Bioavailability, Carotenoid, Dietary Modification
Conditions
Brief summary
The purpose of this research study is to determine how different meal patterns influence the absorption of beneficial plant pigments (carotenoids) from vegetables. The hypothesis is that carotenoid absorption will be lower when daily vegetables are consumed in one meal compared two smaller meals throughout the day.
Interventions
OTHERMeal Pattern Treatment A
In treatment A, subjects consumed 100% of salad vegetables and canola oil in the first meal and 0% in the second. Additional protein-rich chef's salad ingredients were distributed equally between meals.
OTHERMeal Pattern Treatment B
In treatment B, subjects consumed 50% of salad vegetables and canola oil in the first meal and 50% in the second. Additional protein-rich chef's salad ingredients were distributed equally between meals.
OTHERMeal Pattern Treatment C
In treatment C, subjects consumed 75% of vegetables and oil in the first meal and 25% in the second. Additional protein-rich chef's salad ingredients were distributed equally between meals.
Sponsors
Purdue University
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
CROSSOVER
Masking
SINGLE (Investigator)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
MALE
Age
18 Years to 50 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* Age range: 18-50 years * Body mass index (BMI: weight (kg)/height (m2)) ranging from 20-29 kg/m² * Weight stable (\<4.5 kg change within the last 3 months) * Constant habitual activity pattern, not to exceed activities of a recreational level over the past 3 months * Have clinically normal blood profiles (specifically normal liver and kidney functions and fasting blood glucose of ≤110 mg/dl) * Non-smoking * Non-diabetic * No current use of medication affecting lipid profile * No intestinal disorders including lipid malabsorption, lactose intolerance * No heavy consumption of alcohol (\>2 drinks per day) * No current use of dietary supplements that affect cholesterol, (e.g. Benocol or fiber supplements) or a willingness to discontinue their use during the study
Exclusion criteria
* Diabetic * Use of lipid altering medications
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame |
|---|---|
| Area under the concentration (AUC) vs time curve for carotenoids in the triglyceride-rich lipoprotein (TRL) fraction of plasma. | 0, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12 hours post dose |
Outcome results
None listed