Adolescent Behavior, Child Behavior, Family Relations, Low-Income Population, Marital Relationships
Conditions
Brief summary
The Supporting Healthy Marriage (SHM) evaluation was launched in 2003 to test the effectiveness of a skills-based relationship education program designed to help low- and modest-income married couples strengthen their relationships and to support more stable and more nurturing home environments and more positive outcomes for parents and their children. The evaluation was led by MDRC with Abt Associates and other partners, and it was sponsored by the Administration for Children and Families, in the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. SHM was a voluntary, year long, marriage education program for lower-income, married couples who had children or were expecting a child. The program provided group workshops based on structured curricula; supplemental activities to build on workshop themes; and family support services to address participation barriers, connect families with other services, and reinforce curricular themes. The study's random assignment design compared outcomes for families who were offered SHM's services with outcomes for a similar group of families who were not but could access other services in the community.
Interventions
BEHAVIORALA Family-Strengthening Program for Low-Income Families
The program's central and most intensive component was a series of relationship and marriage education workshops for groups of couples that was offered in the first four to five months of enrollment in the program. Complementing the workshops was a second component, offered for the year after enrollment, that consisted of supplemental activities: educational and social events that were intended to build on and reinforce lessons from the curricula. The third component, family support services, paired couples with a specialized staff member who maintained contact with them and facilitated their participation in the other two components throughout the duration of the program.
Sponsors
Abt Associates
Child Trends
Optimal Solutions Group
Public Strategies
MDRC
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Masking
NONE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* To be eligible for the study, couples were supposed to be low income, married, at least 18 years old, and either expecting a child or parents of a child under age 18 who was living in their home -- though couples were not required to provide any documentation verifying that they met these eligibility criteria. * They also had to understand one of the languages in which SHM services were offered (English or, in some locations, Spanish).
Exclusion criteria
* Indication of domestic violence in the relationship
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Either spouse reported marriage in trouble at 12 Months | 12 months | The outcome is examined at the couple level. Respondents are asked whether they thought that their marriage was in trouble in the past three months. If either spouse answers by saying that they were divorced more than three months ago, the outcome is not created. Otherwise, if either spouse indi-cates that he or she had thought that their marriage was in trouble, an affirmative outcome is created. |
| Percent Married at 12 Months | 12 months | The outcome is examined at the couple level. A couple is considered married if both spouses report that they are married or in a committed relationship. If either respondent indicates that the couple is separated, divorced, or had the marriage annulled, the outcome is coded with a negative (0) response. If only one spouse responds, that response is used for the couple. |
| Couples' average report of relationship happiness at 12 Months | 12 months | The outcome is examined at the couple level. Respondents are asked how happy they are with their marriages. If both spouses respond to this question, the average of the responses is used. If only one spouse responds, the single response is used. |
| Reports of warmth and support at 12 Months | 12 months | The outcome is examined separately for men and women. Warmth and support is the average of the responses to seven items aimed at capturing warmth and support in a couple's relationship. Example items include My spouse expresses love and affection toward me; My spouse listens to me when I need someone to talk to; and I trust my spouse completely. |
| Reports of positive communication skills at 12 Months | 12 months | The outcome is examined separately for men and women. Positive communication skills is the average of the responses to seven items aimed at capturing how the couple communicates during disagreements. Example items include My spouse understands that there are times when I do not feel like talking and times when I do; We are good at working out our differences; and During arguments, my spouse and I are good at taking breaks when we need them. |
| Reports of negative behavior and emotions at 12 Months | 12 months | The outcome is examined separately for men and women. Negative behavior and emotions is the average of the responses to seven items aimed at capturing negative interactions that occur during disagreements. Example items include My spouse was rude and mean to me when we disagreed; My spouse seemed to view my words or actions more negatively than I meant them to be; and My spouse has yelled or screamed at me. |
| Neither spouse reported infidelity at 12 Months | 12 months | This outcome is examined at the couple level. It measures whether either respondent reported cheating on the spouse with someone else or either respondent believes that the spouse had definitely cheated with someone else in the past three months. |
| Reports of psychological abuse at 12 Months | 12 months | This outcome is examined separately for men and women. Psychological abuse is the average of the responses to six items. Example items include Have you felt afraid that your spouse would hurt you? Has your spouse accused you of having an affair? and Has your spouse tried to keep you from seeing or talking with your friends or family? |
| Reports of any physical assault at 12 Months | 12 months | This outcome is examined separately for men and women. The measure indicates any physical assault in the past three months. The measure is created from responses to questions adapted from the Revised Conflict Tactics Scale.\* |
| Individual psychological distress at 12 Months | 12 months | This outcome is examined separately for men and women. The measure is created from responses to the K6 Mental Health Screening Tool. |
| Men's and women's reports of cooperative coparenting at 12 Months | 12 months | Cooperative coparenting reflects the average of five responses to parent-reported items. An example item is How well the respondent gets along with the spouse when it comes to parenting. |
| Paternal and maternal supportiveness of child | 30 months | Two subconstructs are included in this outcome: warmth (reported by parents and children) and involvement (reported by parents and children). The supportiveness outcome is the average of items in both subconstructs, for each reporter. Examples of parent-reported items (for warmth and involvement, respectively) are Over the past month, how often respondent has told \[focal child\] that respondent loves him/her and In the past month how often respondent talked with \[focal child\] about his/her friends. Examples of child-reported items (for warmth and involvement, respectively) are How often \[mother/father\] tells respondent that he/she is doing a good job and In the past month, did respondent go with \[mother/father\] on an outing to a library, park, or playground? |
| Paternal and maternal responsiveness to child | 30 months | Both parent reports and child reports are used to measure parental responsiveness. An example of a parent-reported item is In the past month, how often respondent has considered \[focal child's\] thoughts and feelings when making rules for him/her. An example of a child-reported item is Whether \[fa-ther/mother\] respects respondent's feelings. |
| Paternal and maternal hostility toward child | 30 months | Both parent reports and child reports are used to measure parental hostility. An example of a parent-reported item is How often respondent has yelled, shouted, screamed at, or threatened \[focal child\] because he/she was mad at \[him/her\]. An example of a child-reported item is How often \[fa-ther/mother\] gets really mad at respondent. |
| Paternal and maternal harsh discipline | 30 months | This outcome is created from a single parent-reported item: How often respondent has hit, spanked, grabbed, or used physical punishment with \[focal child\] over the past month. |
| Child self-regulation | 30 months | This outcome is examined for children ages 2 to 17 and is measured using three direct child assessment scores\* and maternal, paternal, and child reports. Maternal- and paternal-reported measures reflect the averages of responses to ten items, including \[Focal child\] thinks before acting. The child-reported measure reflects the average of responses to sixteen items, including Respondent waits his/her turn during activities. |
| Child internalizing behavior problems | 30 months | This outcome is examined for children ages 2 to 17 and is measured using maternal, paternal, and child reports. Maternal- and paternal-reported measures reflect the average of responses to eight items for children ages 2 to 4 and twelve items for children ages 2 to 17, including \[Focal child\] is unhappy, sad, or depressed. The child-reported measure reflects the average of responses to twelve items, including Respondent worries about things. |
| Child externalizing behavior problems | 30 months | This outcome is examined for children ages 2 to 17 and is measured using maternal, paternal, and child reports. Maternal- and paternal-reported measures reflect the average of responses to fourteen items for children ages 2 to 4 and fifteen items for children ages 2 to 17, including \[Focal child\] is disobedient at home. The child-reported measure reflects the average of responses to nine items, including Respondent argues a lot. |
| Child cognitive and academic performance | 30 months | This outcome is examined for children ages 2 to 17 and is measured using two direct child assessment scores\* and maternal, paternal, and child reports. Maternal- and paternal-reported measures are based on a single item: Based on respondent's knowledge of \[focal child's\] schoolwork, how well is he/she currently doing in school? The child-reported measure is also based on a single item: Overall, what grades did the respondent receive last year or the last full year of school that he/she completed? |
| Percent Married at 30 Months | 30 months | The outcome is examined at the couple level. A couple is considered married if both spouses report that they are married or in a committed relationship. If either respondent indicates that the couple is separated, divorced, or had the marriage annulled, the outcome is coded with a negative (0) response. If only one spouse responds, that response is used for the couple. |
| Couples' average report of relationship happiness at 30 Months | 30 months | The outcome is examined at the couple level. Respondents are asked how happy they are with their marriages. If both spouses respond to this question, the average of the responses is used. If only one spouse responds, the single response is used. |
| Either spouse reported marriage in trouble at 30 Months | 30 months | The outcome is examined at the couple level. Respondents are asked whether they thought that their marriage was in trouble in the past three months. If either spouse answers by saying that they were divorced more than three months ago, the outcome is not created. Otherwise, if either spouse indi-cates that he or she had thought that their marriage was in trouble, an affirmative outcome is created. |
| Reports of warmth and support at 30 Months | 30 months | The outcome is examined separately for men and women. Warmth and support is the average of the responses to seven items aimed at capturing warmth and support in a couple's relationship. Example items include My spouse expresses love and affection toward me; My spouse listens to me when I need someone to talk to; and I trust my spouse completely. |
| Reports of positive communication skills at 30 Months | 30 months | The outcome is examined separately for men and women. Positive communication skills is the average of the responses to seven items aimed at capturing how the couple communicates during disagreements. Example items include My spouse understands that there are times when I do not feel like talking and times when I do; We are good at working out our differences; and During arguments, my spouse and I are good at taking breaks when we need them. |
| Reports of negative behavior and emotions at 30 Months | 30 months | The outcome is examined separately for men and women. Negative behavior and emotions is the average of the responses to seven items aimed at capturing negative interactions that occur during disagreements. Example items include My spouse was rude and mean to me when we disagreed; My spouse seemed to view my words or actions more negatively than I meant them to be; and My spouse has yelled or screamed at me. |
| Neither spouse reported infidelity at 30 Months | 30 months | This outcome is examined at the couple level. It measures whether either respondent reported cheating on the spouse with someone else or either respondent believes that the spouse had definitely cheated with someone else in the past three months. |
| Reports of psychological abuse at 30 Months | 30 months | This outcome is examined separately for men and women. Psychological abuse is the average of the responses to six items. Example items include Have you felt afraid that your spouse would hurt you? Has your spouse accused you of having an affair? and Has your spouse tried to keep you from seeing or talking with your friends or family? |
| Reports of any physical assault at 30 Months | 30 months | This outcome is examined separately for men and women. The measure indicates any physical assault in the past three months. The measure is created from responses to questions adapted from the Revised Conflict Tactics Scale.\* |
| Individual psychological distress at 30 Months | 30 months | This outcome is examined separately for men and women. The measure is created from responses to the K6 Mental Health Screening Tool. |
| Men's and women's reports of cooperative coparenting at 30 Months | 30 months | Cooperative coparenting reflects the average of five responses to parent-reported items. An example item is How well the respondent gets along with the spouse when it comes to parenting. |
Countries
United States
Outcome results
None listed