specified
Change From Baseline in Subjective Opiate Withdrawal Scale (SOWS)
Opiate withdrawal symptoms were assessed using the Subjective Opiate Withdrawal Scale (SOWS) questionnaire. The SOWS is designed to reflect common motoric, autonomic, musculoskeletal, and psychic signs and symptoms of opiate withdrawal. Each participant was requested to rate the first 15 items of the 16-item questionnaire for 7 days after last IMP intake. Participants rated the intensity of specific signs and symptoms on a scale of 0 (not at all) to 4 (extremely). The minimum overall score is 0, the maximum score is 64. SOWS Total Score at baseline (i.e., for Part 1 = Day 14-17, for Part 2 = Day 352-380, or the day after an early termination visit (Part 1/2)), and changes from baseline 2-7 days after last intake of IMP in Part 1 (= up to Day 23) and in Part 2 (= up to Day 386) are presented.
Time frame: From Day 1 to Day 386 (End of Part 2 + 7 days)
Population: Safety Set
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Morphine Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Change From Baseline in Subjective Opiate Withdrawal Scale (SOWS) | Change Day 2 after last IMP intake | -0.4 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 2 |
| Morphine Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Change From Baseline in Subjective Opiate Withdrawal Scale (SOWS) | Change Day 5 after last IMP intake | -1.6 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.6 |
| Morphine Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Change From Baseline in Subjective Opiate Withdrawal Scale (SOWS) | Change Day 4 after last IMP intake | -1.7 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.4 |
| Morphine Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Change From Baseline in Subjective Opiate Withdrawal Scale (SOWS) | Total score at baseline | 4.0 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.8 |
| Morphine Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Change From Baseline in Subjective Opiate Withdrawal Scale (SOWS) | Change Day 7 after last IMP intake | -2.7 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.9 |
| Morphine Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Change From Baseline in Subjective Opiate Withdrawal Scale (SOWS) | Change Day 6 after last IMP intake | -2.3 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.6 |
| Morphine Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Change From Baseline in Subjective Opiate Withdrawal Scale (SOWS) | Change Day 3 after last IMP intake | -1.6 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.7 |
| Tapentadol Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Change From Baseline in Subjective Opiate Withdrawal Scale (SOWS) | Change Day 4 after last IMP intake | -3.9 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.7 |
| Tapentadol Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Change From Baseline in Subjective Opiate Withdrawal Scale (SOWS) | Total score at baseline | 6.9 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 7.6 |
| Tapentadol Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Change From Baseline in Subjective Opiate Withdrawal Scale (SOWS) | Change Day 2 after last IMP intake | -1.7 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.5 |
| Tapentadol Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Change From Baseline in Subjective Opiate Withdrawal Scale (SOWS) | Change Day 3 after last IMP intake | -2.3 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.9 |
| Tapentadol Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Change From Baseline in Subjective Opiate Withdrawal Scale (SOWS) | Change Day 5 after last IMP intake | -3.8 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.1 |
| Tapentadol Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Change From Baseline in Subjective Opiate Withdrawal Scale (SOWS) | Change Day 6 after last IMP intake | -3.6 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.6 |
| Tapentadol Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Change From Baseline in Subjective Opiate Withdrawal Scale (SOWS) | Change Day 7 after last IMP intake | -5.1 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 6.3 |
| Tapentadol Prolonged-release (Part 2) | Change From Baseline in Subjective Opiate Withdrawal Scale (SOWS) | Change Day 5 after last IMP intake | 0 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 5 |
| Tapentadol Prolonged-release (Part 2) | Change From Baseline in Subjective Opiate Withdrawal Scale (SOWS) | Change Day 2 after last IMP intake | -0.7 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.8 |
| Tapentadol Prolonged-release (Part 2) | Change From Baseline in Subjective Opiate Withdrawal Scale (SOWS) | Change Day 7 after last IMP intake | -1.4 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.8 |
| Tapentadol Prolonged-release (Part 2) | Change From Baseline in Subjective Opiate Withdrawal Scale (SOWS) | Change Day 6 after last IMP intake | -0.6 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.1 |
| Tapentadol Prolonged-release (Part 2) | Change From Baseline in Subjective Opiate Withdrawal Scale (SOWS) | Change Day 4 after last IMP intake | -0.1 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.6 |
| Tapentadol Prolonged-release (Part 2) | Change From Baseline in Subjective Opiate Withdrawal Scale (SOWS) | Change Day 3 after last IMP intake | -0.3 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.1 |
| Tapentadol Prolonged-release (Part 2) | Change From Baseline in Subjective Opiate Withdrawal Scale (SOWS) | Total score at baseline | 6.1 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 6 |
Other Pre-specified
Change in Pain Intensity in the Open-label, Active-controlled Treatment Period (Part 1)
Pain intensity was assessed by scoring Pain right now twice daily up to Day 14 by every participant using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) as well as the Faces Pain Scale-Revised (FPS-R) in an electronic diary. Pain intensity was first documented using the VAS and directly thereafter the FPS-R. If required, pain intensity diary entry could be assisted by the legal guardian or a health care provider. The VAS is scored from 0, equivalent to no pain, to 100, equivalent to pain as bad as it could be. The FPS-R is a validated self-reported 6-point scale with 0 representing no pain and 10 representing very much pain. Facial representations were used to indicate how much the pain hurts. The pain right now scores at baseline (last evaluation before starting IMP) and the mean of last 6 assessments collected up to the time point of last IMP intake in Part 1 (i.e., Day 14 or the day of early discontinuation) were used for the calculation of the change in pain intensity from baseline.
Time frame: From Baseline up to Day 14 (End of Part 1) or early discontinuation
Population: Full Analysis Set
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Morphine Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Change in Pain Intensity in the Open-label, Active-controlled Treatment Period (Part 1) | Pain intensity change from Baseline (FPS-R) | -2.0 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.5 |
| Morphine Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Change in Pain Intensity in the Open-label, Active-controlled Treatment Period (Part 1) | Pain intensity change from Baseline (VAS) | -23.4 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 36.9 |
| Tapentadol Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Change in Pain Intensity in the Open-label, Active-controlled Treatment Period (Part 1) | Pain intensity change from Baseline (FPS-R) | -1.9 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.4 |
| Tapentadol Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Change in Pain Intensity in the Open-label, Active-controlled Treatment Period (Part 1) | Pain intensity change from Baseline (VAS) | -18.8 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 33.5 |
Other Pre-specified
Change in Pain Intensity in the Tapentadol Open-label Extension Period (Part 2)
Pain intensity was assessed by scoring Pain right now using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) as well as the Faces Pain Scale-Revised (FPS-R) at each visit. The pain intensity was first documented using the VAS and directly thereafter the FPS-R. If required, pain intensity assessments could be assisted by the legal guardian or a health care provider. The VAS is scored from 0, equivalent to no pain, to 100, equivalent to pain as bad as it could be. The FPS-R is a validated self-reported 6-point scale with 0 representing no pain and 10 representing very much pain. Facial representations were used to indicate how much the pain hurts. The pain right now score at the tapentadol baseline (last evaluation before or at Day 15) and at the last assessment for those subjects who completed the 12 months treatment of Part 2 were used for the calculation of the change in pain intensity from the tapentadol baseline.
Time frame: From Day 15 to Day 379 (End of Part 2)
Population: Full Analysis Set; data from 9 subjects who completed the visit 12 months after start of Part 2 were analyzed.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Morphine Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Change in Pain Intensity in the Tapentadol Open-label Extension Period (Part 2) | Pain intensity change (FPR-S) from Day 15 | 0 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.8 |
| Morphine Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Change in Pain Intensity in the Tapentadol Open-label Extension Period (Part 2) | Pain intensity change (VAS) from Day 15 | -11.7 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 29 |
Other Pre-specified
Extent of Constipation (Part 2)
Constipation was assessed using the modified constipation assessment scale (mCAS). This is an 8-item questionnaire where the observer has scored constipation on a nominal scale (no problem \[score 0\], some problem \[score 1\] or severe problem \[score 2\]). The response to an item could also be scored as unable to assess. The Total Score can vary from 0-16; the higher the Total Score the higher the extent of constipation. A positive change from baseline to last assessment indicates a worsening, a negative change an improvement.
Time frame: From baseline (Day 15 or switch) to last assessment (up to Day 379 of Part 2)
Population: Safety Set
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Morphine Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Extent of Constipation (Part 2) | Baseline | 2.3 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.4 |
| Morphine Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Extent of Constipation (Part 2) | Change from baseline | -0.7 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.3 |
| Morphine Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Extent of Constipation (Part 2) | Last assessment | 1.8 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.7 |
| Tapentadol Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Extent of Constipation (Part 2) | Baseline | 1.8 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.3 |
| Tapentadol Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Extent of Constipation (Part 2) | Change from baseline | -1.4 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.1 |
| Tapentadol Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Extent of Constipation (Part 2) | Last assessment | 0.4 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.8 |
| Tapentadol Prolonged-release (Part 2) | Extent of Constipation (Part 2) | Last assessment | 0.4 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.2 |
| Tapentadol Prolonged-release (Part 2) | Extent of Constipation (Part 2) | Baseline | 2.5 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.5 |
| Tapentadol Prolonged-release (Part 2) | Extent of Constipation (Part 2) | Change from baseline | -1.6 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.7 |
| Observation Period After Tapentadol in Part 2 | Extent of Constipation (Part 2) | Baseline | 1.5 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.5 |
| Observation Period After Tapentadol in Part 2 | Extent of Constipation (Part 2) | Change from baseline | -1.4 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.7 |
| Observation Period After Tapentadol in Part 2 | Extent of Constipation (Part 2) | Last assessment | 0.8 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.7 |
Other Pre-specified
Palatability of Study Medication (Part 1, Day 14)
Palatability was determined in Part 1 by asking the participant How does the medication taste. The participant was requested to give a score on a 5-point hedonic faces rating scale in combination with a verbal rating. The response can range from really bad to really good.
Time frame: Day 14 (Part 1)
Population: Full Analysis Set
| Arm | Measure | Category | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Morphine Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Palatability of Study Medication (Part 1, Day 14) | Really bad | 0 Participants |
| Morphine Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Palatability of Study Medication (Part 1, Day 14) | Bad | 0 Participants |
| Morphine Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Palatability of Study Medication (Part 1, Day 14) | A bit bad/a bit good | 9 Participants |
| Morphine Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Palatability of Study Medication (Part 1, Day 14) | Good | 9 Participants |
| Morphine Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Palatability of Study Medication (Part 1, Day 14) | Really good | 6 Participants |
| Morphine Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Palatability of Study Medication (Part 1, Day 14) | Missing | 0 Participants |
| Tapentadol Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Palatability of Study Medication (Part 1, Day 14) | Really good | 9 Participants |
| Tapentadol Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Palatability of Study Medication (Part 1, Day 14) | Really bad | 0 Participants |
| Tapentadol Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Palatability of Study Medication (Part 1, Day 14) | Good | 11 Participants |
| Tapentadol Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Palatability of Study Medication (Part 1, Day 14) | Bad | 1 Participants |
| Tapentadol Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Palatability of Study Medication (Part 1, Day 14) | Missing | 1 Participants |
| Tapentadol Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Palatability of Study Medication (Part 1, Day 14) | A bit bad/a bit good | 23 Participants |
Other Pre-specified
Palatability of Study Medication (Part 1, Day 8)
Palatability was determined in Part 1 by asking the participant How does the medication taste. The participant was requested to give a score on a 5-point hedonic faces rating scale in combination with a verbal rating. The response can range from really bad to really good.
Time frame: Day 8 (Part 1)
Population: Full Analysis Set
| Arm | Measure | Category | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Morphine Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Palatability of Study Medication (Part 1, Day 8) | Really bad | 0 Participants |
| Morphine Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Palatability of Study Medication (Part 1, Day 8) | Bad | 0 Participants |
| Morphine Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Palatability of Study Medication (Part 1, Day 8) | A bit bad/a bit good | 13 Participants |
| Morphine Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Palatability of Study Medication (Part 1, Day 8) | Good | 7 Participants |
| Morphine Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Palatability of Study Medication (Part 1, Day 8) | Really good | 3 Participants |
| Morphine Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Palatability of Study Medication (Part 1, Day 8) | Missing | 1 Participants |
| Tapentadol Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Palatability of Study Medication (Part 1, Day 8) | Really good | 6 Participants |
| Tapentadol Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Palatability of Study Medication (Part 1, Day 8) | Really bad | 0 Participants |
| Tapentadol Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Palatability of Study Medication (Part 1, Day 8) | Good | 12 Participants |
| Tapentadol Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Palatability of Study Medication (Part 1, Day 8) | Bad | 2 Participants |
| Tapentadol Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Palatability of Study Medication (Part 1, Day 8) | Missing | 4 Participants |
| Tapentadol Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Palatability of Study Medication (Part 1, Day 8) | A bit bad/a bit good | 21 Participants |
Other Pre-specified
Serum Concentrations of Tapentadol-O-glucuronide (Part 1)
Tapentadol-O-glucuronide is a metabolite of tapentadol. The body transforms tapentadol into its metabolites so that it can be more easily/quickly removed from the body. Tapentadol-O-glucuronide serum concentrations were measured in participants who received tapentadol PR in Part 1. All participants who had quantifiable serum concentrations were included in the descriptive pharmacokinetic analysis. Data from participants who vomited within 6 hours of administration of IMP during Part 1 were carefully assessed to decide if they should be included in the pharmacokinetic analysis.
Time frame: From Day 1 to Day 14 (End of Part1)
Population: Pharmacokinetic Analysis Set
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Morphine Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Serum Concentrations of Tapentadol-O-glucuronide (Part 1) | Day 1 | 731.7 nanograms per milliliter | Standard Deviation 840.02 |
| Morphine Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Serum Concentrations of Tapentadol-O-glucuronide (Part 1) | Day 14 | 1557.3 nanograms per milliliter | Standard Deviation 1187.24 |
| Tapentadol Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Serum Concentrations of Tapentadol-O-glucuronide (Part 1) | Day 1 | 603.2 nanograms per milliliter | Standard Deviation 312.11 |
| Tapentadol Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Serum Concentrations of Tapentadol-O-glucuronide (Part 1) | Day 14 | 1223.8 nanograms per milliliter | Standard Deviation 511.27 |
| Tapentadol Prolonged-release (Part 2) | Serum Concentrations of Tapentadol-O-glucuronide (Part 1) | Day 1 | 786.7 nanograms per milliliter | Standard Deviation 984.42 |
| Tapentadol Prolonged-release (Part 2) | Serum Concentrations of Tapentadol-O-glucuronide (Part 1) | Day 14 | 1700.3 nanograms per milliliter | Standard Deviation 1363.41 |
Other Pre-specified
Serum Concentrations of Tapentadol (Part 1)
Tapentadol serum concentrations were measured in participants in the tapentadol treatment arm (Part 1). All participants who had quantifiable serum concentrations during the Treatment Period were included in the descriptive pharmacokinetic analysis. Data from participants who vomited within 6 hours of administration of IMP during the Treatment Period were carefully assessed to decide if the data should be included in the pharmacokinetic analysis.
Time frame: From Day 1 to Day 14 (End of Part 1)
Population: Pharmacokinetic Analysis Set
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Morphine Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Serum Concentrations of Tapentadol (Part 1) | Day 1 | 19.1 nanograms per milliliter | Standard Deviation 19.57 |
| Morphine Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Serum Concentrations of Tapentadol (Part 1) | Day 14 | 44.7 nanograms per milliliter | Standard Deviation 34.17 |
| Tapentadol Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Serum Concentrations of Tapentadol (Part 1) | Day 1 | 17.2 nanograms per milliliter | Standard Deviation 7.4 |
| Tapentadol Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Serum Concentrations of Tapentadol (Part 1) | Day 14 | 35.6 nanograms per milliliter | Standard Deviation 18.14 |
| Tapentadol Prolonged-release (Part 2) | Serum Concentrations of Tapentadol (Part 1) | Day 1 | 19.9 nanograms per milliliter | Standard Deviation 22.99 |
| Tapentadol Prolonged-release (Part 2) | Serum Concentrations of Tapentadol (Part 1) | Day 14 | 48.5 nanograms per milliliter | Standard Deviation 38.59 |
Other Pre-specified
Time to Discontinuation (Lack of Efficacy) in Part 1
The time to discontinuation from IMP due to lack of efficacy was planned to be analyzed for both treatment arms (tapentadol PR and morphine PR) in Part 1 of the trial. However, no participant was reported with early discontinuation from IMP due to lack of efficacy. Consequently, no time to discontinuation can be reported.
Time frame: From first day in Part 1 (Day 1) to last day in Part 1
Other Pre-specified
Time to Discontinuation (Lack of Efficacy) in Part 2
The time to discontinuation from IMP due to lack of efficacy was analyzed for tapentadol PR treatment in Part 2 of the trial.
Time frame: From first day in Part 2 (Day 15) to last day in Part 2 (Day 379)
Population: Safety Set; 3 participants with early discontinuation from IMP due to lack of efficacy
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) |
|---|---|---|
| Morphine Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Time to Discontinuation (Lack of Efficacy) in Part 2 | 30.9 weeks |
Other Pre-specified
Time to Discontinuation (Treatment Emergent Adverse Events) in Part 1
The time to discontinuation from IMP due to treatment emergent adverse events (TEAEs) was analyzed for both treatment arms (tapentadol PR and morphine PR) in Part 1 of the study. Note that no participant discontinued due to a TEAE in the morphine PR arm, and 2 participants in the tapentadol PR arm.
Time frame: From first day in Part 1 (Day 1) to last day in Part 1 (Day 14)
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) |
|---|---|---|
| Morphine Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Time to Discontinuation (Treatment Emergent Adverse Events) in Part 1 | NA days |
| Tapentadol Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Time to Discontinuation (Treatment Emergent Adverse Events) in Part 1 | 3.0 days |
Other Pre-specified
Time to Discontinuation (Treatment Emergent Adverse Events) in Part 2
The time to discontinuation from IMP due to treatment emergent adverse events (TEAEs) was analyzed for tapentadol PR treatment in Part 2 of the study.
Time frame: From first day in Part 2 (Day 15) to last day in Part 2 (Day 379)
Population: Safety Set; 3 participants discontinued due to treatment emergent adverse events.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) |
|---|---|---|
| Morphine Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Time to Discontinuation (Treatment Emergent Adverse Events) in Part 2 | 5.3 weeks |
Other Pre-specified
Time to First Intake of Rescue Medication in the Open-label, Active-controlled Treatment Period (Part 1)
Morphine oral solution could be given during Part 1 as rescue medication in both treatment groups. The dose per rescue medication intake was 1/6 of the total daily dose of the scheduled tapentadol or morphine PR intakes. Rescue medication administration times and doses were recorded. 18 Participants in the morphine PR group and 27 participants in the tapentadol PR group had no documented intake of rescue medication between Day 1 and Day 14. Summary statistics were calculated based on participants with any intake, i.e., those that took at least 1 dose of rescue medication. The mean (standard deviation) time (hours) to first dose of rescue medication following the first dose of the IMP (on Day 1) is presented.
Time frame: From Day 1 up to Day 14 (End of Part 1)
Population: Full Analysis Set
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Morphine Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Time to First Intake of Rescue Medication in the Open-label, Active-controlled Treatment Period (Part 1) | Participants with rescue medication intake | 39.7 hours | Standard Deviation 63.75 |
| Morphine Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Time to First Intake of Rescue Medication in the Open-label, Active-controlled Treatment Period (Part 1) | Participants with no rescue medication intake | NA hours | — |
| Tapentadol Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Time to First Intake of Rescue Medication in the Open-label, Active-controlled Treatment Period (Part 1) | Participants with rescue medication intake | 74.6 hours | Standard Deviation 94.45 |
| Tapentadol Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Time to First Intake of Rescue Medication in the Open-label, Active-controlled Treatment Period (Part 1) | Participants with no rescue medication intake | NA hours | — |
Other Pre-specified
Use of Rescue Medication in the Open-Label, Active-controlled Treatment Period (Part 1)
Due to an overall low intake of rescue medication, it was not appropriate to present the number of doses of oral morphine solution used at different dose levels of investigational medicinal product (IMP) but the average daily dose (milligrams per kilogram body weight) for the treatment period and a modified average daily dose. Average daily dose and modified average daily dose were both calculated based on drug accountability. For the modified average daily doses, implausible values were excluded from the analysis, i.e., the amount of rescue medication that was lost due to a broken bottle was excluded from the analysis and negative amounts of rescue medication intakes due to measurement inaccuracies for bottle weights were considered as no intake.
Time frame: From Day 1 up to Day 14 (End of Part 1)
Population: Full Analysis Set
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Morphine Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Use of Rescue Medication in the Open-Label, Active-controlled Treatment Period (Part 1) | Average daily dose | 0.07 milligrams per kilogram per day | Standard Deviation 0.154 |
| Morphine Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Use of Rescue Medication in the Open-Label, Active-controlled Treatment Period (Part 1) | Modified average daily dose | 0.08 milligrams per kilogram per day | Standard Deviation 0.16 |
| Tapentadol Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Use of Rescue Medication in the Open-Label, Active-controlled Treatment Period (Part 1) | Average daily dose | 0.46 milligrams per kilogram per day | Standard Deviation 2.426 |
| Tapentadol Prolonged-release (Part 1) | Use of Rescue Medication in the Open-Label, Active-controlled Treatment Period (Part 1) | Modified average daily dose | 0.11 milligrams per kilogram per day | Standard Deviation 0.201 |