Alzheimer's Disease
Conditions
Keywords
Alzheimer's Disease, Brain stimulation, transcranial magnetic stimulation
Brief summary
The purpose of this study is to determine if a novel brain stimulation approach using magnetic stimulation (Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation \[TMS\]) can improve memory and thinking processes in individuals with mild Alzheimer's disease (AD).
Detailed description
In this study, the investigators aim at assessing and then enhancing neuroplasticity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and working memory - a key function of DLPFC - in patients with mild AD. The investigators will use a novel non-invasive brain stimulation approach, Paired Associative Stimulation (PAS). PAS simulates in humans the induction of long-term potentiation (LTP), a prototype of synaptic neuroplasticity. PAS involves the repetitive pairing of electrical stimulation of the median nerve with - 25 ms later - transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the contralateral DLPFC. As such, these two stimulations arrive simultaneously in the DLPFC and result in potentiation of TMS induced cortical evoked potential, analogous to in vitro LTP. Specific Aim 1: To compare LTP in the DLPFC among patients with mild AD and healthy subjects. Specific Aim 2: To assess the effect of a 2-week course of PAS (rPAS) as applied to the left DLPFC on LTP and performance on working memory in patients with mild AD in comparison with a 2-week course of PAS control condition (PAS-C, described below) (rPAS-C).
Interventions
PROCEDUREPaired Associative Stimulation
PAS simulates in humans the induction of long-term potentiation (LTP), a prototype of synaptic neuroplasticity. PAS involves the repetitive pairing of electrical stimulation of the median nerve with - 25 ms later - transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the contralateral DLPFC. As such, these two stimulations arrive simultaneously in the DLPFC and result in potentiation of TMS induced cortical evoked potential, analogous to in vitro LTP.
PROCEDUREPaired Associative Stimulation-Control
PAS-C is a control PAS paradigm in which TMS to the left DLPFC follows the electrical stimulation of the right median nerve by 100 ms, and, thus, does not result in contemporaneous occurrence of the two stimulations in the cortex and consequently no LTP.
Sponsors
Centre for Addiction and Mental Health
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
QUADRUPLE (Subject, Caregiver, Investigator, Outcomes Assessor)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
65 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
for patients: * Age 65 or above * Meet NINCDS-ADRDA and DSM-IV TR criteria for a current diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease * Stable does of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors for at least 3 months * Willingness and ability to speak English * Willingness and ability to provide informed consent * Corrected visual ability that enables reading of newspaper headlines and corrected hearing capacity that is adequate to respond to a raised conversational voice.
Exclusion criteria
for patients: * Meets criteria for an Axis I diagnosis within the past 12 months other than Dementia of the Alzheimer type. * Mini Mental Status Examination score of 16 or less as described above * Meets diagnostic criteria for current alcohol or other drug dependence within 6 months of testing * Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) within 6 months of testing. * Left handedness. * Incompetency to consent * Any contraindication for TMS Inclusion Criteria for healthy controls: * Age 65 or above * Willingness and ability to speak English * Willingness and ability to provide informed consent * Corrected visual ability that enables reading of newspaper headlines and corrected hearing capacity that is adequate to respond to a raised conversational voice.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Paired Associated Stimulation induced Long-term potentiation as a measure of neuroplasticity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex | 14 days | We are using a novel technique of TMS- EEG as developed by our group. Through this technique, not only motor evoked potential (MEP) but also cortical evoked activity (CEA) is recorded continuously while TMS is being delivered to the cortex. Thus, PAS-induced LTP could be indexed through the potentiation of not only MEP but also of CEA. TMS-EEG has been used by our group and others. Our group has used TMS-EEG in healthy individuals and patients with severe mental illness to study several neurophysiological phenomena in M1 and DLPFC such as cortical inhibition, gamma oscillations, and recently LTP. In summary, we propose to combine PAS with TMS-EEG to assess DLPFC neuroplasticity in patients with mild AD and then deliver a 2-week course of daily repetitive PAS (rPAS) to enhance DLPFC neuroplasticity and function as indexed by the N-back task. This will be measured to see if there are any changes after 1 day, 7 days and 14 days of the intervention procedure. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| N-back Task | pre-intervention (baseline) and then 1, 7, 14 days after intervention | Working Memory Assessment: Participants will have their working memory assessed pre- and 1, 7, and 14 days post intervention using the N-back task. In the N-back task participants determine whether a stimulus is the same as that presented N trials back. One and 7 days post-intervention, the N-back task will be administered to assess the short- and long-term effect of rPAS on working memory as our preliminary data demonstrate a long-term enhancing effect of PAS on motor learning |
Countries
Canada
Outcome results
None listed