Mild Cognitive Impairment Due to Alzheimer's Disease
Conditions
Keywords
Drug therapy
Brief summary
The purpose of this study is to qualify the biomarker risk algorithm for prognosis of the risk of developing Mild Cognitive Impairment due to Alzheimer's Disease (MCI-AD), and also to evaluate the efficacy of pioglitazone compared with placebo to delay the onset of MCI-AD in cognitively-normal participants who are at high-risk for developing MCI within 5 years.
Detailed description
This study has two goals. One of these goals is to see if a new genetic test can determine if participants are at risk of developing Mild Cognitive Impairment due to Alzheimer's Disease (MCI-AD) within the next five years. The other goal is to evaluate the study drug called pioglitazone. Pioglitazone is being tested to delay the onset of MCI-AD. This study will look at the effectiveness of pioglitazone in delaying the onset of MCI-AD in cognitively-normal people who are at high-risk of developing MCI-AD, as identified by the biomarker in the non-Hispanic/Latino Caucasian participants. This multi-centre trial will be conducted worldwide. The study will enroll approximately 3500 subjects. Participants will be assigned to high or low risk groups for developing MCI- AD within the next five years, based on the results of the biomarker risk algorithm. Participants in the high risk group will be randomly assigned to one of the two treatment groups-which will remain unknown to the participant and study doctor during the study (unless there is an urgent medical need): * Pioglitazone tablet * Placebo (dummy inactive pill) - this is a tablet that looks like the study drug but has no active ingredient. Participants in the low risk group will be assigned to placebo. The assignment of each participant to the high or low risk group, as well as the participant's treatment assignment, will remain undisclosed to the participants and study doctor during the study (unless there is an urgent medical need). All participants will be asked to take one tablet at the same time each day throughout the study. The overall time to participate in this study is approximately 5 years. Participants will make up to 14 visits to the clinic, and will be contacted by telephone 3 months after each treatment visit for a follow-up assessment, and 2 weeks after the final visit.
Interventions
DRUGPioglitazone
Pioglitazone SR tablets
Pioglitazone placebo-matching tablets
Sponsors
Zinfandel Pharmaceuticals Inc.
Takeda
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
QUADRUPLE (Subject, Caregiver, Investigator, Outcomes Assessor)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
65 Years to 83 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
1. In the opinion of the investigator, participant is capable of understanding and complying with protocol requirements. 2. Signs and dates a written, informed consent form and any required privacy authorization prior to the initiation of any study procedures. 3. Is able to physically perform the cognitive tests in the opinion of the investigator and is fluent in the language that tests will be administered. 4. Is cognitively normal at baseline, scoring as indicated for the following tests: * Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR)=0. * At least one memory test above -1.5 standard deviation (SD) of the demographically corrected normative mean. 5. Must score ≥25 on the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) at the screening visit after the education and age adjustment. 6. Is male or postmenopausal female between the ages of 65 and 83 years, inclusive, at time of the Screening visit. 7. Has the ability and intention to participate in regular study visits, in the opinion of the Investigator. 8. Has a project partner who can separately complete an Acknowledgement Form on his/her own behalf and take part in the study (with the intent to do so as long as the participant is enrolled) to provide information on the cognitive, functional, and behavioral status of the participant and to assist with monitoring of study medication, if needed.
Exclusion criteria
1. Has a current diagnosis or history of any type of cognitive impairment or dementia or has a current diagnosis or history of neurological/psychiatric disorder or any other diagnosis that significantly affects cognitive performance (eg, mental retardation, organic mental disorder). 2. Has a current diagnosis of significant psychiatric illness, per Diagnostic & Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition - Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR) (or DSM-V when published) (including but not limited to major depressive disorder, anxiety disorders) and is in an acute phase/episode, or the participant has a current diagnosis or history of schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. 3. Has a glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) \>8.0% at the time of baseline or requires treatment with insulin, triple oral antidiabetic therapy or a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-γ) agonist. The participant should be on a stable antidiabetic regimen for at least 3 months prior to enrollment. 4. Has a clinically significant unstable illness, for example, hepatic impairment or renal insufficiency, or cardiovascular, pulmonary, gastrointestinal (including s/p gastric bypass), endocrine, neurological, rheumatologic, immunologic, infectious, skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders, or metabolic disturbance. History of HIV infection is considered exclusionary for this study. 5. Has a history of drug abuse (defined as any illicit drug use) or a history of alcohol abuse/dependence within 2 years prior to the Screening Visit. 6. Is an immediate family member, testing center employee, or is in a dependent relationship with a testing center employee who is involved in conduct of this study (eg, spouse, parent, child, and sibling) or may consent under duress. 7. Has a history of hypersensitivity or allergies to pioglitazone or related compounds. 8. Is required to take excluded medications as specified in the Excluded Medications Section. 9. Had any of the following values at the Baseline Visit (Visit 2): 1. A serum total bilirubin value \>1.5× upper limit of normal (ULN). 2. A serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) or aspartate aminotransferase (AST) value \>2xULN. 3. Unexplained microscopic/macroscopic hematuria on one repeat examinations within 2 weeks of the initial assessment. 10. Is positive for either Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) or anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibodies at the Baseline Visit (Visit 2). 11. Has a condition or takes medication that, in the opinion of the Investigator, could interfere with the assessments of safety, tolerability, or efficacy, or prevent the participant from adequately participating in the study or continue for the anticipated duration of the study. 12. Has received any investigational compound within 30 days prior to screening or 5 half-lives prior to Screening or is currently participating in another study which entails the administration of an investigational or marketed drug, supplement or intervention including, but not limited to diet, exercise, lifestyle or invasive procedure. 13. Has a history of any cancer that has been in remission for less than 2 years from the Screening Visit. Participants with basal cell or stage I squamous cell carcinoma of the skin will be eligible. Participants with history of bladder cancer are not eligible irrespective of the remission status. 14. Has a history or current diagnosis of macular edema or macular degeneration. 15. If female, has a history of postmenopausal fractures with no or minimal trauma (eg, wrist, hip, lumbar or thoracic vertebral fracture). 16. Has a history or current diagnosis of congestive heart failure (CHF), New York Heart Association Class III-IV. 17. Has been exposed to the cognitive tests performed in this study within 6 months prior to the Screening Visit, with the exception of the MMSE. 18. Participant's Translocase of the Outer Mitochondrial Membrane 40 homolog (TOMM40) rs10524523 or apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotypes or APOE phenotype are known by the participant or the study staff participating in this study.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Time to Diagnosis of Mild Cognitive Impairment Due to Alzheimer's Disease (MCI-AD) for Placebo-treated, High-risk, Non-Hispanic/Latino Caucasian Participants Versus Placebo-treated, Low-risk, Non-Hispanic/Latino Caucasian Participants | Baseline to the end of study (approximately up to 5 years) | The event definition for MCI-AD was the time in days from the randomization date to the date of the first of two consecutive scheduled visits at which a participant was assessed with a diagnosis of MCI due to AD confirmed by adjudication committee. Here, the time to event was reported as the restricted mean survival time. The restricted mean survival time was defined as the area under the curve of the survival function up to the largest event time. |
| Time to Diagnosis of MCI Due to AD for Pioglitazone-treated, High-risk, Non-Hispanic/Latino Caucasian Participants Versus Placebo-treated, High-risk, Non-Hispanic/Latino, Caucasian Participants | Baseline to the end of study (approximately up to 5 years) | The event definition for MCI-AD was the time in days from the randomization date to the date of the first of two consecutive scheduled visits at which a participant was assessed with a diagnosis of MCI due to AD confirmed by adjudication committee. Here, the time to event was reported as the restricted mean survival time. The restricted mean survival time was defined as the area under the curve of the survival function up to the largest event time. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Change From Baseline for Cognitive Decline on Composite Score on the Cognitive Test Battery for Pioglitazone-treated Participants Versus Placebo-treated Participants in the High-risk Stratum | Baseline and Month 48 | Composite scores derived from the test battery. Domains of Episodic Memory \[California Verbal Learning Test-2nd Edition (CVLT-II), Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised (BVMT-R)\]; Executive Function \[Trail Making Test (TMT) (Part B), Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)-III Digit Span Test-backwards span\]; Language \[Multilingual Naming Test (MiNT), Semantic Fluency (animals), Lexical/phonemic fluency (F, A, and S in English; D, S, and F in German)\]; and Attention \[WAIS-III Digit Span Test-forward span, TMT (Part A)\] used for composite score. 12 measures were derived from 8 neuropsychological tests. CVLT-II test involved 2 primary measures (short, long delay recall); BVMT-R had 2 measures (copy and recall); Digit Span and Trail both had 2 measures (forward and backward span and Parts A and B). There was 1 total score for each test: CDT, MINT, semantic and lexical fluency. Total score ranged from -1.222 to 1.707 at baseline, a higher composite score indicated better cognition. |
| Change From Baseline in Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study Activities of Daily Living - Prevention Instrument [ADCS ADL-PI]) Between Pioglitazone-treated and Placebo-treated Groups of the High-risk Stratum | Baseline and Month 48 | The ADCS ADL-PI is a functional measure that was specifically designed for standardized administration over long duration clinical studies to prevent AD. The ADCS ADL-PI is a 20-item instrument that included 15 ADL questions, which were scored as 1 (with a lot of difficulty), 2 (with some difficulty), or 3 (as well as usually, with no difficulty), plus 5 vision, hearing, and mobility questions, which were scored from 0 (no) to 1 (yes). ADL Total ranged from 0 to 45, and lower scores indicated greater disability. |
Countries
Australia, Germany, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States
Participant flow
Recruitment details
Participants took part in the study at 57 investigative sites in United States, United Kingdom, Germany, Australia, and Switzerland from 01 Aug 2013 to 06 Sep 2018.
Pre-assignment details
Participants at least 65 years old with normal cognitive function were enrolled to receive either pioglitazone (0.8 mg sustained release tablet) or placebo.
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Low Risk Placebo Pioglitazone placebo-matching tablets, orally, once daily to participants assigned to low risk group for developing MCI-AD for up to 5 years. | 433 |
| High Risk Placebo Pioglitazone placebo-matching tablets, orally, once daily to participants assigned to high risk group for developing MCI-AD for up to 5 years. | 1,516 |
| High Risk Pioglitazone Pioglitazone 0.8 mg, sustained release (SR) tablets, orally, once daily to participants assigned to high risk group for developing MCI-AD for up to 5 years. | 1,545 |
| Total | 3,494 |
Withdrawals & dropouts
| Period | Reason | FG000 | FG001 | FG002 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study | Adverse Event | 37 | 167 | 132 |
| Overall Study | Lost to Follow-up | 3 | 26 | 23 |
| Overall Study | Major Protocol Deviation | 5 | 14 | 21 |
| Overall Study | Missing | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Overall Study | Randomized But Not Treated | 6 | 9 | 14 |
| Overall Study | Reason Not Specified | 11 | 47 | 53 |
| Overall Study | Study Termination | 289 | 968 | 1,037 |
| Overall Study | Voluntary Withdrawal | 78 | 245 | 225 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Low Risk Placebo | Total | High Risk Pioglitazone | High Risk Placebo |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | 70.3 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.02 | 74.0 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 5.31 | 74.4 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 5.25 | 74.6 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 5.27 |
| Age, Customized <75 years | 360 Participants | 1650 Participants | 658 Participants | 632 Participants |
| Age, Customized >=75 years | 73 Participants | 1844 Participants | 887 Participants | 884 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Hispanic or Latino | 8 Participants | 39 Participants | 12 Participants | 19 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Not Hispanic or Latino | 425 Participants | 3455 Participants | 1533 Participants | 1497 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized American Indian or Alaska Native | 0 Participants | 4 Participants | 4 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Asian | 1 Participants | 25 Participants | 14 Participants | 10 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Black or African American | 10 Participants | 87 Participants | 39 Participants | 38 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Hispanic/Latino and/or non-Caucasian | 20 Participants | 165 Participants | 73 Participants | 72 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Multiracial | 1 Participants | 8 Participants | 3 Participants | 4 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 Participants | 2 Participants | 1 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Non-Hispanic/Latino Caucasian | 413 Participants | 3329 Participants | 1472 Participants | 1444 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized White | 421 Participants | 3368 Participants | 1484 Participants | 1463 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment Australia | 56 Participants | 489 Participants | 218 Participants | 215 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment Germany | 2 Participants | 21 Participants | 9 Participants | 10 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment Switzerland | 3 Participants | 39 Participants | 18 Participants | 18 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment United Kingdom | 102 Participants | 728 Participants | 315 Participants | 311 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment United States | 270 Participants | 2217 Participants | 985 Participants | 962 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 259 Participants | 1921 Participants | 812 Participants | 850 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 174 Participants | 1573 Participants | 733 Participants | 666 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk | EG002 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 2 / 427 | 21 / 1,507 | 7 / 1,531 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 235 / 427 | 828 / 1,507 | 822 / 1,531 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 81 / 427 | 404 / 1,507 | 358 / 1,531 |
Outcome results
Primary
Time to Diagnosis of MCI Due to AD for Pioglitazone-treated, High-risk, Non-Hispanic/Latino Caucasian Participants Versus Placebo-treated, High-risk, Non-Hispanic/Latino, Caucasian Participants
The event definition for MCI-AD was the time in days from the randomization date to the date of the first of two consecutive scheduled visits at which a participant was assessed with a diagnosis of MCI due to AD confirmed by adjudication committee. Here, the time to event was reported as the restricted mean survival time. The restricted mean survival time was defined as the area under the curve of the survival function up to the largest event time.
Time frame: Baseline to the end of study (approximately up to 5 years)
Population: FAS included all participants who were randomized, received at least 1 dose of study drug, and at least 1 valid postbaseline value for assessment of primary efficacy. A participant who does not have an event of MCI due to AD was censored at the date of the last visit at which MCI due to AD could have been assessed.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) |
|---|---|---|
| Low Risk Placebo | Time to Diagnosis of MCI Due to AD for Pioglitazone-treated, High-risk, Non-Hispanic/Latino Caucasian Participants Versus Placebo-treated, High-risk, Non-Hispanic/Latino, Caucasian Participants | 1238.67 days |
| High Risk Placebo | Time to Diagnosis of MCI Due to AD for Pioglitazone-treated, High-risk, Non-Hispanic/Latino Caucasian Participants Versus Placebo-treated, High-risk, Non-Hispanic/Latino, Caucasian Participants | 1261.24 days |
p-value: 0.307Regression, Cox
Primary
Time to Diagnosis of Mild Cognitive Impairment Due to Alzheimer's Disease (MCI-AD) for Placebo-treated, High-risk, Non-Hispanic/Latino Caucasian Participants Versus Placebo-treated, Low-risk, Non-Hispanic/Latino Caucasian Participants
The event definition for MCI-AD was the time in days from the randomization date to the date of the first of two consecutive scheduled visits at which a participant was assessed with a diagnosis of MCI due to AD confirmed by adjudication committee. Here, the time to event was reported as the restricted mean survival time. The restricted mean survival time was defined as the area under the curve of the survival function up to the largest event time.
Time frame: Baseline to the end of study (approximately up to 5 years)
Population: Full Analysis Set (FAS) included all participants who were randomized, received at least 1 dose of study drug, and at least 1 valid postbaseline value for assessment of primary efficacy. A participant who does not have an event of MCI due to AD was censored at the date of the last visit at which MCI due to AD could have been assessed.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) |
|---|---|---|
| Low Risk Placebo | Time to Diagnosis of Mild Cognitive Impairment Due to Alzheimer's Disease (MCI-AD) for Placebo-treated, High-risk, Non-Hispanic/Latino Caucasian Participants Versus Placebo-treated, Low-risk, Non-Hispanic/Latino Caucasian Participants | 905.44 days |
| High Risk Placebo | Time to Diagnosis of Mild Cognitive Impairment Due to Alzheimer's Disease (MCI-AD) for Placebo-treated, High-risk, Non-Hispanic/Latino Caucasian Participants Versus Placebo-treated, Low-risk, Non-Hispanic/Latino Caucasian Participants | 1238.67 days |
p-value: 0.023Regression, Cox
Secondary
Change From Baseline for Cognitive Decline on Composite Score on the Cognitive Test Battery for Pioglitazone-treated Participants Versus Placebo-treated Participants in the High-risk Stratum
Composite scores derived from the test battery. Domains of Episodic Memory \[California Verbal Learning Test-2nd Edition (CVLT-II), Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised (BVMT-R)\]; Executive Function \[Trail Making Test (TMT) (Part B), Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)-III Digit Span Test-backwards span\]; Language \[Multilingual Naming Test (MiNT), Semantic Fluency (animals), Lexical/phonemic fluency (F, A, and S in English; D, S, and F in German)\]; and Attention \[WAIS-III Digit Span Test-forward span, TMT (Part A)\] used for composite score. 12 measures were derived from 8 neuropsychological tests. CVLT-II test involved 2 primary measures (short, long delay recall); BVMT-R had 2 measures (copy and recall); Digit Span and Trail both had 2 measures (forward and backward span and Parts A and B). There was 1 total score for each test: CDT, MINT, semantic and lexical fluency. Total score ranged from -1.222 to 1.707 at baseline, a higher composite score indicated better cognition.
Time frame: Baseline and Month 48
Population: FAS included all participants who were randomized, received at least 1 dose of study drug, and at least 1 valid postbaseline value for assessment of primary efficacy. Number analyzed is the number of participants with evaluable data at the given time-point.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Low Risk Placebo | Change From Baseline for Cognitive Decline on Composite Score on the Cognitive Test Battery for Pioglitazone-treated Participants Versus Placebo-treated Participants in the High-risk Stratum | 0.1841 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.27508 |
| High Risk Placebo | Change From Baseline for Cognitive Decline on Composite Score on the Cognitive Test Battery for Pioglitazone-treated Participants Versus Placebo-treated Participants in the High-risk Stratum | 0.1687 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.40621 |
Secondary
Change From Baseline in Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study Activities of Daily Living - Prevention Instrument [ADCS ADL-PI]) Between Pioglitazone-treated and Placebo-treated Groups of the High-risk Stratum
The ADCS ADL-PI is a functional measure that was specifically designed for standardized administration over long duration clinical studies to prevent AD. The ADCS ADL-PI is a 20-item instrument that included 15 ADL questions, which were scored as 1 (with a lot of difficulty), 2 (with some difficulty), or 3 (as well as usually, with no difficulty), plus 5 vision, hearing, and mobility questions, which were scored from 0 (no) to 1 (yes). ADL Total ranged from 0 to 45, and lower scores indicated greater disability.
Time frame: Baseline and Month 48
Population: FAS included all participants who were randomized, received at least 1 dose of study drug, and at least 1 valid postbaseline value for assessment of primary efficacy. Number analyzed is the number of participants with evaluable data at the given time-point.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Low Risk Placebo | Change From Baseline in Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study Activities of Daily Living - Prevention Instrument [ADCS ADL-PI]) Between Pioglitazone-treated and Placebo-treated Groups of the High-risk Stratum | 0.1 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.93 |
| High Risk Placebo | Change From Baseline in Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study Activities of Daily Living - Prevention Instrument [ADCS ADL-PI]) Between Pioglitazone-treated and Placebo-treated Groups of the High-risk Stratum | 0.3 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.32 |