Rotator Cuff Syndrome
Conditions
Keywords
subscapularis tear, arthroscopic tendon repair, arthroscopic tendon debridement, ASES
Brief summary
The purpose of this study was to report actual percentage of subscapularis tear in concomitant with supraspinatus tendon tear (with or without infraspinatus tear) and investigate the amount of contribution of subscapularis repair as to the outcome of whole rotator cuff repair in terms of its clinical and radiologic aspects.
Detailed description
Prospective randomized controlled study was designed to evaluate subscapularis repair in anterosuperior rotator cuff tear compared with debridement of the subscapularis tear. After identification of the subscapularis tear arthroscopically, final eligibility of participants for the study was established on the basis of intra-operative arthroscopic inspection of the subscapularis using 70 degrees arthroscope. Once eligibility was confirmed, patients were randomized to one of two arthroscopic methods; repair (group A) or debridement (group B) of the subscapularis tear. The treatment allocations were decided through an interphone by Research Coordinator. Block randomization was performed and no stratification was performed. Random Sequence Generator (Random.org) was used for the randomization process by given number whose digit was residue of modulo 2 (0 - group A, 1 - group B). Sequence Boundaries was 1 (smallest value) to 300 (largest value) based on the number calculated from power analysis. After randomization, patients underwent arthroscopic repair or debridement of the subscapularis tear. Size of the rotator cuff tear was also determined by the arthroscopic finding (small-to-medium, medium-to-large, large-to-massive). When full-thickness tear was confined to supraspinatus, the tear was called small-to-medium size tear. Medium-to-Large size tear was defined as complete full-thickness supraspinatus tear combined with incomplete full-thickness infraspinatus tear. Large-to-massive tear consisted of complete full-thickness tear of supraspinatus and infraspinatus or complete full-thickness tear of supraspinatus and subscapularis or complete 3-tendon tears. Postoperatively, rehabilitation was identical for both groups and consisted of sling immobilization for six weeks. Pulley exercises were performed during this time period. After six weeks from the surgery, active-assisted exercise including stick exercise to achieve full range of motion was performed. After 9 weeks from the surgery, Theraband exercise was initiated to strengthen repaired rotator cuff muscles. All patients underwent ultrasound at 24 months follow-up to evaluate integrity of supraspinatus tendon. The evaluation of integrity of supraspinatus tendon was performed and compared between two groups to evaluate the contribution of the subscapularis tendon to rotator cuff integrity. Re-tear of the supraspinatus was carefully evaluated through ultrasound by musculoskeletal radiologists who were experienced in ultrasound-diagnosis of shoulder more than 10 years.
Interventions
PROCEDUREarthroscopic repair
If the subscapularis tendon was not sufficiently mobile, further anterior interval release between subscapularis and scapula was performed. LHB (long head of biceps tendon) was either treated with a biceps tenodesis or by tenotomy when there was tear or subluxation of it. The footprint area of the subscapularis tendon, which is trapezoidal in shape on the proximal part of the lesser tuberosity, was thoroughly cleaned of soft tissue and meticulous bone preparation was done prior to placement of anchor sutures.
PROCEDUREarthroscopic debridement
Anterosuperior portal was made initially for debridement (capsulectomy and anterior bursectomy). A systematic release of the glenohumeral ligaments and the overlying subscapularis bursa was performed.The superior aspect of the tendon was freed from the surrounding structures (the coracohumeral and superior glenohumeral ligaments). The middle glenohumeral ligament was always released to identify the upper border of the subscapularis tendon.
Sponsors
CM Chungmu Hospital
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
DOUBLE (Subject, Investigator)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
44 Years to 83 Years
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* Full-thickness supraspinatus tear confirmed by preoperative MRI * Willingness to be enrolled into the study and understanding the whole design of the study * Patients who is undergoing arthroscopic surgery for rotator cuff repair
Exclusion criteria
* An irreparable massive rotator cuff tear which shows Stage-3 or 4 fatty infiltration inside the muscle of supraspinatus and subscapularis by MRI * Cuff tear arthropathy * Osteoarthritis with joint space narrowing or any joint spur identified in simple radiographs * A Workers' compensation claim * Major trauma or rotator cuff tear after shoulder dislocation * Previous surgery or fracture on ipsilateral extremity * Intact subscapularis tendon identified during arthroscopic surgery with 70 degrees arthroscope
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| ASES Score | 24th month | The ASES is a 100-point scale which is divided in two sections. Fifty points of which are derived from patient self-report of pain and the other 50 points of which are computed from a formula using the cumulative score of 10 activities of daily living .The item related to pain is evaluated by a VAS (10 cm) that ranges from 0 (no pain at all) to 10 (pain as bad as it can be). The ten activities of daily living include skills such as putting on a coat, sleeping on the affected side, wash back/do up bra in back, manage toileting, combing one's hair, reach a high shelf, lift 10lbs above shoulder,throw a ball overhand,do usual work and do usual sport.The items related to function are evaluated by a four-point Likert scale. The scores of the pain and function subsections are transformed in percentages and each one represents 50% of the final score, which can range from 0 (absence of function) to 100 (normal function). |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Ultrasound Diagnosis | every three months after the surgery until the 24th month | US is a diagnostic imaging technique used to visualise deep structures of the body by recording the echoes of pulsed ultrasonic waves directed into the tissues and reflected by tissue planes to the transducer. These echoes are converted into 'pictures' of the tissues under examination. It consists of a non-invasive examination that has practically no adverse effects and allows dynamic visualisation of the tendons during movement of the shoulder. |
Countries
South Korea
Participant flow
Recruitment details
* March 2009 to October 2010 * Out-patient department * Consecutive patients diagnosed with full thickness supraspinatus tear preoperative thru MRI * Underwent arthroscopic repair or debridement for rotator cuff tear
Pre-assignment details
A total of 256 patients were initially identified to have subscapularis tear. They were then enrolled and all randomized. By the twenty-fourth month outcome assessment and ultrasound evaluation, 65 were lost to follow-up. 38 from group A and 27 from group B. Thus, only 191 patients making the final number of participants. .
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Arthroscopic Repair Lateral-anterosuperior portal (Miracle Portal) was used to repair subscapularis tendon. Bursa anterior to the subscapularis tendon was usually removed for the accurate positioning of the suture-hook. Subscapularis tendon was released, pulled and sutured with suture-hook. One or two suture anchors of Modified Mason-Allen technique was used to secure the tendon.
arthroscopic repair: If the subscapularis tendon was not sufficiently mobile, further anterior interval release between subscapularis and scapula was performed. LHB (long head of biceps tendon) was either treated with a biceps tenodesis or by tenotomy when there was tear or subluxation of it. The footprint area of the subscapularis tendon, which is trapezoidal in shape on the proximal part of the lesser tuberosity, was thoroughly cleaned of soft tissue and meticulous bone preparation was done prior to placement of anchor sutures. | 101 |
| Arthroscopic Debridement Anterosuperior portal was made for debridement (capsulectomy and anterior bursectomy). A systematic release of the glenohumeral ligaments and the overlying subscapularis bursa was also performed. The superior aspect of the tendon was freed. from the surrounding structures (the coracohumeral and superior glenohumeral ligaments). The middle glenohumeral ligament was always released to identify the upper border of the subscapularis tendon. | 90 |
| Total | 191 |
Withdrawals & dropouts
| Period | Reason | FG000 | FG001 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study | Lost to Follow-up | 38 | 27 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Arthroscopic Repair | Arthroscopic Debridement | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | 61.0 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 5.3 | 61.6 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.6 | 61.3 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.9 |
| Region of Enrollment Korea, Republic of | 101 participants | 90 participants | 191 participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 66 Participants | 58 Participants | 124 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 35 Participants | 32 Participants | 67 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | — / — | — / — |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 101 | 0 / 90 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 101 | 0 / 90 |
Outcome results
Primary
ASES Score
The ASES is a 100-point scale which is divided in two sections. Fifty points of which are derived from patient self-report of pain and the other 50 points of which are computed from a formula using the cumulative score of 10 activities of daily living .The item related to pain is evaluated by a VAS (10 cm) that ranges from 0 (no pain at all) to 10 (pain as bad as it can be). The ten activities of daily living include skills such as putting on a coat, sleeping on the affected side, wash back/do up bra in back, manage toileting, combing one's hair, reach a high shelf, lift 10lbs above shoulder,throw a ball overhand,do usual work and do usual sport.The items related to function are evaluated by a four-point Likert scale. The scores of the pain and function subsections are transformed in percentages and each one represents 50% of the final score, which can range from 0 (absence of function) to 100 (normal function).
Time frame: 24th month
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Arthroscopic Repair | ASES Score | 93.3 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.5 |
| Arthroscopic Debridement | ASES Score | 89.0 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 7.3 |
Secondary
Ultrasound Diagnosis
US is a diagnostic imaging technique used to visualise deep structures of the body by recording the echoes of pulsed ultrasonic waves directed into the tissues and reflected by tissue planes to the transducer. These echoes are converted into 'pictures' of the tissues under examination. It consists of a non-invasive examination that has practically no adverse effects and allows dynamic visualisation of the tendons during movement of the shoulder.
Time frame: every three months after the surgery until the 24th month