Prostatic Neoplasms
Conditions
Keywords
Prostate neoplasms, Prostate cancer, Castration-resistant prostate cancer, Non-metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer, ARN-509, Apalutamide
Brief summary
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of apalutamide in adult men with high-risk non-metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer.
Detailed description
This Phase 3 clinical trial is an essential step in the evaluation of an investigational medication to see if it may be useful in treating prostate cancer. The purpose of the SPARTAN study is to compare the safety and effectiveness of the investigational medication to placebo in delaying prostate cancer from spreading to other parts of the body. A placebo is a pill that looks like the investigational medication but does not contain any active medication, a dummy pill. Phase 3 studies are performed after preliminary evidence suggesting effectiveness of the drug has been obtained in previous Phase 2 studies. These studies are intended to gather the additional information about effectiveness and safety that is needed to evaluate the overall benefit-risk relationship of the drug. Study participants will take the oral investigational medication daily. One cycle of study treatment lasts 4 weeks or 28 days. The number of cycles will depend on how you and your cancer respond to the study medication. In order for the researchers to evaluate and compare the study results, there are two different study groups. Study participants will be randomly (like flipping a coin) assigned to one of these groups: * One group will receive their current treatment along with the investigational medication * One group will receive their current medications along with a placebo The investigational medication will be given to 2 out of every 3 study participants. Neither you nor the study staff will know which group you are in. However, in case of a medical emergency, your study doctor can quickly find out which treatment group you are in. All participants will continue to receive their current treatment along with either the investigational medication or a placebo. The selections will be random, and you may remain on investigational treatment until your disease worsens, or until significant side effects occur or you can no longer tolerate treatment.
Interventions
DRUGApalutamide
240 mg tablets administered by mouth on a continuous once daily dosing regimen
DRUGPlacebo
Matched placebo tablets administered by mouth on a continuous once daily dosing regimen
Sponsors
Aragon Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
TRIPLE (Subject, Caregiver, Investigator)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
MALE
Age
18 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* Histologically or cytologically confirmed adenocarcinoma of the prostate without neuroendocrine differentiation or small cell features with high risk for development of metastases, defined as prostate-specific antigen doubling time (PSADT) less than or equal to (\<=) 10 months. PSADT is calculated using at least 3 prostate-specific antigen (PSA) values obtained during continuous ADT (androgen deprivation therapy) * Castration-resistant prostate cancer demonstrated during continuous ADT, defined as 3 PSA rises, at least 1 week apart, with the last PSA greater than (\>) 2 nanogram per milliliter (ng/mL) * Maintain castrate levels of testosterone within 4 weeks prior to randomization and throughout the study * Patients currently receiving bone loss prevention treatment with bone-sparing agents must be on stable doses for at least 4 weeks prior to randomization * Patients who received a first generation anti-androgen (for example, bicalutamide, flutamide, nilutamide) must have at least a 4-week washout prior to randomization AND must show continuing disease (PSA) progression (an increase in PSA) after washout * At least 4 weeks must have elapsed from the use of 5-alpha reductase inhibitors, estrogens, and any other anti-cancer therapy prior to randomization * At least 4 weeks must have elapsed from major surgery or radiation therapy prior to randomization * Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status 0 or 1 * Resolution of all acute toxic effects of prior therapy or surgical procedure to Grade \<= 1 or baseline prior to randomization * Adequate organ function according to protocol-defined criteria * Administration of growth factors or blood transfusions will not be allowed within 4 weeks of the hematology labs required to confirm eligibility
Exclusion criteria
* Presence of confirmed distant metastases, including central nervous system and vertebral or meningeal involvement * Symptomatic local or regional disease requiring medical intervention * Prior treatment with second generation anti-androgens * Prior treatment with CYP17 inhibitors * Prior treatment with radiopharmaceutical agents, or any other investigational agent for non-metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer * Prior chemotherapy for prostate cancer except if administered in the adjuvant/neoadjuvant setting * History of seizure or condition that may pre-dispose to seizure * Concurrent therapy with protocol-defined excluded medications * History or evidence of any of the following conditions: any prior malignancy (other than adequately treated basal cell or squamous cell skin cancer, superficial bladder cancer, or any other cancer in situ currently in complete remission) within 5 years prior to randomization; severe/unstable angina, myocardial infarction, symptomatic congestive heart failure, arterial or venous thromboembolic events, or clinically significant ventricular arrhythmias within 6 months prior to randomization; uncontrolled hypertension; gastrointestinal disorder affecting absorption; active infection; and, any other condition that, in the opinion of the investigator, would impair the patient's ability to comply with study procedures
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Metastasis-Free Survival (MFS) by Blinded Independent Central Review (BICR) | Up to approximately 43 Months | MFS was defined as the time from randomization to the time of first evidence of BICR-confirmed bone or soft tissue distant metastasis or death due to any cause, whichever occurred first. The MFS data for participants without metastasis or death were performed for US or ex-US regulatory purposes. Radiographic scans (bone scans and computerized tomography \[CT\] or magnetic resonance imaging \[MRI\] of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis) were performed for detection of metastasis throughout the study. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Time to Metastasis (TTM) | Up to approximately 43 Months | Time to metastasis (TTM) was defined as the time from randomization to the time of the scan that showed first evidence of BICR-confirmed radiographically detected bone or soft tissue distant metastasis. The TTM data for participants without metastasis were performed for US or ex-US regulatory purposes. Radiographic scans (bone scans and CT or MRI of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis) were performed for detection of metastasis throughout the study. |
| Progression-free Survival (PFS) | Up to approximately 43 Months | PFS defined as time from randomization to first documentation of BICR-confirmed radiographic progressive disease (PD) (development of distant/local/regional metastasis)/death due to any cause whichever occurred first. PFS data for participants without loco-regional disease were performed for US/ex-US regulatory purposes. Radiographic scans (bone scans and CT/MRI of chest,abdomen,pelvis) performed for detection of metastasis throughout study. PD based on RECIST v1.1; Subjects with one measurable lesion, At least 20% increase in sum of diameters of target lesions taking as reference smallest sum on study. In addition, sum must demonstrate an absolute increase of at least 5 millimeter(mm). Also, appearance of one/more new lesions was also considered PD. Subjects with non-measurable disease as per CT/MRI scans, unequivocal progression/appearance of one or more new lesions was considered PD. For new bone lesions detected on bone scans, second imaging (CT/MRI) was required to confirm PD. |
| Time to Symptomatic Progression | Up to approximately 43 Months | Time to symptomatic progression was defined as the time from randomization to documentation in the CRF of any of the following (whichever occurred earlier): a) development of a skeletal-related event (pathologic fracture, spinal cord compression, or need for surgical intervention or radiation therapy to the bone); b) pain progression or worsening of disease-related symptoms requiring initiation of a new systemic anti-cancer therapy; or c) development of clinically significant symptoms due to loco-regional tumor progression requiring surgical intervention or radiation therapy. |
| Overall Survival | Up to approximately 43 months | Overall survival was defined as the time from randomization to the date of death due to any cause. |
| Time to Initiation of Cytotoxic Chemotherapy | Up to approximately 43 months | Time to initiation of cytotoxic chemotherapy was defined as the time from randomization to the date of initiation of cytotoxic chemotherapy for prostate cancer. |
Countries
Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Czechia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Israel, Japan, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Taiwan, United Kingdom, United States
Contacts
STUDY_DIRECTORAragon Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Clinical Trial
Aragon Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Participant flow
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Placebo Participants received apalutamide matched placebo tablets orally on a continuous once daily dosing regimen along with androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) until disease progression, withdrawal of consent or unacceptable toxicity or death. | 401 |
| Apalutamide Participants received apalutamide orally at a starting dose of 240 milligram (mg) (8 x 30 mg capsules then 4 x 60 mg tablets) in a continuous treatment cycles (each treatment cycle is of 28 days) once daily dosing regimen along with androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) until disease progression, withdrawal of consent or unacceptable toxicity or death. | 806 |
| Total | 1,207 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Apalutamide | Total | Placebo |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | 73.7 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 8.07 | 73.9 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 8.02 | 74.1 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 7.92 |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Hispanic or Latino | 11 Participants | 16 Participants | 5 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Not Hispanic or Latino | 659 Participants | 997 Participants | 338 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 136 Participants | 194 Participants | 58 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native | 4 Participants | 4 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Asian | 93 Participants | 140 Participants | 47 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American | 48 Participants | 68 Participants | 20 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race | 1 Participants | 1 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 136 Participants | 194 Participants | 58 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) White | 524 Participants | 800 Participants | 276 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment Australia | 30 Participants | 41 Participants | 11 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment Austria | 4 Participants | 6 Participants | 2 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment Belgium | 4 Participants | 7 Participants | 3 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment Canada | 61 Participants | 82 Participants | 21 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment Czech Republic | 20 Participants | 34 Participants | 14 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment Denmark | 14 Participants | 21 Participants | 7 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment Finland | 7 Participants | 12 Participants | 5 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment France | 39 Participants | 60 Participants | 21 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment Germany | 31 Participants | 51 Participants | 20 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment Hungary | 4 Participants | 5 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment Israel | 7 Participants | 14 Participants | 7 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment Italy | 24 Participants | 36 Participants | 12 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment Japan | 34 Participants | 55 Participants | 21 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment Netherlands | 8 Participants | 19 Participants | 11 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment New Zealand | 6 Participants | 8 Participants | 2 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment Norway | 4 Participants | 7 Participants | 3 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment Poland | 28 Participants | 34 Participants | 6 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment Romania | 7 Participants | 12 Participants | 5 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment Russia | 24 Participants | 35 Participants | 11 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment Slovakia | 11 Participants | 17 Participants | 6 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment South Africa | 35 Participants | 52 Participants | 17 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment Spain | 95 Participants | 131 Participants | 36 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment Sweden | 10 Participants | 13 Participants | 3 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment Taiwan, Province Of China | 14 Participants | 19 Participants | 5 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment United Kingdom | 61 Participants | 99 Participants | 38 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment United States | 224 Participants | 337 Participants | 113 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 806 Participants | 1207 Participants | 401 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 1 / 398 | 10 / 803 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 329 / 398 | 716 / 803 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 92 / 398 | 199 / 803 |
Outcome results
Primary
Metastasis-Free Survival (MFS) by Blinded Independent Central Review (BICR)
MFS was defined as the time from randomization to the time of first evidence of BICR-confirmed bone or soft tissue distant metastasis or death due to any cause, whichever occurred first. The MFS data for participants without metastasis or death were performed for US or ex-US regulatory purposes. Radiographic scans (bone scans and computerized tomography \[CT\] or magnetic resonance imaging \[MRI\] of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis) were performed for detection of metastasis throughout the study.
Time frame: Up to approximately 43 Months
Population: Intent-to-Treat (ITT) population included all participants who were randomized into the study, with study drug assignments designated according to initial randomization, regardless of whether participants received what was assigned.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEDIAN) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Placebo | Metastasis-Free Survival (MFS) by Blinded Independent Central Review (BICR) | US Regulatory | 16.20 Months |
| Placebo | Metastasis-Free Survival (MFS) by Blinded Independent Central Review (BICR) | Ex-US Regulatory | 15.70 Months |
| Apalutamide | Metastasis-Free Survival (MFS) by Blinded Independent Central Review (BICR) | US Regulatory | 40.51 Months |
| Apalutamide | Metastasis-Free Survival (MFS) by Blinded Independent Central Review (BICR) | Ex-US Regulatory | 40.51 Months |
Comparison: Statistical Analysis for MFS by BICR (US Regulatory)p-value: <0.000195% CI: [0.227, 0.346]Log Rank
Comparison: Statistical Analysis for MFS by BICR (Ex-US Regulatory)p-value: <0.000195% CI: [0.244, 0.362]Log Rank
Secondary
Overall Survival
Overall survival was defined as the time from randomization to the date of death due to any cause.
Time frame: Up to approximately 43 months
Population: ITT population included all participants who were randomized into the study, with study drug assignments designated according to initial randomization, regardless of whether participants received what was assigned.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEDIAN) |
|---|---|---|
| Placebo | Overall Survival | 39.03 Months |
| Apalutamide | Overall Survival | NA Months |
Secondary
Progression-free Survival (PFS)
PFS defined as time from randomization to first documentation of BICR-confirmed radiographic progressive disease (PD) (development of distant/local/regional metastasis)/death due to any cause whichever occurred first. PFS data for participants without loco-regional disease were performed for US/ex-US regulatory purposes. Radiographic scans (bone scans and CT/MRI of chest,abdomen,pelvis) performed for detection of metastasis throughout study. PD based on RECIST v1.1; Subjects with one measurable lesion, At least 20% increase in sum of diameters of target lesions taking as reference smallest sum on study. In addition, sum must demonstrate an absolute increase of at least 5 millimeter(mm). Also, appearance of one/more new lesions was also considered PD. Subjects with non-measurable disease as per CT/MRI scans, unequivocal progression/appearance of one or more new lesions was considered PD. For new bone lesions detected on bone scans, second imaging (CT/MRI) was required to confirm PD.
Time frame: Up to approximately 43 Months
Population: ITT population included all participants who were randomized into the study, with study drug assignments designated according to initial randomization, regardless of whether participants received what was assigned.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEDIAN) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Placebo | Progression-free Survival (PFS) | US Regulatory | 14.72 Months |
| Placebo | Progression-free Survival (PFS) | EX-US Regulatory | 14.65 Months |
| Apalutamide | Progression-free Survival (PFS) | US Regulatory | 40.51 Months |
| Apalutamide | Progression-free Survival (PFS) | EX-US Regulatory | 40.51 Months |
Comparison: Statistical Analysis for PFS by BICR (US Regulatory)p-value: <0.000195% CI: [0.238, 0.356]Log Rank
Comparison: Statistical Analysis for PFS by BICR (EX-US Regulatory)p-value: <0.000195% CI: [0.247, 0.364]Log Rank
Secondary
Time to Initiation of Cytotoxic Chemotherapy
Time to initiation of cytotoxic chemotherapy was defined as the time from randomization to the date of initiation of cytotoxic chemotherapy for prostate cancer.
Time frame: Up to approximately 43 months
Population: ITT population included all participants who were randomized into the study, with study drug assignments designated according to initial randomization, regardless of whether participants received what was assigned.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEDIAN) |
|---|---|---|
| Placebo | Time to Initiation of Cytotoxic Chemotherapy | NA Months |
| Apalutamide | Time to Initiation of Cytotoxic Chemotherapy | NA Months |
Secondary
Time to Metastasis (TTM)
Time to metastasis (TTM) was defined as the time from randomization to the time of the scan that showed first evidence of BICR-confirmed radiographically detected bone or soft tissue distant metastasis. The TTM data for participants without metastasis were performed for US or ex-US regulatory purposes. Radiographic scans (bone scans and CT or MRI of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis) were performed for detection of metastasis throughout the study.
Time frame: Up to approximately 43 Months
Population: ITT population included all participants who were randomized into the study, with study drug assignments designated according to initial randomization, regardless of whether participants received what was assigned.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEDIAN) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Placebo | Time to Metastasis (TTM) | US Regulatory | 16.59 Months |
| Placebo | Time to Metastasis (TTM) | EX-US Regulatory | 15.70 Months |
| Apalutamide | Time to Metastasis (TTM) | US Regulatory | 40.51 Months |
| Apalutamide | Time to Metastasis (TTM) | EX-US Regulatory | 40.51 Months |
Comparison: Statistical Analysis for TTM by BICR (US Regulatory)p-value: <0.000195% CI: [0.219, 0.335]Log Rank
Comparison: Statistical Analysis for TTM by BICR (Ex-US Regulatory)p-value: <0.000195% CI: [0.227, 0.342]Log Rank
Secondary
Time to Symptomatic Progression
Time to symptomatic progression was defined as the time from randomization to documentation in the CRF of any of the following (whichever occurred earlier): a) development of a skeletal-related event (pathologic fracture, spinal cord compression, or need for surgical intervention or radiation therapy to the bone); b) pain progression or worsening of disease-related symptoms requiring initiation of a new systemic anti-cancer therapy; or c) development of clinically significant symptoms due to loco-regional tumor progression requiring surgical intervention or radiation therapy.
Time frame: Up to approximately 43 Months
Population: ITT population included all participants who were randomized into the study, with study drug assignments designated according to initial randomization, regardless of whether participants received what was assigned.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEDIAN) |
|---|---|---|
| Placebo | Time to Symptomatic Progression | NA Months |
| Apalutamide | Time to Symptomatic Progression | NA Months |
Comparison: Statistical Analysis for Time to Symptomatic Progressionp-value: <0.000195% CI: [0.315, 0.634]Log Rank