Stroke
Conditions
Keywords
Aerobic Exercise, Treadmill Test, Sedentary Lifestyle
Brief summary
Strokes are very common in the United States and occur more in the elderly. The number of strokes is likely to double in the next 50 years. Many stroke survivors are sedentary and have a poor dietary intake, which results in abnormalities in fuel utilization (eg carbohydrate versus fat). This study will examine the effects of dietary modification and treadmill training on fuel utilization and physical function. We will study skeletal muscle oxidative stress in chronic stroke patients and the ability to employ dietary modification and exercise training to reverse these abnormalities in this ethnically diverse population.
Detailed description
In acute stroke settings, it is known that energy imbalance is associated with poorer rehabilitation and functional outcomes, and importantly, increased risk of institutionalization. However, nutrition and eating habits of chronic stroke rehabilitative care have received very little consideration, especially if the survivor is living in a free living environment. Studies have shown deficiencies in energy and protein intake versus recommendations in chronic stroke survivors. Perry et al. found \ 7% of chronic stroke survivors were at moderate and \ 5% at high nutritional risk. Although little is known regarding total daily energy expenditure and dietary intake in chronic stroke, energy and macronutrient imbalance may have a profound impact on stroke recovery and risk of development of chronic disease and recurrent stroke by altering substrate oxidation and result in systemic and tissue level oxidative stress. Conversely, cardiovascular disease risk increases with excess calorie and fat intake and two-thirds of stroke survivors are overweight or obese. In obese, non-stroke populations, energy dense, high fat meals are associated with increases in plasma oxidative stress markers. Oxidative stress can lead to mitochondrial damage and abnormal accumulation of metabolite intermediates and lipid accumulation in non-adipose tissues, which can impair heart function, increasing CVD and stroke recurrence risk.
Interventions
BEHAVIORALTreadmill Exercise
Training will be started conservatively with a goal of 15 minutes total duration at 40-50% HRR. Training target HR = %(HRmax - HRrest) + HRrest. HR max is defined as peak HR based on 2 maximal exercise tests at baseline. Individuals unable to walk continuously will exercise intermittently for several minutes as tolerated, with rest intervals, and advanced as tolerated with HR, blood pressure monitoring, and Borg Perceived Exertion to assess subjective cardiopulmonary exercise tolerance, as previously described. Treadmill training velocity will advance as tolerated by week 6 to a target intensity of 70-80% maximal HRR. Duration will similarly advance to a target of 30 minutes by week 6. Following week 6, the progressive training protocol will continue with attempts to increase velocity on a weekly basis and increase duration by 5 minutes bi-weekly to peak at 50 minutes. After week 6, the target HR goal will be 75-85% of HRR as tolerated by the subject.
BEHAVIORALStretching (control)
Stretch controls will be enrolled in supervised stretching program for 2 days/week for 1 hour sessions. The stretch program will focus on basic mobility skills, including balance, endurance, sit-to-stand, weight shifting, leg strength, and truncal stability-coordination. Stretching will be done in groups up to 6 participants. Exercises will be performed in standing, seated, and lying positions. A log book on the stretching exercise participation and progression will be maintained and reviewed by the instructor with the participant at each session.
Sponsors
VA Office of Research and Development
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
NONE
Intervention model description
Subjects are randomized to either stretching or treadmill training.
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
20 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* Veteran * Adequate language and neurocognitive function to safely participate in informed consent, and exercise testing and training * Under the care of a primary care medical provider. * Age greater than 20 years * Body mass index between 20 to 50 kg/m2 * Already completed all conventional inpatient and outpatient physical therapy. * Ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke greater than or equal to 6 months prior.
Exclusion criteria
* Already performing aerobic exercise 3 x / week. * Increased alcohol consumption defined as greater than 2 oz. liquor or 2 times 4 oz. glasses of wine or 2 x 12 oz. cans of beer per day * Cardiac history of: a) unstable angina, b) recent (less than 3 months prior to study entry) myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure (NYHA category II-IV); c) hemodynamically significant valvular dysfunction. * Muscle Biopsy
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| The Change in Total Daily Energy Expenditure | measured at baseline and following 6 months of treadmill training or stretching (control) | Subjects will wear an accelerometer activity monitor on their belt for 5 to 7 days to determine caloric expenditure in daily activities. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| The Change in Substrate Oxidation | measured at baseline and following 6 months of treadmill training or stretching (control) | After a 12 hour fast, economy of hemiparetic gait will be measured using open circuit spirometry during a standard constant load submaximal effort treadmill walking task at a pre-established gait velocity (60% of self-selected floor walking velocity). This slower walking velocity is selected because untrained subjects with stroke usually cannot maintain their self-selected walking pace, precluding steady state measures of oxygen consumption that defines gait economy. We will calculate the change in respiratory exchange ratio from rest to the final 3 minutes of a 10-minute walk under steady state oxygen consumption conditions (RER at 60%VO2peak-RER at rest). Subjects not achieving a plateau in VO2 will be re-tested at a lower velocity on a different date to eliminate potential confounding effects of fatigue on testing. |
| The Change in Circulating Nitrotyrosine | measured at baseline and following 6 months of treadmill training or stretching (control) | Plasma will be used to quantitate circulating nitrotyrosine concentrations |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Stretching (Control) Six months of stretching
Stretching (control): Stretch controls will be enrolled in supervised stretching program for 2 days/week for 1 hour sessions. The stretch program will focus on basic mobility skills, including balance, endurance, sit-to-stand, weight shifting, and truncal stability-coordination. Stretching will be done in groups up to 6 participants. Exercises will be performed in standing, seated, and lying positions. | 25 |
| Treadmill Exercise Six months of treadmill training
Treadmill Exercise: Training will occur 3 days/week and will be started conservatively with a goal of 15 minutes total duration at 40-50% HRR. Training target HR = %(HRmax - HRrest) + HRrest. Individuals unable to walk continuously will exercise intermittently for several minutes as tolerated, with rest intervals, and advanced as tolerated with HR, blood pressure monitoring, and Borg Perceived Exertion to assess subjective cardiopulmonary exercise tolerance. Treadmill training velocity will advance as tolerated by week 6 to a target intensity of 70-80% maximal HRR. Duration will similarly advance to a target of 30 minutes by week 6. Following week 6, the progressive training protocol will continue with attempts to increase velocity on a weekly basis and increase duration by 5 minutes bi-weekly to peak at 50 minutes. After week 6, the target HR goal will be 75-85% of HRR as tolerated by the subject. | 26 |
| Total | 51 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Treadmill Exercise | Total | Stretching (Control) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Categorical <=18 years | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical >=65 years | 17 Participants | 33 Participants | 16 Participants |
| Age, Categorical Between 18 and 65 years | 9 Participants | 18 Participants | 9 Participants |
| Age, Continuous | 61 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 9 | 62 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 8 | 63 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 7 |
| Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Asian | 1 Participants | 1 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American | 14 Participants | 29 Participants | 15 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) White | 11 Participants | 21 Participants | 10 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment United States | 26 Participants | 51 Participants | 25 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 3 Participants | 7 Participants | 4 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 23 Participants | 44 Participants | 21 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 19 | 0 / 20 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 19 | 0 / 20 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 1 / 19 | 1 / 20 |
Outcome results
Primary
The Change in Total Daily Energy Expenditure
Subjects will wear an accelerometer activity monitor on their belt for 5 to 7 days to determine caloric expenditure in daily activities.
Time frame: measured at baseline and following 6 months of treadmill training or stretching (control)
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Stretching (Control) | The Change in Total Daily Energy Expenditure | -0.52 change in kcal/day | Standard Deviation 40.89 |
| Treadmill Exercise | The Change in Total Daily Energy Expenditure | 32.86 change in kcal/day | Standard Deviation 54.6 |
Secondary
The Change in Circulating Nitrotyrosine
Plasma will be used to quantitate circulating nitrotyrosine concentrations
Time frame: measured at baseline and following 6 months of treadmill training or stretching (control)
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Stretching (Control) | The Change in Circulating Nitrotyrosine | -24.8 % change | Standard Deviation 21.7 |
| Treadmill Exercise | The Change in Circulating Nitrotyrosine | -36.5 % change | Standard Deviation 30.8 |
Secondary
The Change in Substrate Oxidation
After a 12 hour fast, economy of hemiparetic gait will be measured using open circuit spirometry during a standard constant load submaximal effort treadmill walking task at a pre-established gait velocity (60% of self-selected floor walking velocity). This slower walking velocity is selected because untrained subjects with stroke usually cannot maintain their self-selected walking pace, precluding steady state measures of oxygen consumption that defines gait economy. We will calculate the change in respiratory exchange ratio from rest to the final 3 minutes of a 10-minute walk under steady state oxygen consumption conditions (RER at 60%VO2peak-RER at rest). Subjects not achieving a plateau in VO2 will be re-tested at a lower velocity on a different date to eliminate potential confounding effects of fatigue on testing.
Time frame: measured at baseline and following 6 months of treadmill training or stretching (control)
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Stretching (Control) | The Change in Substrate Oxidation | 0.013 ratio change | Standard Deviation 0.072 |
| Treadmill Exercise | The Change in Substrate Oxidation | 0.083 ratio change | Standard Deviation 0.135 |