Alzheimer Disease, Delirium, Dementia, Amnestic, Cognitive Disorders, Mild Cognitive Impairment
Conditions
Keywords
Smell, Olfaction Disorders, Atropine, Donepezil, Cholinesterase Inhibitors, Cognition Disorders
Brief summary
Olfactory identification deficits occur in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), are associated with disease severity, predict conversion from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to AD and are associated with healthy elderly subjects developing MCI. Odor (olfactory) identification deficits may reflect degeneration of cholinergic inputs to the olfactory bulb and other olfactory brain regions. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (ACheI) like donepezil show modest effects in improving cognition but can be associated with adverse effects and increased burden and costs because of the need for prolonged, often lifelong, treatment. Converging findings on odor identification test performance (UPSIT, scratch and sniff 40-item test) from four pilot studies, including two of our own, suggest that acute change in the UPSIT in response to an anticholinergic challenge (atropine nasal spray), incremental change over 8 weeks, and even the baseline UPSIT score by itself, may predict cognitive improvement with ACheI treatment in MCI and AD. If change in odor identification deficits can help to identify which patients should receive ACheI treatment, this simple inexpensive approach will advance the goal of improving personalized treatment, improve selection and monitoring of patients for ACheI treatment, reduce needless ACheI exposure with risk of side effects, and decrease health care costs.
Detailed description
In this clinical trial, the investigators will evaluate, treat and follow two broad samples of adult patients at New York State Psychiatric Institute/Columbia University Medical Center. Study 1 will include 70 patients with amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI). Study 2 will include 100 patients with probable Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Recruitment will be from clinics and/or advertisements. In the protocol, all 170 patients will receive baseline memory and olfactory assessments and are treated with donepezil. Patients will be followed for a total of 1 year. During this time, patients will be monitored closely by the study physician and will receive memory and olfactory assessments at weeks 0, 8, 26, and 52. In addition, an olfactory challenge test will be done at baseline. This project will be of value in the selection of patients with MCI and AD for treatment based on the evaluation of olfaction tests to predict response to donepezil. Since mild cognitive impairment is widespread and Alzheimer's disease represents a major public health problem, this study has considerable public purpose and significance.
Interventions
DRUGDonepezil
Donepezil 5mg will be given for 4 weeks and if tolerated, the dose will be increased to 10 mg per day. The dose range of 5 to 10 mg of donepezil per day will be continued for the study duration, and this is the recommended dose for donepezil in the treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease. For patients who do not tolerate donepezil or have a history of intolerance to donepezil or cannot take donepezil for other reasons, treatment with other cholinesterase inhibitors (galantamine or rivastigmine) is permitted at any stage of the protocol. Data will be analyzed in two ways: for donepezil alone, and for any cholinesterase inhibitor (donepezil or rivastigmine or galantamine) as the intervention.
Sponsors
National Institutes of Health (NIH)
National Institute on Aging (NIA)
New York State Psychiatric Institute
Study design
Allocation
NA
Intervention model
SINGLE_GROUP
Primary purpose
PREVENTION
Masking
NONE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
55 Years to 95 Years
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
Study 1 Inclusion Criteria: * Of either sex, age 55-95 years old * Patients who meet criteria for amnestic mild cognitive impairment by meeting all of the following: (i) subjective memory complaints (ii) Wechsler Memory Scale-III Logical Memory combined Story A + B immediate recall score or combined Story A + B delayed recall score or Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test immediate recall or delayed recall score greater than 1.5 Standard Deviation (SD) below norms or Selective Reminding Test immediate recall or delayed recall score greater than 1.5 SD below norms iii) no functional impairment consistent with dementia * Folstein Mini Mental State (MMSE) score ≥ 23 out of 30 * Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) of 0.5 (questionable dementia) * Availability of informant * Retains capacity to consent
Exclusion criteria
* Medical contraindication to donepezil treatment or prior history of intolerability to donepezil treatment. * Medications with anticholinergic effects that have been shown to adversely impact cognition will not be permitted. Benzodiazepines in lorazepam equivalents less than or equal to 2 mg daily and narcotics will also not be permitted. * Meets criteria for dementia by Diagnostic and Statistical Manual IV (DSM-IV) or probable Alzheimer's disease by National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke and the Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association (NINCDS-ADRDA) * Meets Diagnostic and Statistical Manual IV Text Revision (DSM IV TR) criteria for: (i)schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, other psychosis, or bipolar I disorder (ii)alcohol or substance dependence or abuse (current or within past 6 months) * Current untreated major depression or suicidality * Parkinson's disease, Lewy body disease, multiple sclerosis, central nervous system infection, Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, other major neurological disorder. * Mental Retardation * Cystic Fibrosis * Clinical stroke with residual neurological deficits. MRI findings of cerebrovascular disease (small infarcts, lacunes, periventricular disease) in the absence of clinical stroke with residual neurological deficits will not lead to exclusion. * Patients receiving cholinesterase inhibitors (donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine) or memantine will be excluded. Patients already receiving one of these medications at screening who undergo a 2-week washout before starting all study procedures will not be excluded. * Acute, severe, unstable medical illness. For cancer, patients with active illness or metastases will be excluded, but past history of successfully treated cancer will not lead to exclusion. * Exclusion criterion for olfaction: history of anosmia due to any cause (e.g. traumatic or congenital) verified by UPSIT score of \<11 out of 40; head trauma with loss of consciousness; nasal sinus disease, current upper respiratory infection; severe allergies to odors; current smoker \> 1 pack daily. *
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Change Over Time in Selective Reminding Test (SRT) Scores | Week 0, Week 8, Week 26, Week 52 | The Selective Reminding Test (SRT) is a 12-item test of verbal learning and memory. To administer, the researcher will read aloud a list of 12 words. The participant repeats each word aloud to ensure that the word was heard correctly. Immediately following the reading of all 12 words, the participant is asked to recall as many words as possible within the one minute time limit. The participant is then reminded of the words they did not say and asked to recall the list again. This process is repeated for 6 trials. The total immediate recall is the total number of words recalled by the participant from all 6 trials. This is the number that is reported. Lower scores indicate fewer words recalled and a poorer performance. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale - Cognitive (ADAS-Cog) | Week 0, Week 8, Week 26, Week 52 | The modified Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale - Cognitive (ADAS-Cog) is a cognitive battery that assesses learning, memory, language production, language comprehension, constructional praxis, ideational praxis, and orientation. The ADAS-Cog is not a timed test and the participant's score does not depend on how rapidly the test is completed. The ADAS-Cog total score is based on the total number of errors made in the test by the participant. Therefore, a lower total score indicates a higher cognitive performance. The total score ranges from 0 to 95 and is determined by summing the errors from 12 subscales. The total score, indicating number of errors made, is the number that is reported at each timeframe. |
| Clinician's Interview Based Impression (CIBIC-plus) | Week 8, Week 26, Week 52 | The CIBIC-plus is a well-validated, reliable and widely used measure (range 1-7) of global improvement used in AD and MCI trials. This is a measure of change based on clinician impression. Higher values represent a worse outcome. |
| Pfeffer Functional Activities Questionnaire (FAQ) | Week 0, Week 8, Week 26, Week 52 | FAQ is a widely used 10-item instrument that takes 3 minutes to administer and focuses on instrumental, social and cognitive functioning. The assessment is completed by a study informant - typically a caregiver able to report best on the patient's current ability. The instrument assesses the patient's current ability, at the point of testing and through the past month, in these various domains. The total score is described as the cumulative scores of each item, ranging from 0 - No help needed to 3 - No, unable to do. More impairment is indicated by higher scores. The reported total score range is from 0 (no impairment score) to 30 (maximum impairment score). |
| Measurement of Everyday Cognition (Ecog) | Week 0, Week 8, Week 26, Week 52 | This instrument has 40 items, takes 20 minutes to administer, and focuses on functional correlates of cognitive deficits. This assessment asks the study informant to rate the participant's ability to perform certain tasks with the domains of Memory, Language, Visual-spatial and Perceptual Abilities, Executive Functioning: Planning, Executive Functioning: Organization, and Executive Functioning: Divided Attention. The informant is asked to compare functioning from 10 years prior to the time of testing. The Everyday Cognition measure uses the sum score of all of the subscales, and the items are reverse coded (i.e., 1= Better or no change, 2=Questionable/occasionally worse, 3=Consistently a little worse, 4=Consistently much worse), meaning that lower scores are better. Reported total scores range from 39 (Better or no change) to 156 (Consistently much worse). |
Other
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS)-R Digit Span | Week 0, Week 52. | — |
| Mini-Mental State Examination - MMSE | Week 0, Week 26, Week 52 | The Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) is a widely used 30-item test of cognitive function that includes tests of orientation, attention, memory, language, and visual-spatial skills. Values range from 0-30; a higher value represents a better outcome. |
| Treatment Emergent Symptom Scale (TESS) | Week 0, Week 8, Week 26, Week 52 | The Treatment Emergent Symptom Scale (TESS) is widely used to evaluate somatic side effects. For each item, a rating is made on a 3-point scale, with an additional rating on the likelihood that the medication caused the side effect. Values range from 0-78; a higher value indicates a worse outcome. |
| Trail Making Test (Parts A and B) | Week 0, Week 52 | Parts A and B are composed of 25 circles. Patients are asked to scan the entire page and identify the next number or letter in a sequence. |
| Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) -III Digit Symbol Subtest | Week 0, Week 52 | The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) -III Digit Symbol Subtest is a paper-and-pencil cognitive test presented on a single sheet of paper that requires a subject to match symbols to numbers according to a key located on the top of the page. Values range from 0-93; a higher value represents a better outcome. |
| Controlled Word Association (CFL) | Week 0, Week 52 | — |
| Boston Naming Test (BNT) | Week 0, Week 52 | — |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Donepezil Treatment & Atropine Challenge Atropine nasal spray is administered at baseline for the atropine challenge which involves administration of the 40-item UPSIT immediately before and 45 minutes after atropine administration. Immediately after the atropine challenge, donepezil treatment is started and continues for 52 weeks.
Donepezil: Donepezil 5mg will be given for 4 weeks and if tolerated, the dose will be increased to 10 mg per day. The dose range of 5 to 10 mg of donepezil per day will be continued for the study duration, and this is the recommended dose for donepezil in the treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease. For patients who do not tolerate donepezil or have a history of intolerance to donepezil or cannot take donepezil for other reasons, treatment with other cholinesterase inhibitors (galantamine or rivastigmine) is permitted at any stage of the protocol. Data will be analyzed in two ways: for donepezil alone, and for any cholinesterase inhibitor (donepezil or rivastigmine or galantamine). | 121 |
| Total | 121 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Donepezil Treatment & Atropine Challenge |
|---|---|
| Age, Categorical <=18 years | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical >=65 years | 81 Participants |
| Age, Categorical Between 18 and 65 years | 40 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Hispanic or Latino | 21 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Not Hispanic or Latino | 100 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Asian | 5 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American | 27 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race | 1 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) White | 88 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment United States | 121 participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 61 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 60 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk |
|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 3 / 121 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 121 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 8 / 121 |
Outcome results
Primary
Change Over Time in Selective Reminding Test (SRT) Scores
The Selective Reminding Test (SRT) is a 12-item test of verbal learning and memory. To administer, the researcher will read aloud a list of 12 words. The participant repeats each word aloud to ensure that the word was heard correctly. Immediately following the reading of all 12 words, the participant is asked to recall as many words as possible within the one minute time limit. The participant is then reminded of the words they did not say and asked to recall the list again. This process is repeated for 6 trials. The total immediate recall is the total number of words recalled by the participant from all 6 trials. This is the number that is reported. Lower scores indicate fewer words recalled and a poorer performance.
Time frame: Week 0, Week 8, Week 26, Week 52
Population: The number analyzed in one or more rows differs from overall number analyzed due to participant drop-out.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MCI Sample | Change Over Time in Selective Reminding Test (SRT) Scores | Week 26 | 39.75 Words | Standard Deviation 10.69 |
| MCI Sample | Change Over Time in Selective Reminding Test (SRT) Scores | Week 0 | 36.14 Words | Standard Deviation 10.67 |
| MCI Sample | Change Over Time in Selective Reminding Test (SRT) Scores | Week 52 | 39.62 Words | Standard Deviation 11.44 |
| MCI Sample | Change Over Time in Selective Reminding Test (SRT) Scores | Week 8 | 39.99 Words | Standard Deviation 10.3 |
| AD Sample | Change Over Time in Selective Reminding Test (SRT) Scores | Week 52 | 24.38 Words | Standard Deviation 9.69 |
| AD Sample | Change Over Time in Selective Reminding Test (SRT) Scores | Week 8 | 24.10 Words | Standard Deviation 9.82 |
| AD Sample | Change Over Time in Selective Reminding Test (SRT) Scores | Week 0 | 21.19 Words | Standard Deviation 8.23 |
| AD Sample | Change Over Time in Selective Reminding Test (SRT) Scores | Week 26 | 23.00 Words | Standard Deviation 8.07 |
Secondary
Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale - Cognitive (ADAS-Cog)
The modified Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale - Cognitive (ADAS-Cog) is a cognitive battery that assesses learning, memory, language production, language comprehension, constructional praxis, ideational praxis, and orientation. The ADAS-Cog is not a timed test and the participant's score does not depend on how rapidly the test is completed. The ADAS-Cog total score is based on the total number of errors made in the test by the participant. Therefore, a lower total score indicates a higher cognitive performance. The total score ranges from 0 to 95 and is determined by summing the errors from 12 subscales. The total score, indicating number of errors made, is the number that is reported at each timeframe.
Time frame: Week 0, Week 8, Week 26, Week 52
Population: The number analyzed in one or more rows differs from overall number analyzed due to participant drop-out.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MCI Sample | Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale - Cognitive (ADAS-Cog) | Week 0 | 11.41 Errors | Standard Deviation 4.67 |
| MCI Sample | Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale - Cognitive (ADAS-Cog) | Week 8 | 10.13 Errors | Standard Deviation 4.22 |
| MCI Sample | Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale - Cognitive (ADAS-Cog) | Week 26 | 9.63 Errors | Standard Deviation 4.44 |
| MCI Sample | Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale - Cognitive (ADAS-Cog) | Week 52 | 10.40 Errors | Standard Deviation 4.72 |
| AD Sample | Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale - Cognitive (ADAS-Cog) | Week 52 | 22.69 Errors | Standard Deviation 8.99 |
| AD Sample | Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale - Cognitive (ADAS-Cog) | Week 0 | 21.67 Errors | Standard Deviation 6.12 |
| AD Sample | Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale - Cognitive (ADAS-Cog) | Week 26 | 19.63 Errors | Standard Deviation 7.15 |
| AD Sample | Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale - Cognitive (ADAS-Cog) | Week 8 | 19.30 Errors | Standard Deviation 5.8 |
Secondary
Clinician's Interview Based Impression (CIBIC-plus)
The CIBIC-plus is a well-validated, reliable and widely used measure (range 1-7) of global improvement used in AD and MCI trials. This is a measure of change based on clinician impression. Higher values represent a worse outcome.
Time frame: Week 8, Week 26, Week 52
Population: The number analyzed in one or more rows differs from overall number analyzed due to participant drop-out.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MCI Sample | Clinician's Interview Based Impression (CIBIC-plus) | Week 8 | 3.34 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.74 |
| MCI Sample | Clinician's Interview Based Impression (CIBIC-plus) | Week 26 | 3.15 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.86 |
| MCI Sample | Clinician's Interview Based Impression (CIBIC-plus) | Week 52 | 3.11 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.17 |
| AD Sample | Clinician's Interview Based Impression (CIBIC-plus) | Week 8 | 3.55 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.69 |
| AD Sample | Clinician's Interview Based Impression (CIBIC-plus) | Week 26 | 3.75 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.64 |
| AD Sample | Clinician's Interview Based Impression (CIBIC-plus) | Week 52 | 4.38 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.96 |
Secondary
Measurement of Everyday Cognition (Ecog)
This instrument has 40 items, takes 20 minutes to administer, and focuses on functional correlates of cognitive deficits. This assessment asks the study informant to rate the participant's ability to perform certain tasks with the domains of Memory, Language, Visual-spatial and Perceptual Abilities, Executive Functioning: Planning, Executive Functioning: Organization, and Executive Functioning: Divided Attention. The informant is asked to compare functioning from 10 years prior to the time of testing. The Everyday Cognition measure uses the sum score of all of the subscales, and the items are reverse coded (i.e., 1= Better or no change, 2=Questionable/occasionally worse, 3=Consistently a little worse, 4=Consistently much worse), meaning that lower scores are better. Reported total scores range from 39 (Better or no change) to 156 (Consistently much worse).
Time frame: Week 0, Week 8, Week 26, Week 52
Population: The number analyzed in one or more rows differs from overall number analyzed due to participant drop-out.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MCI Sample | Measurement of Everyday Cognition (Ecog) | Week 0 | 67.93 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 20.58 |
| MCI Sample | Measurement of Everyday Cognition (Ecog) | Week 8 | 67.88 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 23.35 |
| MCI Sample | Measurement of Everyday Cognition (Ecog) | Week 52 | 66.84 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 22.66 |
| MCI Sample | Measurement of Everyday Cognition (Ecog) | Week 26 | 67.92 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 23.2 |
| AD Sample | Measurement of Everyday Cognition (Ecog) | Week 52 | 103.59 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 29.27 |
| AD Sample | Measurement of Everyday Cognition (Ecog) | Week 8 | 89.20 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 31.14 |
| AD Sample | Measurement of Everyday Cognition (Ecog) | Week 26 | 97.65 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 29.02 |
| AD Sample | Measurement of Everyday Cognition (Ecog) | Week 0 | 90.80 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 28.11 |
Secondary
Pfeffer Functional Activities Questionnaire (FAQ)
FAQ is a widely used 10-item instrument that takes 3 minutes to administer and focuses on instrumental, social and cognitive functioning. The assessment is completed by a study informant - typically a caregiver able to report best on the patient's current ability. The instrument assesses the patient's current ability, at the point of testing and through the past month, in these various domains. The total score is described as the cumulative scores of each item, ranging from 0 - No help needed to 3 - No, unable to do. More impairment is indicated by higher scores. The reported total score range is from 0 (no impairment score) to 30 (maximum impairment score).
Time frame: Week 0, Week 8, Week 26, Week 52
Population: The number analyzed in one or more rows differs from overall number analyzed due to participant drop-out.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MCI Sample | Pfeffer Functional Activities Questionnaire (FAQ) | Week 8 | 4.68 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.56 |
| MCI Sample | Pfeffer Functional Activities Questionnaire (FAQ) | Week 52 | 4.25 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.76 |
| MCI Sample | Pfeffer Functional Activities Questionnaire (FAQ) | Week 26 | 4.84 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.96 |
| MCI Sample | Pfeffer Functional Activities Questionnaire (FAQ) | Week 0 | 4.80 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.84 |
| AD Sample | Pfeffer Functional Activities Questionnaire (FAQ) | Week 0 | 11.25 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 6.19 |
| AD Sample | Pfeffer Functional Activities Questionnaire (FAQ) | Week 8 | 11.78 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.72 |
| AD Sample | Pfeffer Functional Activities Questionnaire (FAQ) | Week 26 | 13.75 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.46 |
| AD Sample | Pfeffer Functional Activities Questionnaire (FAQ) | Week 52 | 14.62 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.15 |
Other Pre-specified
Boston Naming Test (BNT)
Time frame: Week 0, Week 52
Other Pre-specified
Controlled Word Association (CFL)
Time frame: Week 0, Week 52
Other Pre-specified
Mini-Mental State Examination - MMSE
The Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) is a widely used 30-item test of cognitive function that includes tests of orientation, attention, memory, language, and visual-spatial skills. Values range from 0-30; a higher value represents a better outcome.
Time frame: Week 0, Week 26, Week 52
Population: The number analyzed in one or more rows differs from overall number analyzed due to participant drop-out.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MCI Sample | Mini-Mental State Examination - MMSE | Week 0 | 26.72 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.17 |
| MCI Sample | Mini-Mental State Examination - MMSE | Week 26 | 26.90 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.2 |
| MCI Sample | Mini-Mental State Examination - MMSE | Week 52 | 26.44 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.47 |
| AD Sample | Mini-Mental State Examination - MMSE | Week 0 | 23.048 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.4 |
| AD Sample | Mini-Mental State Examination - MMSE | Week 26 | 21.20 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.52 |
| AD Sample | Mini-Mental State Examination - MMSE | Week 52 | 20.35 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.71 |
Other Pre-specified
Trail Making Test (Parts A and B)
Parts A and B are composed of 25 circles. Patients are asked to scan the entire page and identify the next number or letter in a sequence.
Time frame: Week 0, Week 52
Other Pre-specified
Treatment Emergent Symptom Scale (TESS)
The Treatment Emergent Symptom Scale (TESS) is widely used to evaluate somatic side effects. For each item, a rating is made on a 3-point scale, with an additional rating on the likelihood that the medication caused the side effect. Values range from 0-78; a higher value indicates a worse outcome.
Time frame: Week 0, Week 8, Week 26, Week 52
Population: The number analyzed in one or more rows differs from overall number analyzed due to participant drop-out.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MCI Sample | Treatment Emergent Symptom Scale (TESS) | Week 8 | 1.61 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.9 |
| MCI Sample | Treatment Emergent Symptom Scale (TESS) | Week 26 | 1.42 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.86 |
| MCI Sample | Treatment Emergent Symptom Scale (TESS) | Week 52 | 1.28 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.11 |
| MCI Sample | Treatment Emergent Symptom Scale (TESS) | Week 0 | 2.57 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.62 |
| AD Sample | Treatment Emergent Symptom Scale (TESS) | Week 0 | 1.89 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.05 |
| AD Sample | Treatment Emergent Symptom Scale (TESS) | Week 8 | 1.53 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.37 |
| AD Sample | Treatment Emergent Symptom Scale (TESS) | Week 52 | 1.69 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.33 |
| AD Sample | Treatment Emergent Symptom Scale (TESS) | Week 26 | 1.20 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.47 |
Other Pre-specified
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) -III Digit Symbol Subtest
The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) -III Digit Symbol Subtest is a paper-and-pencil cognitive test presented on a single sheet of paper that requires a subject to match symbols to numbers according to a key located on the top of the page. Values range from 0-93; a higher value represents a better outcome.
Time frame: Week 0, Week 52
Population: The number analyzed in one or more rows differs from overall number analyzed due to participant drop-out.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MCI Sample | Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) -III Digit Symbol Subtest | Week 0 | 36.83 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 13.72 |
| MCI Sample | Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) -III Digit Symbol Subtest | Week 52 | 37.24 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 12.17 |
| AD Sample | Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) -III Digit Symbol Subtest | Week 0 | 25.47 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 9.27 |
| AD Sample | Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) -III Digit Symbol Subtest | Week 52 | 21.06 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 11.66 |
Other Pre-specified
Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS)-R Digit Span
Time frame: Week 0, Week 52.