Pain, Postoperative
Conditions
Brief summary
Caudal block is the regional anesthetic technique that is used most frequently in pediatric surgery. Opioid drugs have been added to local anesthetic solutions to prolong duration of analgesia but ideal combination were not found that has minimal adverse effect. The aim of this study was to compare the postoperative analgesic efficacy of equal concentrations of bupivacaine plus tramadol or levobupivacaine plus tramadol in pediatric patients undergoing minor urological surgery.
Detailed description
Sixty-eight children aged 2 to 7 years who were undergoing inguinal herniorrhaphy or orchidopexy received bupivacaine 0.25% plus tramadol 2 mg/kg (BT group) or levobupivacaine 0.25% plus tramadol 2 mg/kg (LT group) by the caudal route after laryngeal mask anesthesia. The primary outcome of the study was to compare the duration and quality of postoperative analgesia. The postoperative pain relief was evaluated by the Children and Infants Postoperative Pain Scale (CHIPPS) at 2, 4, 6, 12, and 24 h postoperatively. In addition, the time of first analgesic requirement was noted.
Interventions
DRUGLevobupivacaine
in the levobupivacaine-tramadol (LT) group received a caudal injection of levobupivacaine 0.25% plus tramadol 2 mg/kg (maximum doses; 35 mg levobupivacaine plus 35 mg tramadol), resulting in a total volume of 1 ml/kg at maximum volume of 15 ml
DRUGBupivacaine
in the bupivacaine-tramadol (BT) group received a caudal injection of bupivacaine 0.25% plus tramadol 2 mg/kg (maximum doses; 35 mg bupivacaine plus 35 mg tramadol)
Sponsors
Duzce University
Study design
Observational model
CASE_ONLY
Time perspective
PROSPECTIVE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
2 Years to 7 Years
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* ASA I, * 2 to 7 years old children * Elective inguinal herniorrhaphy or orchidopexy operation
Exclusion criteria
* Infection at the site of block, bleeding diathesis, pre-existing neurological or spinal disease, or abnormalities of the sacrum) or with a known allergy to local anesthetics were excluded.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Quality of postoperative analgesia | Postopertively 24 h | The postoperative pain relief was evaluated by the Children and Infants Postoperative Pain Scale (CHIPPS) at 2, 4, 6, 12, and 24 h postoperatively. In addition, the time of first analgesic requirement was noted. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Adverse effect | Postoperatively at 2, 4, 6, 12, and 24 h | All patients were observed in the hospital for at least 24 h because of the possible side effects of caudal blocks. |
Other
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| first analgesic requirement | Postoperatively 24 h | In the case of a CHIPPS score of 4 or more, paracetamol 30 mg.kg -1 was administered rectally. The duration of analgesia was defined by noting the time from caudal injection to the time of first analgesic requirement. |
Countries
Turkey (Türkiye)
Outcome results
None listed