Breast Cancer
Conditions
Keywords
omega-3 fatty acids, sex hormones, urinary sex hormone metabolites
Brief summary
The primary objective of this investigation is to determine whether diets designed to increase plasma n3 concentrations (a low fat diet, with or without n3 fatty acid enrichment), will favorably affect sex hormone distribution in women in a direction associated with reduced risk of sex hormone-mediated cancer development. Specifically, we hypothesize that an increased concentration of circulating n3 fatty acids will reduce the biochemical markers associated with increased risk for developing certain sex hormone mediated cancers such as breast cancer
Detailed description
The guiding concept of our proposal is that both the total fat and the fatty acid composition of the diet contribute to a milieu associated with the risk for sex-hormone mediated cancers. Specifically, we hypothesize that an increased concentration of circulating n3 fatty acids will reduce the biochemical markers associated with increased risk for developing certain sex hormone mediated cancers such as breast cancer. When compared with the high fat diet, we expect n3 concentrations to increase and sex hormone levels to decrease after both low fat and low fat/n3 rich diets, with the greatest response in the low fat-n3 supplemented group. The aims of this project are: 1) to evaluate the effects of total fat and n3 fatty acid consumption on plasma and urine sex hormone concentrations in postmenopausal women, 2) to evaluate the relationship between plasma concentrations of fatty acids and plasma and urinary sex hormone concentrations, and 3) to evaluate the effects of total fat and n3 fatty acid consumption on the associations between sex hormone concentrations and urinary prostaglandin E2 and thromboxane B2 concentrations. The primary objective of this investigation is to determine whether diets designed to increase plasma n3 concentrations (a low fat diet, with or without n3 fatty acid enrichment), will favorably affect sex hormone distribution in women in a direction associated with reduced risk of sex hormone-mediated cancer development. The primary endpoints to be evaluated include plasma and urinary sex hormone concentrations as follows: Endpoints associates with increased risk factors for breast cancer risk: plasma estradiol (E2), estrone (E1), estrone sulfate (E1 sulfate), testosterone, androstenedione, sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), Measures of estrogen action: plasma follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), urinary estrogen metabolites. Measures of systemic arachidonic acid-derived eicosanoids: urinary bicyclo-prostaglandin E2 (PGEa), 2,3-dinor thromboxane B2 (TXB2). Measures reflecting influence of dietary fat and fatty acid intake: plasma phospholipid, cholesterol ester, triglyceride and free fatty acid composition.
Interventions
OTHERLow Fat diet
Low fat diet = 20% fat
OTHERLow Fat high n3 diet
Low Fat high n3 diet = 20% fat + 3% n3
OTHERHigh Fat Diet
High Fat Diet = 40% fat
Sponsors
USDA Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
CROSSOVER
Primary purpose
PREVENTION
Masking
NONE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
FEMALE
Age
40 Years to 70 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* Postmenopausal women * 45 to 70 years old, * at least one year since their last menstrual period * not using hormone replacement therapy, * BMI between 19 -29 * willingness to discontinue use of over-the-counter medications with anti-prostaglandin activity such as aspirin or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications * consumption of a Typical American diet with no unusual dietary practices such as compliance with a strict vegetarian diet * willingness to comply with the demands of the experimental protocol.
Exclusion criteria
* Smoking * Known disease process, and 3) Use of prescription medications, including hormone replacement therapy.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Plasma Sex Hormone Levels | 8 weeks | — |
| E2 | 8 weeks | Estradiol |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Recruitment details
* 6 * 137 participants screened, 66 did not meet criteria, 71 were eligible but 39 declined participation,32 screened in clinic but 2 didn't meet eligibility on further screen and 6 declined participation
Pre-assignment details
Subjects enrolled prior to randomization (N=18)
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Low Fat, High Fat, Low Fat High Omega 3 Low Fat = 20% fat High Fat = 40% fat Low Fat, high n3 diet = 20% fat + 3% n3 | 5 |
| Low Fat, Low Fat High Omega 3, High Fat Low Fat = 20% fat High Fat = 40% fat Low Fat, high n3 diet = 20% fat + 3% n3 | 2 |
| High Fat, Low Fat, Low Fat High Omega 3 Low Fat = 20% fat High Fat = 40% fat Low Fat, high n3 diet = 20% fat + 3% n3 | 6 |
| High Fat, Low Fat High Omega 3, Low Fat Low Fat = 20% fat High Fat = 40% fat Low Fat, high n3 diet = 20% fat + 3% n3 | 3 |
| Low Fat High Omega 3, High Fat, Low Fat Low Fat = 20% fat High Fat = 40% fat Low Fat, high n3 diet = 20% fat + 3% n3 | 4 |
| Low Fat High Omega 3, Low Fat, High Fat Low Fat = 20% fat High Fat = 40% fat Low Fat, high n3 diet = 20% fat + 3% n3 | 4 |
| Total | 24 |
Withdrawals & dropouts
| Period | Reason | FG000 | FG001 | FG002 | FG003 | FG004 | FG005 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Washout (8 Weeks) | Withdrawal by Subject | 2 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Low Fat, Low Fat High Omega 3, High Fat | High Fat, Low Fat, Low Fat High Omega 3 | High Fat, Low Fat High Omega 3, Low Fat | Low Fat, High Fat, Low Fat High Omega 3 | Low Fat High Omega 3, High Fat, Low Fat | Low Fat High Omega 3, Low Fat, High Fat | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Categorical <=18 years | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical >=65 years | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical Between 18 and 65 years | 2 Participants | 6 Participants | 3 Participants | 5 Participants | 4 Participants | 4 Participants | 24 Participants |
| Age, Continuous | 57 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 2 | 57 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 2 | 57 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 2 | 57 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 2 | 57 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 2 | 57 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 2 | 57 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 2 |
| Region of Enrollment United States | 2 participants | 6 participants | 3 participants | 5 participants | 4 participants | 4 participants | 24 participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 2 Participants | 6 Participants | 3 Participants | 5 Participants | 4 Participants | 4 Participants | 24 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk | EG002 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | — / — | — / — | — / — |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 18 | 0 / 18 | 0 / 18 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 18 | 0 / 18 | 0 / 18 |
Outcome results
Primary
E2
Estradiol
Time frame: 8 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Value (LEAST_SQUARES_MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| High Fat Diet | E2 | 52.8 pmol/L | Standard Error 5.1 |
| Low Fat Diet | E2 | 35.6 pmol/L | Standard Error 5.4 |
| Low Fat, High n3 Diet | E2 | 39.8 pmol/L | Standard Error 5.1 |
Primary
Plasma Sex Hormone Levels
Time frame: 8 weeks