Hypertension With Complications and Secondary Hypertension, Lipid Metabolism Disorders, Osteoporosis, Overweight and Obesity, Personal Satisfaction, Sarcopenia
Conditions
Keywords
Exercise, Blood pressure, Lipids, Body composition, Fitness, Bone density, Quality of life
Brief summary
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) represent the most frequent cause of death among the elderly population. Hypertension, unfavorable lipid profile, obesity and physical inactivity are among the main risk factors for CVD. In contrast, mortality from CVD is inversely related to levels of physical activity, and is lower in individuals who exercise and have higher functional fitness levels. Thus, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the American College of Sports Medicine, and the American Heart Association have recommended 20-30 min of moderate-to-vigorous aerobic training for the elderly, preferably every day or at least 3 days a week in the case of vigorous exercise.The same organizations also suggest the inclusion of resistance training in order to improve functional fitness. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare different exercise modalities in long-term changes of CVD risk factors and physical fitness among older adults.
Interventions
BEHAVIORALExercise training
Both training programs were of moderate-to-vigorous intensity, three days per week for nine months.
Sponsors
University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
PREVENTION
Masking
SINGLE (Subject)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
MALE
Age
65 Years to 79 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* Older adults living independently; * medical approval.
Exclusion criteria
* Non-smokers; * Non-morbidly obese; * No history of severe hypertension; * No history of falls; * No orthopaedic, neurological, pulmonary, or cardiac problems.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors | one year | Descriptive frequency of the number of cardiovascular risk factors aggregated in each participant. The risk factors considered were: (i) hypertension; (ii) obesity; and (iii) dyslipidemia. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Risk of Falls | One year | Descriptive frequency of the number of participants who took ≥12 seconds to complete the Timed Get-up and Go test, and those who took less than 12 seconds (low risk of falling). |
Other
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Quality of Life | One year | Measured by the Satisfaction With Life Scale. |
Countries
Portugal
Participant flow
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Aerobic Exercise Training Dose response
Exercise training: Both training programs were of moderate-to-vigorous intensity, three days per week for nine months. | 22 |
| Aerobic and Resistance Exercise Training Dose response
Exercise training: Both training programs were of moderate-to-vigorous intensity, three days per week for nine months. | 22 |
| Control Non-exercising control group | 22 |
| Total | 66 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Aerobic and Resistance Exercise Training | Control | Aerobic Exercise Training | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Categorical <=18 years | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical >=65 years | 22 Participants | 22 Participants | 22 Participants | 66 Participants |
| Age, Categorical Between 18 and 65 years | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Age, Continuous | 71.3 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.6 | 67.2 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 5.5 | 69.0 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.9 | 69.5 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.5 |
| Region of Enrollment Portugal | 22 participants | 22 participants | 22 participants | 66 participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 22 Participants | 22 Participants | 22 Participants | 66 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk | EG002 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | — / — | — / — | — / — |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 22 | 0 / 22 | 0 / 22 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 1 / 22 | 2 / 22 | 0 / 22 |
Outcome results
Primary
Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors
Descriptive frequency of the number of cardiovascular risk factors aggregated in each participant. The risk factors considered were: (i) hypertension; (ii) obesity; and (iii) dyslipidemia.
Time frame: one year
Population: Only 48 participants completed the body composition, blood pressure and hematology assessments, and were included in analysis.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aerobic Exercise Training | Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors | 1 risk-factor | 7 participants |
| Aerobic Exercise Training | Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors | 0 risk-factors | 3 participants |
| Aerobic Exercise Training | Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors | 2 risk-factors | 5 participants |
| Aerobic and Resistance Exercise Training | Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors | 1 risk-factor | 5 participants |
| Aerobic and Resistance Exercise Training | Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors | 0 risk-factors | 4 participants |
| Aerobic and Resistance Exercise Training | Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors | 2 risk-factors | 7 participants |
| Control | Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors | 0 risk-factors | 5 participants |
| Control | Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors | 2 risk-factors | 4 participants |
| Control | Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors | 1 risk-factor | 8 participants |
Secondary
Risk of Falls
Descriptive frequency of the number of participants who took ≥12 seconds to complete the Timed Get-up and Go test, and those who took less than 12 seconds (low risk of falling).
Time frame: One year
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aerobic Exercise Training | Risk of Falls | High risk of fall (TUG≥12 seconds) | 7 Participants |
| Aerobic Exercise Training | Risk of Falls | Low risk of fall | 15 Participants |
| Aerobic and Resistance Exercise Training | Risk of Falls | High risk of fall (TUG≥12 seconds) | 6 Participants |
| Aerobic and Resistance Exercise Training | Risk of Falls | Low risk of fall | 16 Participants |
| Control | Risk of Falls | High risk of fall (TUG≥12 seconds) | 5 Participants |
| Control | Risk of Falls | Low risk of fall | 17 Participants |
Other Pre-specified
Quality of Life
Measured by the Satisfaction With Life Scale.
Time frame: One year