The Acute, Synergistic Effects of Protein and Calcium on Appetite and Energy Intake

Status

UNKNOWN

Phases

Study type

Interventional

Source

ClinicalTrials.gov

Registry ID

NCT01986036

Enrollment

Registered

2013-11-18

Start date

2013-11-30

Completion date

2014-05-31

Last updated

2014-04-21

For informational purposes only — not medical advice. Sourced from public registries and may not reflect the latest updates. Terms

Conditions

Healthy

Brief summary

High-protein meals have previously been shown to acutely reduce appetite and energy intake. More recently, meals higher in calcium have also been shown to increase feelings of fullness, circulating insulin and intestinal peptide concentrations and reduce appetite sensations. This study aims to assess whether calcium and protein act synergistically to acutely influence appetite and energy intake.

Interventions

DIETARY_SUPPLEMENTProtein

Milk-Protein

DIETARY_SUPPLEMENTCalcium

Soluble calcium powder.

DIETARY_SUPPLEMENTPorridge-based breakfast.

Oats and water.

Study design

Allocation

RANDOMIZED

Intervention model

CROSSOVER

Primary purpose

BASIC_SCIENCE

Masking

DOUBLE (Subject, Investigator)

Eligibility

Sex/Gender

ALL

Age

18 Years to 40 Years

Healthy volunteers

Yes

Inclusion criteria

* Male or Female * BMI 18.5-29.9 kg/m2 * Age: 18-40 years

Exclusion criteria

* Smokers * Food allergies * Metabolic disorders (ie. type 2 diabetes)

Design outcomes

Primary

Measure	Time frame	Description
Energy Intake	60 min post test-meal	Energy intake will be assessed by ad libitum consumption of a homogenous pasta meal, 1 h after the test-meal.

Secondary

Measure	Time frame	Description
Subjective appetite sensations	1 hr	Subjective appetite sensations (hunger, satisfaction, prospective consumption and fullness) will be assessed by visual analogue scales at baseline, and every 15 min following test-meal consumption.
Insulin concentrations	1 hr	Plasma insulin concentrations will be determined at baseline and every 15 min following test-meal consumption.
GLP-1 (7-36) concentrations	1 hr	Plasma glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) (7-36) concentrations will be determined at baseline and every 15 min following consumption of the test meal.
GIP concentration	1 hr	Plasma glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) concentrations will be determined at baseline and evert 15 min following test-meal consumption.

Countries

United Kingdom

Outcome results

None listed

Source: ClinicalTrials.gov · Data processed: Mar 18, 2026