Bladder Cancer, Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Bladder
Conditions
Keywords
Bladder Cancer, Transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder
Brief summary
Bladder cancer is the 4th most common cancer amongst men. If bladder cancer invades the muscle of the bladder or fails local treatments, surgical removal of the bladder (cystectomy) with creation of a new bladder from intestine is required. However, standard cystectomy affects urinary function and sexual function. The investigators are evaluating two modifications to cystectomy to determine to what extent they preserve urinary and sexual function.
Detailed description
Radical cystoprostatectomy (RCP) is the standard treatment of muscle invasive, and refractory high grade, superficial bladder cancer. RCP involves the removal of the bladder and prostate. While this is an effective treatment for patients with organ confined disease almost all men following RCP are impotent due to resection of the neurovascular bundles that control erectile dysfunction. While neobladders (new bladders formed out of detubularized bowel connected to the native urethra) allow patients to void normally, many of these patients have difficulty with urinary incontinence. Two modifications have been developed to improve the functional outcomes of this surgery. Nerve sparing cystectomy (NSC) attempts to spare the cavernosal nerves that travel immediately adjacent to the lateral prostate and are routinely divided during a standard RCP. Published series of NSC have shown improved preservation of sexual function and less urinary incontinence without compromising cancer control. Another alternative, prostate capsule sparing cystectomy (PCSC), removes the adenoma and prostatic urethra along with the urinary bladder, but leaves in situ the prostatic capsule and subsequently the surrounding neurovascular bundle. Several retrospective series have demonstrated preservation of sexual function and improved urinary continence compared to standard RCP and neobladder. A concern with PCSC is that prostate or urothelial cancer invading the prostate could be left behind with preservation of the prostate capsule. Most reported series in which patients were screened with digital rectal exam, prostate and prostatic urethral biopsy, and PSA blood testing could identify patients at risk for having prostate or urothelial cancer in the prostate capsule preoperatively to recommend an alternative approach. Therefore, both NSC and PCSC appear to offer better urinary and sexual function in properly selected patients over conventional RCP in retrospective series. However, these procedures have not been evaluated prospectively in a randomized fashion. Our intent is to evaluate the functional outcomes of PCSC and NSC with orthotopic neobladder in terms of urinary and sexual function using the bladder cancer index, a validated quality of life instrument, and determine the surgical margin status, and complications of the two surgical techniques.
Interventions
PROCEDUREProstate capsule sparing cystectomy
Removes the adenoma and prostatic urethra along with the urinary bladder, but leaves in situ the prostatic capsule and subsequently the surrounding neurovascular bundle.
PROCEDURENerve sparing cystectomy
Attempts to spare the cavernosal nerves that travel immediately adjacent to the lateral prostate and are routinely divided during a standard RCP.
Sponsors
University of Michigan
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
NONE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
MALE
Age
18 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* Study subjects will be men 18 years or older * histologic diagnosis of Ta - T2 transitional cell carcinoma within 3 months of enrollment. * no nodal or metastatic disease on pre-operative CT or MRI within 3 months of enrollment. * no evidence of malignancy in the prostate based on 12-core transrectal ultrasound guided prostate needle biopsy and transurethral resection of prostatic urethra16 * candidate for and willingness to undergo a radical cystectomy and orthotopic neobladder by the urologic surgeon performing the procedure. * competent to provide informed consent * able to read and write English * willing to be randomized to PCSC versus NSC.
Exclusion criteria
* histologically proven stage T3 or greater bladder cancer and/or evidence of metastatic disease by work-up described above. * creatinine \> 2.2 mg/dl. * refuse to complete study requirements. * prior pelvic radiation to bladder or prostate. * history of radical prostatectomy.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Post-operative urinary function | 7 years | Assess post-operative urinary function using the bladder cancer index (BCI) in patients randomized to either prostate capsule sparing cystectomy (PCSC) or nerve sparing radical cystoprostatectomy (NSC). |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Bladder cancer control | 7 years | Determine bladder cancer control with PCSC compared to NSC as measured by margin status and time to disease recurrence. |
| Sexual function | 7 Years | Determine sexual function after PCSC and NSC using the BCI. |
| Adverse event rates | 7 years | Determine adverse event rates after PCSC and NSC. |
| Peri-operative differences | 7 years | Determine peri-operative differences between PCSC and NSC in terms of operative time, estimated blood loss, length of hospital stay, and time to catheter removal. |
Countries
United States
Outcome results
None listed