Lymphatic Filariasis, Soil Transmitted Helminth Infections
Conditions
Keywords
Filariasis, Albendazole, Diethylcarbamazine, STH Soil Transmitted Helminths, MDA Mass Drug Administration
Brief summary
Approximately 3,500 people will participate per year. The study population will include females and males over 5 years of age who live in filariasis endemic areas. The study will be performed in Indonesia in B. timori and W. bancrofti endemic areas over a period of 4 years. Participants will be studied only once in cross-sectional surveys. Some subjects may be included in more than one annual population survey, but this is not a longitudinal study. Purpose of the study is to evaluate different mass drug administration (MDA) regimens for lymphatic filariasis and also to study the impact of MDA on soil transmitted helminth infections (STH). MDA will administered by others (e.g., Ministry of Health). Results of this study may enhance efforts to control and eliminate these important neglected tropical diseases. The investigators will test the hypothesis that accelerated mass drug administration will be superior to annual MDA for elimination of lymphatic filariasis and for control of soil transmitted helminth infections (STH): 1. Compare the relative impact and cost effectiveness of annual vs. twice yearly mass drug administration (MDA) for elimination of lymphatic filariasis (LF). 2. Study the impact of annual vs. semiannual MDA on soil transmitted helminth (STH) infection in these populations.
Detailed description
Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is a deforming and disabling infectious disease that causes elephantiasis and genital deformity (especially hydroceles). The infection affects some 120 million people in 81 countries in tropical and subtropical regions with well over 1 billion people at risk of acquiring the disease. LF is caused by Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia spp. (B. malayi and B.timori), nematode parasites that are transmitted by mosquitoes. This study is based on the assumption that currently used mass drug administration (MDA) regimens and schedules are not optimal for achieving elimination of LF. These regimens (either annual Albendazole (Alb) 400 mg plus diethylcarbamazine (DEC) 6 mg/kg or Alb 400 mg plus ivermectin (Iver) 200 µg/kg for LF) were developed more than 10 years ago. Drugs used for LF MDA are also active against soil transmitted helminth infections (STH, e.g., Ascaris, Hookworm, and Trichuris). De-worming campaigns using anthelminthics usually target special groups of the population, such as schoolchildren, and have limited impact on the transmission. Treatment of the total population and semiannual treatments may reduce re-infection considerably and will most likely lead to reduced infection densities and infection prevalences. Suppression of STH is an important ancillary benefit of MDA programs for filarial infections. Purpose: The study aims to compare the effectiveness once yearly (1X) versus twice yearly (2X) mass drug administration (MDA) for the elimination of lymphatic filariasis and for control of soil-transmitted helminths (intestinal parasites) in large populations. Mass drug administration will be provided by the Indonesia Ministry of Health. This project will assess the impact of the public health program. Procedures: Study procedures include collection of finger prick blood that will be tested for microfilaremia and for serology testing (antigenemia and antibody testing). Stool samples will be collected to detect STH infections. All assays will be performed in Indonesia (filarial serology tests, blood smears for detection of microfilariae (MF), and stool examinations for detection of worm eggs). Washington University researchers developed the protocol, will provide training and guidance to Indonesian researchers, and work with them to analyze the data. Indonesian researchers will consent the participants, obtain stool and blood specimens, perform laboratory tests on the specimens, and enter data on participants and lab results.
Interventions
DRUGAlbendazole (annual)
Albendazole 400 mg pnce annually
DRUGDiethylcarbamazine (annual)
Diethylcarbamazine 6 mg/kg once annually
DRUGAlbendazole (semiannual)
Albendazole 400 mg twice annually
DRUGDiethylcarbamazine (semiannual)
Diethylcarbamazine 6 mg/kg twice annually
Sponsors
Washington University School of Medicine
Study design
Observational model
ECOLOGIC_OR_COMMUNITY
Time perspective
CROSS_SECTIONAL
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
5 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* Areas should be endemic for filariasis and have limited or no prior experience with MDA. Males and Females greater than or equal to 5 years of age.
Exclusion criteria
* Children less than 5 years of age.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Prevalence of Microfilaria in Blood as Determined by Microscopy of Participant Blood | 3 years | Microfilariae (filarial parasites) will be detected in blood smears by microscopy. Samples will be collected in annual and semiannual community surveys. Prevalence rates (a measure of the disease rates in the population sampled) are expressed as % positive for microfilaremia (having microfilaria in the blood). |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Prevalence of Positive Brugia Rapid Antifilarial Antibody Tests | 3 years | This outcome is reported as the frequency of participants with positive Brugia Rapid antifilarial antibody tests. Data was only collected at baseline and at year 3 for this outcome measure and no antibody data was collected for the Pekalongan study sites. |
| Prevalence of Circulating Filarial Antigen in Blood as Determined by ICT Card Test | 3 years | Prevalence of filarial antigenemia (detected with the Binax Filariasis Now card test ICT card test) among the population surveyed. Prevalence data are expressed as %. |
| Prevalence of Ascaris Infection | 2 Years | Prevalence of Ascaris infection is defined by the number of participants with any Ascaris worm eggs present in their stool sample as analyzed with microscopy. |
| Prevalence of Hookworm Infection | 2 years | Prevalence of hookworm infection is defined by the number of participants with any hookworm eggs present in their stool sample as analyzed with microscopy. |
| Prevalence of Trichuris Infection | 2 years | Prevalence of trichuris infection is defined by the number of participants with any trichuris worm eggs present in their stool sample as analyzed with microscopy. |
Countries
Indonesia
Participant flow
Recruitment details
This was a cross-sectional study. The final end points of the study are measures of community prevalence. Participant involvement in the study ended after each survey period. Participants were not followed across survey periods, but could be and were likely recruited into more than one survey period.
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Annual MDA Treated Group (Paga) This group will receive annual MDA (Albendazole 400 mg plus diethylcarbamazine 6 mg/kg) which will be administered by the Indonesian Ministry of Health as part of their national filariasis elimination program.
Albendazole and diethylcarbamazine: Albendazole 400 mg plus diethylcarbamazine 6 mg/kg once yearly vs twice yearly | 1,443 |
| Annual MDA Treated Group (Lewomada) This group will receive annual MDA (Albendazole 400 mg plus diethylcarbamazine 6 mg/kg) which will be administered by the Indonesian Ministry of Health as part of their national filariasis elimination program.
Albendazole and diethylcarbamazine: Albendazole 400 mg plus diethylcarbamazine 6 mg/kg once yearly vs twice yearly | 722 |
| Semiannual MDA Treated Group This group will receive semiannual MDA (Albendazole 400 mg plus diethylcarbamazine 6 mg/kg) which will also be administered by the Indonesian Ministry of Health.
Albendazole and diethylcarbamazine: Albendazole 400 mg plus diethylcarbamazine 6 mg/kg once yearly vs twice yearly | 1,033 |
| Annual MDA Treated Group (Pekalongan) The Pekalongan study site was dropped from further analysis after the first year follow-up due to lower than expected prevalence of lymphatic filariasis infections. Baseline and year 1 follow-up results are presented separately from the other study sites.
This group will receive annual MDA (Albendazole 400 mg plus diethylcarbamazine 6 mg/kg) which will be administered by the Indonesian Ministry of Health as part of their national filariasis elimination program.
Albendazole and diethylcarbamazine: Albendazole 400 mg plus diethylcarbamazine 6 mg/kg once yearly vs twice yearly | 1,482 |
| Semiannual MDA Treated Group (Pekalongan) The Pekalongan study site was dropped from further analysis after the first year follow-up due to lower than expected prevalence of lymphatic filariasis infections. Baseline and year 1 follow-up results are presented separately from the other study sites.
This group will receive semiannual MDA (Albendazole 400 mg plus diethylcarbamazine 6 mg/kg) which will also be administered by the Indonesian Ministry of Health.
Albendazole and diethylcarbamazine: Albendazole 400 mg plus diethylcarbamazine 6 mg/kg once yearly vs twice yearly | 1,326 |
| Total | 6,006 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Annual MDA Treated Group (Paga) | Annual MDA Treated Group (Lewomada) | Semiannual MDA Treated Group | Annual MDA Treated Group (Pekalongan) | Semiannual MDA Treated Group (Pekalongan) | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Customized Age at Baseline (pre-MDA) 15 years and younger | 597 Participants | 285 Participants | 374 Participants | 353 Participants | 372 Participants | 1981 Participants |
| Age, Customized Age at Baseline (pre-MDA) Age unknown | 52 Participants | 0 Participants | 6 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 58 Participants |
| Age, Customized Age at Baseline (pre-MDA) Older than 15 | 794 Participants | 437 Participants | 653 Participants | 1129 Participants | 954 Participants | 3967 Participants |
| Sex/Gender, Customized Gender at Baseline (pre-MDA) Females | 897 Participants | 411 Participants | 545 Participants | 816 Participants | 721 Participants | 3390 Participants |
| Sex/Gender, Customized Gender at Baseline (pre-MDA) Gender unknown | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Sex/Gender, Customized Gender at Baseline (pre-MDA) Males | 546 Participants | 311 Participants | 488 Participants | 666 Participants | 605 Participants | 2616 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk | EG002 affected / at risk | EG003 affected / at risk | EG004 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 4,456 | 0 / 3,297 | 0 / 4,111 | 0 / 2,757 | 0 / 2,487 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 4,456 | 0 / 3,297 | 0 / 4,111 | 0 / 2,757 | 0 / 2,487 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 4,456 | 0 / 3,297 | 0 / 4,111 | 0 / 2,757 | 0 / 2,487 |
Outcome results
Primary
Prevalence of Microfilaria in Blood as Determined by Microscopy of Participant Blood
Microfilariae (filarial parasites) will be detected in blood smears by microscopy. Samples will be collected in annual and semiannual community surveys. Prevalence rates (a measure of the disease rates in the population sampled) are expressed as % positive for microfilaremia (having microfilaria in the blood).
Time frame: 3 years
Population: The Pekalongan study sites were dropped after the first year due to lower than expected prevalence of lymphatic filariasis infections. The overall number of participants analyzed for each group may be slightly less than the total sample size for that group due to the fact that not all data was collected for all participants.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Paga (1x Annual MDA) | Prevalence of Microfilaria in Blood as Determined by Microscopy of Participant Blood | Baseline (pre-MDA) | 54 Participants |
| Paga (1x Annual MDA) | Prevalence of Microfilaria in Blood as Determined by Microscopy of Participant Blood | Year 1 | 11 Participants |
| Paga (1x Annual MDA) | Prevalence of Microfilaria in Blood as Determined by Microscopy of Participant Blood | Year 2 | 6 Participants |
| Paga (1x Annual MDA) | Prevalence of Microfilaria in Blood as Determined by Microscopy of Participant Blood | Year 3 | 0 Participants |
| Lewomada (1x Annual MDA) | Prevalence of Microfilaria in Blood as Determined by Microscopy of Participant Blood | Baseline (pre-MDA) | 36 Participants |
| Lewomada (1x Annual MDA) | Prevalence of Microfilaria in Blood as Determined by Microscopy of Participant Blood | Year 3 | 3 Participants |
| Lewomada (1x Annual MDA) | Prevalence of Microfilaria in Blood as Determined by Microscopy of Participant Blood | Year 1 | 9 Participants |
| Lewomada (1x Annual MDA) | Prevalence of Microfilaria in Blood as Determined by Microscopy of Participant Blood | Year 2 | 6 Participants |
| Pruda (2x Annual MDA) | Prevalence of Microfilaria in Blood as Determined by Microscopy of Participant Blood | Year 3 | 12 Participants |
| Pruda (2x Annual MDA) | Prevalence of Microfilaria in Blood as Determined by Microscopy of Participant Blood | Year 1 | 37 Participants |
| Pruda (2x Annual MDA) | Prevalence of Microfilaria in Blood as Determined by Microscopy of Participant Blood | Year 2 | 15 Participants |
| Pruda (2x Annual MDA) | Prevalence of Microfilaria in Blood as Determined by Microscopy of Participant Blood | Baseline (pre-MDA) | 146 Participants |
| Pekalongan (1x Annual MDA) | Prevalence of Microfilaria in Blood as Determined by Microscopy of Participant Blood | Baseline (pre-MDA) | 46 Participants |
| Pekalongan (1x Annual MDA) | Prevalence of Microfilaria in Blood as Determined by Microscopy of Participant Blood | Year 1 | 28 Participants |
| Pekalongan (1x Annual MDA) | Prevalence of Microfilaria in Blood as Determined by Microscopy of Participant Blood | Year 3 | 0 Participants |
| Pekalongan (1x Annual MDA) | Prevalence of Microfilaria in Blood as Determined by Microscopy of Participant Blood | Year 2 | 0 Participants |
| Pekalongan (2x Annual MDA) | Prevalence of Microfilaria in Blood as Determined by Microscopy of Participant Blood | Year 3 | 0 Participants |
| Pekalongan (2x Annual MDA) | Prevalence of Microfilaria in Blood as Determined by Microscopy of Participant Blood | Year 2 | 0 Participants |
| Pekalongan (2x Annual MDA) | Prevalence of Microfilaria in Blood as Determined by Microscopy of Participant Blood | Year 1 | 30 Participants |
| Pekalongan (2x Annual MDA) | Prevalence of Microfilaria in Blood as Determined by Microscopy of Participant Blood | Baseline (pre-MDA) | 45 Participants |
Secondary
Prevalence of Ascaris Infection
Prevalence of Ascaris infection is defined by the number of participants with any Ascaris worm eggs present in their stool sample as analyzed with microscopy.
Time frame: 2 Years
Population: The Pekalongan study sites were dropped after the first year. No soil transmitted helminth infection data was collected after year 2. The overall number of participants analyzed for each group may be slightly less than the total sample size for that group due to the fact that not all data was collected for all participants.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Paga (1x Annual MDA) | Prevalence of Ascaris Infection | Baseline | 88 Participants |
| Paga (1x Annual MDA) | Prevalence of Ascaris Infection | Year 2 | 107 Participants |
| Paga (1x Annual MDA) | Prevalence of Ascaris Infection | Year 1 | 135 Participants |
| Lewomada (1x Annual MDA) | Prevalence of Ascaris Infection | Year 1 | 17 Participants |
| Lewomada (1x Annual MDA) | Prevalence of Ascaris Infection | Baseline | 56 Participants |
| Lewomada (1x Annual MDA) | Prevalence of Ascaris Infection | Year 2 | 18 Participants |
| Pruda (2x Annual MDA) | Prevalence of Ascaris Infection | Year 1 | 7 Participants |
| Pruda (2x Annual MDA) | Prevalence of Ascaris Infection | Baseline | 34 Participants |
| Pruda (2x Annual MDA) | Prevalence of Ascaris Infection | Year 2 | 3 Participants |
| Pekalongan (1x Annual MDA) | Prevalence of Ascaris Infection | Baseline | 19 Participants |
| Pekalongan (1x Annual MDA) | Prevalence of Ascaris Infection | Year 2 | 0 Participants |
| Pekalongan (1x Annual MDA) | Prevalence of Ascaris Infection | Year 1 | 11 Participants |
| Pekalongan (2x Annual MDA) | Prevalence of Ascaris Infection | Year 1 | 6 Participants |
| Pekalongan (2x Annual MDA) | Prevalence of Ascaris Infection | Baseline | 58 Participants |
| Pekalongan (2x Annual MDA) | Prevalence of Ascaris Infection | Year 2 | 0 Participants |
Secondary
Prevalence of Circulating Filarial Antigen in Blood as Determined by ICT Card Test
Prevalence of filarial antigenemia (detected with the Binax Filariasis Now card test ICT card test) among the population surveyed. Prevalence data are expressed as %.
Time frame: 3 years
Population: This outcome data was not collected for Paga at year 3 or for Pekalongan sites after year 1 (Pekalongan study site was dropped completely after year 1). The overall number of participants analyzed for each group may be less than the total sample size for that group due to the fact that not all data was collected for all participants.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Paga (1x Annual MDA) | Prevalence of Circulating Filarial Antigen in Blood as Determined by ICT Card Test | Baseline | 14 Participants |
| Paga (1x Annual MDA) | Prevalence of Circulating Filarial Antigen in Blood as Determined by ICT Card Test | Year 1 | 0 Participants |
| Paga (1x Annual MDA) | Prevalence of Circulating Filarial Antigen in Blood as Determined by ICT Card Test | Year 2 | 2 Participants |
| Paga (1x Annual MDA) | Prevalence of Circulating Filarial Antigen in Blood as Determined by ICT Card Test | Year 3 | 0 Participants |
| Lewomada (1x Annual MDA) | Prevalence of Circulating Filarial Antigen in Blood as Determined by ICT Card Test | Baseline | 47 Participants |
| Lewomada (1x Annual MDA) | Prevalence of Circulating Filarial Antigen in Blood as Determined by ICT Card Test | Year 3 | 36 Participants |
| Lewomada (1x Annual MDA) | Prevalence of Circulating Filarial Antigen in Blood as Determined by ICT Card Test | Year 1 | 12 Participants |
| Lewomada (1x Annual MDA) | Prevalence of Circulating Filarial Antigen in Blood as Determined by ICT Card Test | Year 2 | 13 Participants |
| Pruda (2x Annual MDA) | Prevalence of Circulating Filarial Antigen in Blood as Determined by ICT Card Test | Year 3 | 72 Participants |
| Pruda (2x Annual MDA) | Prevalence of Circulating Filarial Antigen in Blood as Determined by ICT Card Test | Year 1 | 91 Participants |
| Pruda (2x Annual MDA) | Prevalence of Circulating Filarial Antigen in Blood as Determined by ICT Card Test | Year 2 | 106 Participants |
| Pruda (2x Annual MDA) | Prevalence of Circulating Filarial Antigen in Blood as Determined by ICT Card Test | Baseline | 235 Participants |
| Pekalongan (1x Annual MDA) | Prevalence of Circulating Filarial Antigen in Blood as Determined by ICT Card Test | Baseline | 118 Participants |
| Pekalongan (1x Annual MDA) | Prevalence of Circulating Filarial Antigen in Blood as Determined by ICT Card Test | Year 1 | 51 Participants |
| Pekalongan (1x Annual MDA) | Prevalence of Circulating Filarial Antigen in Blood as Determined by ICT Card Test | Year 3 | 0 Participants |
| Pekalongan (1x Annual MDA) | Prevalence of Circulating Filarial Antigen in Blood as Determined by ICT Card Test | Year 2 | 0 Participants |
| Pekalongan (2x Annual MDA) | Prevalence of Circulating Filarial Antigen in Blood as Determined by ICT Card Test | Year 3 | 0 Participants |
| Pekalongan (2x Annual MDA) | Prevalence of Circulating Filarial Antigen in Blood as Determined by ICT Card Test | Year 2 | 0 Participants |
| Pekalongan (2x Annual MDA) | Prevalence of Circulating Filarial Antigen in Blood as Determined by ICT Card Test | Year 1 | 63 Participants |
| Pekalongan (2x Annual MDA) | Prevalence of Circulating Filarial Antigen in Blood as Determined by ICT Card Test | Baseline | 102 Participants |
Secondary
Prevalence of Hookworm Infection
Prevalence of hookworm infection is defined by the number of participants with any hookworm eggs present in their stool sample as analyzed with microscopy.
Time frame: 2 years
Population: Hookworm prevalence was not analyzed for Pekalongan sites. Hookworm data was not collected after year 2 for any sites. The overall number of participants analyzed for each group may be slightly less than the total sample size for that group due to the fact that not all data was collected for all participants.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Paga (1x Annual MDA) | Prevalence of Hookworm Infection | Year 2 | 65 Participants |
| Paga (1x Annual MDA) | Prevalence of Hookworm Infection | Year 1 | 118 Participants |
| Paga (1x Annual MDA) | Prevalence of Hookworm Infection | Baseline | 25 Participants |
| Lewomada (1x Annual MDA) | Prevalence of Hookworm Infection | Year 1 | 118 Participants |
| Lewomada (1x Annual MDA) | Prevalence of Hookworm Infection | Year 2 | 97 Participants |
| Lewomada (1x Annual MDA) | Prevalence of Hookworm Infection | Baseline | 226 Participants |
| Pruda (2x Annual MDA) | Prevalence of Hookworm Infection | Baseline | 35 Participants |
| Pruda (2x Annual MDA) | Prevalence of Hookworm Infection | Year 1 | 90 Participants |
| Pruda (2x Annual MDA) | Prevalence of Hookworm Infection | Year 2 | 87 Participants |
| Pekalongan (1x Annual MDA) | Prevalence of Hookworm Infection | Baseline | 0 Participants |
| Pekalongan (1x Annual MDA) | Prevalence of Hookworm Infection | Year 2 | 0 Participants |
| Pekalongan (1x Annual MDA) | Prevalence of Hookworm Infection | Year 1 | 0 Participants |
| Pekalongan (2x Annual MDA) | Prevalence of Hookworm Infection | Year 1 | 0 Participants |
| Pekalongan (2x Annual MDA) | Prevalence of Hookworm Infection | Baseline | 0 Participants |
| Pekalongan (2x Annual MDA) | Prevalence of Hookworm Infection | Year 2 | 0 Participants |
Secondary
Prevalence of Positive Brugia Rapid Antifilarial Antibody Tests
This outcome is reported as the frequency of participants with positive Brugia Rapid antifilarial antibody tests. Data was only collected at baseline and at year 3 for this outcome measure and no antibody data was collected for the Pekalongan study sites.
Time frame: 3 years
Population: This outcome data was only collected at baseline and at year 3 for Paga \& Pruda and no antibody data was collected at all for the Pekalongan study sites. The overall number of participants analyzed for each group may be less than the total sample size for that group due to the fact that not all data was collected for all participants.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Paga (1x Annual MDA) | Prevalence of Positive Brugia Rapid Antifilarial Antibody Tests | Baseline | 175 Participants |
| Paga (1x Annual MDA) | Prevalence of Positive Brugia Rapid Antifilarial Antibody Tests | Year 1 | 0 Participants |
| Paga (1x Annual MDA) | Prevalence of Positive Brugia Rapid Antifilarial Antibody Tests | Year 2 | 0 Participants |
| Paga (1x Annual MDA) | Prevalence of Positive Brugia Rapid Antifilarial Antibody Tests | Year 3 | 16 Participants |
| Lewomada (1x Annual MDA) | Prevalence of Positive Brugia Rapid Antifilarial Antibody Tests | Baseline | 229 Participants |
| Lewomada (1x Annual MDA) | Prevalence of Positive Brugia Rapid Antifilarial Antibody Tests | Year 3 | 36 Participants |
| Lewomada (1x Annual MDA) | Prevalence of Positive Brugia Rapid Antifilarial Antibody Tests | Year 1 | 168 Participants |
| Lewomada (1x Annual MDA) | Prevalence of Positive Brugia Rapid Antifilarial Antibody Tests | Year 2 | 134 Participants |
| Pruda (2x Annual MDA) | Prevalence of Positive Brugia Rapid Antifilarial Antibody Tests | Year 3 | 37 Participants |
| Pruda (2x Annual MDA) | Prevalence of Positive Brugia Rapid Antifilarial Antibody Tests | Year 1 | 0 Participants |
| Pruda (2x Annual MDA) | Prevalence of Positive Brugia Rapid Antifilarial Antibody Tests | Year 2 | 0 Participants |
| Pruda (2x Annual MDA) | Prevalence of Positive Brugia Rapid Antifilarial Antibody Tests | Baseline | 297 Participants |
| Pekalongan (1x Annual MDA) | Prevalence of Positive Brugia Rapid Antifilarial Antibody Tests | Baseline | 0 Participants |
| Pekalongan (1x Annual MDA) | Prevalence of Positive Brugia Rapid Antifilarial Antibody Tests | Year 1 | 0 Participants |
| Pekalongan (1x Annual MDA) | Prevalence of Positive Brugia Rapid Antifilarial Antibody Tests | Year 3 | 0 Participants |
| Pekalongan (1x Annual MDA) | Prevalence of Positive Brugia Rapid Antifilarial Antibody Tests | Year 2 | 0 Participants |
| Pekalongan (2x Annual MDA) | Prevalence of Positive Brugia Rapid Antifilarial Antibody Tests | Year 3 | 0 Participants |
| Pekalongan (2x Annual MDA) | Prevalence of Positive Brugia Rapid Antifilarial Antibody Tests | Year 2 | 0 Participants |
| Pekalongan (2x Annual MDA) | Prevalence of Positive Brugia Rapid Antifilarial Antibody Tests | Year 1 | 0 Participants |
| Pekalongan (2x Annual MDA) | Prevalence of Positive Brugia Rapid Antifilarial Antibody Tests | Baseline | 0 Participants |
Secondary
Prevalence of Trichuris Infection
Prevalence of trichuris infection is defined by the number of participants with any trichuris worm eggs present in their stool sample as analyzed with microscopy.
Time frame: 2 years
Population: The Pekalongan study sites were dropped after the first year. No soil transmitted helminth infection data was collected after year 2. The overall number of participants analyzed for each group may be slightly less than the total sample size for that group due to the fact that not all data was collected for all participants.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Paga (1x Annual MDA) | Prevalence of Trichuris Infection | Baseline | 68 Participants |
| Paga (1x Annual MDA) | Prevalence of Trichuris Infection | Year 2 | 84 Participants |
| Paga (1x Annual MDA) | Prevalence of Trichuris Infection | Year 1 | 93 Participants |
| Lewomada (1x Annual MDA) | Prevalence of Trichuris Infection | Year 1 | 25 Participants |
| Lewomada (1x Annual MDA) | Prevalence of Trichuris Infection | Baseline | 45 Participants |
| Lewomada (1x Annual MDA) | Prevalence of Trichuris Infection | Year 2 | 23 Participants |
| Pruda (2x Annual MDA) | Prevalence of Trichuris Infection | Year 1 | 8 Participants |
| Pruda (2x Annual MDA) | Prevalence of Trichuris Infection | Baseline | 8 Participants |
| Pruda (2x Annual MDA) | Prevalence of Trichuris Infection | Year 2 | 13 Participants |
| Pekalongan (1x Annual MDA) | Prevalence of Trichuris Infection | Baseline | 120 Participants |
| Pekalongan (1x Annual MDA) | Prevalence of Trichuris Infection | Year 2 | 0 Participants |
| Pekalongan (1x Annual MDA) | Prevalence of Trichuris Infection | Year 1 | 35 Participants |
| Pekalongan (2x Annual MDA) | Prevalence of Trichuris Infection | Year 1 | 65 Participants |
| Pekalongan (2x Annual MDA) | Prevalence of Trichuris Infection | Baseline | 352 Participants |
| Pekalongan (2x Annual MDA) | Prevalence of Trichuris Infection | Year 2 | 0 Participants |