Schizophrenia
Conditions
Keywords
psychosis, schizophrenia, cognition, fingolimod
Brief summary
This will be a single site safety and proof of concept study conducted at the Indiana University Psychotic Disorders Program. Forty subjects with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorders will be randomized 1:1 to double-blind treatment with fingolimod or matched placebo for duration of 8 weeks.
Detailed description
Study Design: This will be a single site safety and proof of concept study conducted at the Indiana University Psychotic Disorders Program. Forty subjects with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorders will be randomized 1:1 to double-blind treatment with fingolimod or matched placebo for duration of 8 weeks. All subjects will be admitted to the Indiana Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute Clinical Research Center (CRC) and remain hospitalized for the first 24 (+/- 2) hours post initial dose of study medication. The CRC is located in Indiana University Hospital and has 24 hour staffing with nurses skilled in conducting Phase 1 and Phase 2 investigational drug studies. Background and Rationale: Schizophrenia is a severe brain disorder that begins during the teenage years and early twenties and typically progresses to a life-long chronic illness marked by psychotic symptoms, cognitive impairment and poor functioning. A leading hypothesis to account for the symptoms and cognitive dysfunction of this disorder is that abnormalities exist in cortical circuits, particularly in frontal and temporal areas. An interest in cortical circuitry has led to a focus on the integrity of cortical white matter tracts as possibly contributing to the pathophysiology of this illness. Indeed, several lines of evidence have supported abnormalities in white matter structure and function in schizophrenia. Numerous myelin-related genes and their functional expression have been associated with schizophrenia. Moreover, quantitative and qualitative abnormalities in prefrontal cortical oligodendrocytes have been found in postmortem studies. MRI-determined volumetric reductions in prefrontal white matter have been reported in schizophrenia. Advances in MRI technology have enhanced the ability to study white matter pathology in vivo. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and fractional anisotropy (FA) provides an assessment of the density and integrity of white matter tracts. Decreased FA has been reported in many de-myelinating diseases including multiple sclerosis (MS), leukodystrophies, and HIV. Numerous studies using DTI have reported decrements in FA in schizophrenia with the most consistent abnormalities occurring in frontal cortical white matter. Also, FA has been shown to be sensitive to therapeutic drug effects in MS which supports DTI-derived FA as an outcome measure in clinical trials of neuroprotective agents. Fingolimod (FTY720, approved as Gilenya™ ) is a sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptor modulator and recently licensed in the USA and several other countries for relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis (MS). It is administered as a once per day oral preparation. In registration clinical trials, it had positive effects on brain atrophy, MRI-determined axonal lesions and relapse rates. Significant improvement in the mean number of MRI assessed T1 gadolinium (Gd) enhanced lesions/patient and the percentage of patients free of T1 Gd-enhanced lesions was observed within 6 months of treatment and there was evidence of clinical improvement as early as 2 months after treatment initiation
Interventions
DRUGFingolimod
0.5mg each day of 8 week cycle
DRUGplacebo
1 tablet each day of 8 week cycle
Sponsors
Indiana University
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
SINGLE_GROUP
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
QUADRUPLE (Subject, Caregiver, Investigator, Outcomes Assessor)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to 65 Years
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
Inclusion * 18 to 65 yrs, able to give informed consent * DSM IV-TR Diagnosis of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder * Previous and/or current exposure to one of the following antipsychotic medications (clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone, paliperidone, haloperidol, quetiapine) as defined by a minimum of 8 weeks in duration greater than or equal to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved therapeutic range for schizophrenia at the time of study entry OR previous and/or current exposure to two antipsychotic medications as defined by a minimum of 4 weeks in duration and greater than or equal to the FDA approved therapeutic range for schizophrenia at the time of study entry * willing to participate in a minimum of 1 day of hospitalization * Clinical stability: 1. CGI-S score of \< 4 at randomization AND 2. no exacerbation of illness within 4 weeks prior to randomization, leading to an intensification of psychiatric care in the opinion of the investigator AND 3. antipsychotic treatment stability for at least 4 weeks prior to randomization * Female subjects of childbearing potential must test negative for pregnancy at screening and agree to use a single, effective, medically acceptable method of birth control for the duration of the study and for two months following cessation of study medication * Subjects must agree not to consume tonic water for the duration of the study and for two months following cessation of study medication * Sub-optimally treated positive OR negative symptoms as defined by the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS): 1. BPRS positive symptom factor (conceptual disorganization, hallucinations, suspiciousness, unusual thought content) score of \> 4 on any one item or a sum \> 8 on the factor 2. BPRS negative symptom factor (motor retardation, blunted affect, inappropriate affect) score of \> 4 on any one item or a sum \> 6 on the factor Exclusion * Subjects who are considered prisoners per the IU Standard Operating Procedures for Research Involving Human Subjects * Current acute, serious, or unstable medical conditions * Clinically significant electrocardiogram abnormality: corrected QT interval \>450 msec (M) or \>470 msec (F) prior to randomization OR sinus bradycardia (HR \< 50 beats/min) * Subjects who have experienced the following within the six months prior to study entry: myocardial infarction, unstable angina, stroke, transient ischemic attach (TIA), decompensated heart failure requiring hospitalization or Class III/IV heart failure * Hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, or congenital long-QT syndrome * Known HIV+ status * Active seizure disorder * Pregnant or lactating women or women who plan to become pregnant or will be lactating within two months after cessation of study drug * Implanted pacemaker, medication pump, vagal stimulator, deep brain stimulator, TENS unit, ventriculoperitoneal shunt, or other contraindication to undergoing an MRI scan * Class1a or class 3 antiarrhythmic agents, beta blockers, diltiazem, verapamil, digoxin, tricyclic antidepressants, warfarin, ketoconazole, ketamine * Subjects likely to need a live attenuated vaccine during the course of the study or within two months after stopping study medication * Subjects with no history of chicken pox or chicken pox vaccination, or with a negative VZV titer * Active herpes simplex outbreak, mononucleosis, or zoster * Subjects with histories of ischemic heart disease, myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, cardiac arrest, cerebrovascular disease, unexplained or recurrent syncope, cardiac conduction prolongations (prolonged P-R interval), cardiac arrhythmias, symptomatic bradycardia, or severe untreated sleep apnea * Antineoplastic, immunosuppressive, or immune modulating therapies * History of macular edema or uveitis * Known IQ \< 70 * Current active fungal or viral infection * Current DSM IV-TR diagnosis of substance dependence (excluding caffeine and nicotine) * Positive urine toxicology screen for the following: cocaine, barbiturates, methamphetamine, opiate, methadone, phencyclidine, or amphetamine prior to randomization * Test positive for (1) Hep C virus antibody, (2) Hep B surface antigen (HBsAg) with or without positive Hep B core total antibody, (3) HIV 1 or 2 antibodies, or (4) Mantoux tuberculin test. * Moderate to severe renal impairment as defined by creatinine clearance \< 60 ml/min at screening * Hepatic impairment as defined by liver transaminases or total bilirubin \> 3 × upper limit of normal * Subjects considered a high risk for suicidal acts - active suicidal ideation OR any suicide attempt in 90 days prior to screening * Subjects who have participated in a clinical trial with any pharmacological treatment intervention for which they received study-related medication in the 4 weeks prior to screening OR Subjects currently receiving treatment (within 1 dosing interval + 4 weeks) with an investigational depot formulation of an antipsychotic medication * Subjects who demonstrate overtly aggressive behavior or who are deemed to pose a homicidal risk in the investigator's opinion
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Levels of Lymphocyte | Baseline, 4 weeks, 8 weeks | To determine the safety of fingolimod, as measured by the absolute lymphocyte count |
| QTcB Change | Screening, Day 0, Day 7, Day 14, Day 21, Day 28, Day 35, Day 42, Day 49, Day 56, Day 84, Day 112 | To determine the safety of fingolimod, as measured by the electrocardiogram (ECG) QT interval corrected by Bazett's (QTcB) value. |
| Symptom Changes - PANSS Total Score | Baseline, 4 weeks, 8 weeks | The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) is a semi-structured interview, containing 30 items that assess symptoms of psychotic disorders including positive, negative, and general psychopathology symptoms. Positive symptoms are rated on 7 items, negative symptoms are rated on 7 items, and general psychopathology on 16 items. Scores for each item range from 1=absent to 7=extreme. Positive, negative, and general psychopathology symptoms can each respectively render total scores. Positive total scores ranging from 7-49, negative total scores ranging from 7-49, and general psychopathology scores ranging from 16-112. When all items are summed together a total score is generated. Total scores for all items range from 30-210, a lower score reflecting fewer symptoms. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Positive Symptom Change - PANSS | Baseline, 4 weeks, 8 weeks | The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) is a semi-structured interview, containing 30 items that assess symptoms of psychotic disorders including positive, negative, and general psychopathology symptoms. Positive symptoms are rated on 7 items, negative symptoms are rated on 7 items, and general psychopathology on 16 items. Scores for each item range from 1=absent to 7=extreme. Positive, negative, and general psychopathology symptoms can each respectively render total scores. Positive total scores ranging from 7-49, negative total scores ranging from 7-49, and general psychopathology scores ranging from 16-112. When all items are summed together a total score is generated. Total scores for all items range from 30-210, a lower score reflecting fewer symptoms. |
| Negative Symptom Change - PANSS | Baseline, 4 weeks, 8 weeks | The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) is a semi-structured interview, containing 30 items that assess symptoms of psychotic disorders including positive, negative, and general psychopathology symptoms. Positive symptoms are rated on 7 items, negative symptoms are rated on 7 items, and general psychopathology on 16 items. Scores for each item range from 1=absent to 7=extreme. Positive, negative, and general psychopathology symptoms can each respectively render total scores. Positive total scores ranging from 7-49, negative total scores ranging from 7-49, and general psychopathology scores ranging from 16-112. When all items are summed together a total score is generated. Total scores for all items range from 30-210, a lower score reflecting fewer symptoms. |
| Plasma Cytokines Levels - IL-10 | Baseline, 4 weeks, 8 weeks | To assess IL-10 plasma cytokines levels changes in participants taking fingolimod versus placebo |
| Plasma Cytokines Levels - IL-17A | Baseline, 4 weeks, 8 weeks | To assess IL-17A plasma cytokines levels changes in participants taking fingolimod versus placebo |
| Plasma Cytokines Levels - IL-1BETA | Baseline, 4 weeks, 8 weeks | To assess IL-1BETA plasma cytokines levels changes in participants taking fingolimod versus placebo |
| Verbal Memory - BACS | Baseline, 4 weeks, 8 weeks | The Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS) is a battery specifically designed to measure treatment-related changes in cognition. The BACS utilizes 6 tasks, and has alternate forms, thus minimizing practice effects. Each task generates a raw score (with a higher score indicating better performance): verbal memory 0-75; digit sequencing 0-28; token motor task 0-100; semantic&letter fluency 0-148; symbol coding 0-110; and tower of London 0-22. The raw scores are used to generate a composite score that is calculated by summing t-scores derived by comparisons with a normative sample of 404 healthy controls. The six brief assessments' t-scores, are summed, and averaged to provide a composite t-score. The composite score min and max are between -43 and 100. A higher score indicating better cognitive performance. |
| Plasma Cytokines Levels - IL-4 | Baseline, 4 weeks, 8 weeks | To assess IL-4 plasma cytokines levels changes in participants taking fingolimod versus placebo |
| Plasma Cytokines Levels - IL-6 | Baseline, 4 weeks, 8 weeks | To assess IL-6 plasma cytokines levels changes in participants taking fingolimod versus placebo |
| Plasma Cytokines Levels - IL-8 | Baseline, 4 weeks, 8 weeks | To assess IL-8 plasma cytokines levels changes in participants taking fingolimod versus placebo |
| Plasma Cytokines Levels - TNFa | Baseline, 4 weeks, 8 weeks | To assess TNFa plasma cytokines levels changes in participants taking fingolimod versus placebo |
| Plasma Cytokines Levels - IFNgamma | Baseline, 4 weeks, 8 weeks | To assess IFNgamma plasma cytokines levels changes in participants taking fingolimod versus placebo |
| Plasma Cytokines Levels - IL-2 | Baseline, 4 weeks, 8 weeks | To assess IL-2 plasma cytokines levels changes in participants taking fingolimod versus placebo |
| Cognition Change - BACS | Baseline, 4 weeks, 8 weeks | The Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS) is a battery specifically designed to measure treatment-related changes in cognition by utilizing 6 tasks, and has alternate forms, thus minimizing practice effects. Each task generates a raw score (with a higher score indicating better performance): verbal memory 0-75; digit sequencing 0-28; token motor task 0-100; semantic&letter fluency 0-148; symbol coding 0-110; and tower of London 0-22. The raw scores are used to generate a composite score that is calculated by summing t-scores derived by comparisons with a normative sample of 404 healthy controls. The six brief assessments' t-scores, are summed, and averaged to provide a composite t-score. The composite score min and max are between -43 and 100. A higher score indicating better cognitive performance. |
| Cognition Change - Trails B | Baseline, 4 weeks, 8 weeks | The Trail Making Test-Part B (Trails B) is a measure of visual attention and task switching. The task requires a subject to 'connect-the-dots' of 25 consecutive targets on a sheet of paper. In Part B version the subject alternates between numbers and letters (1, A, 2, B, etc.) The goal of the test is for the subject is to finish part B as quickly as possible, the time taken to complete the test is used as the primary performance metric. The score is the number of seconds it took to complete the test. |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Fingolimod 0.5mg of fingolimod, oral administration, daily, for 8 weeks.
Fingolimod: 0.5mg each day of 8 week cycle | 18 |
| Placebo placebo, oral administration, daily, for 8 weeks.
placebo: 1 tablet each day of 8 week cycle | 22 |
| Total | 40 |
Withdrawals & dropouts
| Period | Reason | FG000 | FG001 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study | Adverse Event | 4 | 3 |
| Overall Study | Withdrawal by Subject | 0 | 2 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Fingolimod | Placebo | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Categorical <=18 years | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical >=65 years | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical Between 18 and 65 years | 18 Participants | 22 Participants | 40 Participants |
| Age, Continuous | 36.33 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 10.28 | 37.00 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 13.19 | 36.70 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 11.83 |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Hispanic or Latino | 2 Participants | 1 Participants | 3 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Not Hispanic or Latino | 16 Participants | 21 Participants | 37 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Asian | 0 Participants | 1 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American | 9 Participants | 12 Participants | 21 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race | 1 Participants | 1 Participants | 2 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) White | 8 Participants | 8 Participants | 16 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment United States | 18 participants | 22 participants | 40 participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 6 Participants | 6 Participants | 12 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 12 Participants | 16 Participants | 28 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 18 | 0 / 22 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 18 / 18 | 13 / 22 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 18 | 2 / 22 |
Outcome results
Primary
Levels of Lymphocyte
To determine the safety of fingolimod, as measured by the absolute lymphocyte count
Time frame: Baseline, 4 weeks, 8 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fingolimod | Levels of Lymphocyte | Absolute lymphocyte count - Baseline | 1.99 10^3 lymphocytes/uL | Standard Deviation 0.57 |
| Fingolimod | Levels of Lymphocyte | Absolute lymphocyte count - 4 weeks | 0.44 10^3 lymphocytes/uL | Standard Deviation 0.22 |
| Fingolimod | Levels of Lymphocyte | Absolute lymphocyte count - 8 weeks | 0.49 10^3 lymphocytes/uL | Standard Deviation 0.32 |
| Placebo | Levels of Lymphocyte | Absolute lymphocyte count - Baseline | 1.97 10^3 lymphocytes/uL | Standard Deviation 0.64 |
| Placebo | Levels of Lymphocyte | Absolute lymphocyte count - 4 weeks | 1.94 10^3 lymphocytes/uL | Standard Deviation 0.47 |
| Placebo | Levels of Lymphocyte | Absolute lymphocyte count - 8 weeks | 2.00 10^3 lymphocytes/uL | Standard Deviation 0.76 |
Primary
QTcB Change
To determine the safety of fingolimod, as measured by the electrocardiogram (ECG) QT interval corrected by Bazett's (QTcB) value.
Time frame: Screening, Day 0, Day 7, Day 14, Day 21, Day 28, Day 35, Day 42, Day 49, Day 56, Day 84, Day 112
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fingolimod | QTcB Change | QTcB - Screening | 416.50 ms | Standard Deviation 19.24 |
| Fingolimod | QTcB Change | QTcB - Day 0 | 418.39 ms | Standard Deviation 23.47 |
| Fingolimod | QTcB Change | QTcB - Day 7 | 415.50 ms | Standard Deviation 16.71 |
| Fingolimod | QTcB Change | QTcB - Day 28 | 424.06 ms | Standard Deviation 17.51 |
| Fingolimod | QTcB Change | QTcB - Day 35 | 426.18 ms | Standard Deviation 25.31 |
| Fingolimod | QTcB Change | QTcB - Day 84 | 421.50 ms | Standard Deviation 26.18 |
| Fingolimod | QTcB Change | QTcB - Day 112 | 419.67 ms | Standard Deviation 20.22 |
| Fingolimod | QTcB Change | QTcB - Day 14 | 418.28 ms | Standard Deviation 16.3 |
| Fingolimod | QTcB Change | QTcB - Day 21 | 419.67 ms | Standard Deviation 18.9 |
| Fingolimod | QTcB Change | QTcB - Day 42 | 425.53 ms | Standard Deviation 22.1 |
| Fingolimod | QTcB Change | QTcB - Day 49 | 420.79 ms | Standard Deviation 24.5 |
| Fingolimod | QTcB Change | QTcB - Day 56 | 420.67 ms | Standard Deviation 21.25 |
| Placebo | QTcB Change | QTcB - Day 49 | 413.53 ms | Standard Deviation 18.02 |
| Placebo | QTcB Change | QTcB - Screening | 416.41 ms | Standard Deviation 17.69 |
| Placebo | QTcB Change | QTcB - Day 0 | 423.27 ms | Standard Deviation 22.05 |
| Placebo | QTcB Change | QTcB - Day 42 | 414.33 ms | Standard Deviation 17.81 |
| Placebo | QTcB Change | QTcB - Day 7 | 417.00 ms | Standard Deviation 19.99 |
| Placebo | QTcB Change | QTcB - Day 14 | 420.15 ms | Standard Deviation 16.24 |
| Placebo | QTcB Change | QTcB - Day 28 | 415.74 ms | Standard Deviation 18.26 |
| Placebo | QTcB Change | QTcB - Day 112 | 418.58 ms | Standard Deviation 18.88 |
| Placebo | QTcB Change | QTcB - Day 35 | 419.00 ms | Standard Deviation 20.47 |
| Placebo | QTcB Change | QTcB - Day 56 | 418.41 ms | Standard Deviation 18.38 |
| Placebo | QTcB Change | QTcB - Day 21 | 412.00 ms | Standard Deviation 19.25 |
| Placebo | QTcB Change | QTcB - Day 84 | 420.68 ms | Standard Deviation 22.69 |
Primary
Symptom Changes - PANSS Total Score
The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) is a semi-structured interview, containing 30 items that assess symptoms of psychotic disorders including positive, negative, and general psychopathology symptoms. Positive symptoms are rated on 7 items, negative symptoms are rated on 7 items, and general psychopathology on 16 items. Scores for each item range from 1=absent to 7=extreme. Positive, negative, and general psychopathology symptoms can each respectively render total scores. Positive total scores ranging from 7-49, negative total scores ranging from 7-49, and general psychopathology scores ranging from 16-112. When all items are summed together a total score is generated. Total scores for all items range from 30-210, a lower score reflecting fewer symptoms.
Time frame: Baseline, 4 weeks, 8 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fingolimod | Symptom Changes - PANSS Total Score | PANSS Total Score - Baseline | 48.89 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 11.58 |
| Fingolimod | Symptom Changes - PANSS Total Score | PANSS Total Score - 4 weeks | 49.78 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 14.69 |
| Fingolimod | Symptom Changes - PANSS Total Score | PANSS Total Score - 8 weeks | 49.06 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 14.65 |
| Placebo | Symptom Changes - PANSS Total Score | PANSS Total Score - Baseline | 56.50 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 11.17 |
| Placebo | Symptom Changes - PANSS Total Score | PANSS Total Score - 4 weeks | 53.60 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 12.17 |
| Placebo | Symptom Changes - PANSS Total Score | PANSS Total Score - 8 weeks | 54.94 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 11.53 |
Secondary
Cognition Change - BACS
The Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS) is a battery specifically designed to measure treatment-related changes in cognition by utilizing 6 tasks, and has alternate forms, thus minimizing practice effects. Each task generates a raw score (with a higher score indicating better performance): verbal memory 0-75; digit sequencing 0-28; token motor task 0-100; semantic&letter fluency 0-148; symbol coding 0-110; and tower of London 0-22. The raw scores are used to generate a composite score that is calculated by summing t-scores derived by comparisons with a normative sample of 404 healthy controls. The six brief assessments' t-scores, are summed, and averaged to provide a composite t-score. The composite score min and max are between -43 and 100. A higher score indicating better cognitive performance.
Time frame: Baseline, 4 weeks, 8 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fingolimod | Cognition Change - BACS | BACS Composite Score - Baseline | 25.17 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 14.75 |
| Fingolimod | Cognition Change - BACS | BACS Composite Score - 4 weeks | 27.67 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 13.61 |
| Fingolimod | Cognition Change - BACS | BACS Composite Score - 8 weeks | 31.13 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 12.52 |
| Placebo | Cognition Change - BACS | BACS Composite Score - Baseline | 30.95 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 9.48 |
| Placebo | Cognition Change - BACS | BACS Composite Score - 4 weeks | 32.10 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 10.64 |
| Placebo | Cognition Change - BACS | BACS Composite Score - 8 weeks | 33.50 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 11.45 |
Secondary
Cognition Change - Trails B
The Trail Making Test-Part B (Trails B) is a measure of visual attention and task switching. The task requires a subject to 'connect-the-dots' of 25 consecutive targets on a sheet of paper. In Part B version the subject alternates between numbers and letters (1, A, 2, B, etc.) The goal of the test is for the subject is to finish part B as quickly as possible, the time taken to complete the test is used as the primary performance metric. The score is the number of seconds it took to complete the test.
Time frame: Baseline, 4 weeks, 8 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fingolimod | Cognition Change - Trails B | Trails B - Baseline | 108.00 seconds | Standard Deviation 51.86 |
| Fingolimod | Cognition Change - Trails B | Trails B - 4 weeks | 97.88 seconds | Standard Deviation 40.57 |
| Fingolimod | Cognition Change - Trails B | Trails B - 8 weeks | 84.53 seconds | Standard Deviation 28.79 |
| Placebo | Cognition Change - Trails B | Trails B - Baseline | 123.64 seconds | Standard Deviation 71.11 |
| Placebo | Cognition Change - Trails B | Trails B - 4 weeks | 100.60 seconds | Standard Deviation 48.02 |
| Placebo | Cognition Change - Trails B | Trails B - 8 weeks | 102.33 seconds | Standard Deviation 74.48 |
Secondary
Negative Symptom Change - PANSS
The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) is a semi-structured interview, containing 30 items that assess symptoms of psychotic disorders including positive, negative, and general psychopathology symptoms. Positive symptoms are rated on 7 items, negative symptoms are rated on 7 items, and general psychopathology on 16 items. Scores for each item range from 1=absent to 7=extreme. Positive, negative, and general psychopathology symptoms can each respectively render total scores. Positive total scores ranging from 7-49, negative total scores ranging from 7-49, and general psychopathology scores ranging from 16-112. When all items are summed together a total score is generated. Total scores for all items range from 30-210, a lower score reflecting fewer symptoms.
Time frame: Baseline, 4 weeks, 8 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fingolimod | Negative Symptom Change - PANSS | PANSS Negative Score - Baseline | 15.00 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.79 |
| Fingolimod | Negative Symptom Change - PANSS | PANSS Negative Score - 4 weeks | 13.89 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.53 |
| Fingolimod | Negative Symptom Change - PANSS | PANSS Negative Score - 8 weeks | 15.44 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.35 |
| Placebo | Negative Symptom Change - PANSS | PANSS Negative Score - 8 weeks | 15.06 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.67 |
| Placebo | Negative Symptom Change - PANSS | PANSS Negative Score - Baseline | 16.59 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.32 |
| Placebo | Negative Symptom Change - PANSS | PANSS Negative Score - 4 weeks | 14.80 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.2 |
Secondary
Plasma Cytokines Levels - IFNgamma
To assess IFNgamma plasma cytokines levels changes in participants taking fingolimod versus placebo
Time frame: Baseline, 4 weeks, 8 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fingolimod | Plasma Cytokines Levels - IFNgamma | IFNgamma - Baseline | 5.32 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 4.17 |
| Fingolimod | Plasma Cytokines Levels - IFNgamma | IFNgamma - 4 weeks | 4.61 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 3.54 |
| Fingolimod | Plasma Cytokines Levels - IFNgamma | IFNgamma - 8 weeks | 4.32 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 3.38 |
| Placebo | Plasma Cytokines Levels - IFNgamma | IFNgamma - Baseline | 8.32 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 16.21 |
| Placebo | Plasma Cytokines Levels - IFNgamma | IFNgamma - 4 weeks | 4.95 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 3.7 |
| Placebo | Plasma Cytokines Levels - IFNgamma | IFNgamma - 8 weeks | 5.62 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 4.4 |
Secondary
Plasma Cytokines Levels - IL-10
To assess IL-10 plasma cytokines levels changes in participants taking fingolimod versus placebo
Time frame: Baseline, 4 weeks, 8 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fingolimod | Plasma Cytokines Levels - IL-10 | IL10 - Baseline | 16.11 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 20.81 |
| Fingolimod | Plasma Cytokines Levels - IL-10 | IL10 - 4 weeks | 15.50 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 20.67 |
| Fingolimod | Plasma Cytokines Levels - IL-10 | IL10 - 8 weeks | 16.28 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 20.96 |
| Placebo | Plasma Cytokines Levels - IL-10 | IL10 - Baseline | 11.94 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 13.38 |
| Placebo | Plasma Cytokines Levels - IL-10 | IL10 - 4 weeks | 9.23 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 10.68 |
| Placebo | Plasma Cytokines Levels - IL-10 | IL10 - 8 weeks | 10.42 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 9.84 |
Secondary
Plasma Cytokines Levels - IL-17A
To assess IL-17A plasma cytokines levels changes in participants taking fingolimod versus placebo
Time frame: Baseline, 4 weeks, 8 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fingolimod | Plasma Cytokines Levels - IL-17A | IL17A - Baseline | 3.09 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 3.03 |
| Fingolimod | Plasma Cytokines Levels - IL-17A | IL17A - 4 weeks | 2.58 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 2.39 |
| Fingolimod | Plasma Cytokines Levels - IL-17A | IL17A - 8 weeks | 2.58 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 2.36 |
| Placebo | Plasma Cytokines Levels - IL-17A | IL17A - Baseline | 3.72 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 6.87 |
| Placebo | Plasma Cytokines Levels - IL-17A | IL17A - 4 weeks | 2.43 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 2.15 |
| Placebo | Plasma Cytokines Levels - IL-17A | IL17A - 8 weeks | 2.69 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 2.27 |
Secondary
Plasma Cytokines Levels - IL-1BETA
To assess IL-1BETA plasma cytokines levels changes in participants taking fingolimod versus placebo
Time frame: Baseline, 4 weeks, 8 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fingolimod | Plasma Cytokines Levels - IL-1BETA | IL1BETA - Baseline | 0.87 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 0.81 |
| Fingolimod | Plasma Cytokines Levels - IL-1BETA | IL1BETA - 4 weeks | 0.81 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 0.82 |
| Fingolimod | Plasma Cytokines Levels - IL-1BETA | IL1BETA - 8 weeks | 0.82 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 0.76 |
| Placebo | Plasma Cytokines Levels - IL-1BETA | IL1BETA - Baseline | 0.69 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 0.53 |
| Placebo | Plasma Cytokines Levels - IL-1BETA | IL1BETA - 4 weeks | 0.72 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 0.63 |
| Placebo | Plasma Cytokines Levels - IL-1BETA | IL1BETA - 8 weeks | 0.74 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 0.68 |
Secondary
Plasma Cytokines Levels - IL-2
To assess IL-2 plasma cytokines levels changes in participants taking fingolimod versus placebo
Time frame: Baseline, 4 weeks, 8 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fingolimod | Plasma Cytokines Levels - IL-2 | IL2 - Baseline | 1.74 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 2.42 |
| Fingolimod | Plasma Cytokines Levels - IL-2 | IL2 - 4 weeks | 1.96 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 2.95 |
| Fingolimod | Plasma Cytokines Levels - IL-2 | IL2 - 8 weeks | 1.77 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 2.55 |
| Placebo | Plasma Cytokines Levels - IL-2 | IL2 - Baseline | 1.27 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 1.43 |
| Placebo | Plasma Cytokines Levels - IL-2 | IL2 - 4 weeks | 1.20 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 1.63 |
| Placebo | Plasma Cytokines Levels - IL-2 | IL2 - 8 weeks | 1.20 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 1.24 |
Secondary
Plasma Cytokines Levels - IL-4
To assess IL-4 plasma cytokines levels changes in participants taking fingolimod versus placebo
Time frame: Baseline, 4 weeks, 8 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fingolimod | Plasma Cytokines Levels - IL-4 | IL4 - Baseline | 30.99 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 30.86 |
| Fingolimod | Plasma Cytokines Levels - IL-4 | IL4 - 4 weeks | 27.40 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 23.61 |
| Fingolimod | Plasma Cytokines Levels - IL-4 | IL4 - 8 weeks | 24.20 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 24.57 |
| Placebo | Plasma Cytokines Levels - IL-4 | IL4 - Baseline | 30.74 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 33.76 |
| Placebo | Plasma Cytokines Levels - IL-4 | IL4 - 4 weeks | 31.34 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 31.24 |
| Placebo | Plasma Cytokines Levels - IL-4 | IL4 - 8 weeks | 32.16 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 34.78 |
Secondary
Plasma Cytokines Levels - IL-6
To assess IL-6 plasma cytokines levels changes in participants taking fingolimod versus placebo
Time frame: Baseline, 4 weeks, 8 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fingolimod | Plasma Cytokines Levels - IL-6 | IL6 - Baseline | 2.15 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 2.28 |
| Fingolimod | Plasma Cytokines Levels - IL-6 | IL6 - 4 weeks | 2.22 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 2.62 |
| Fingolimod | Plasma Cytokines Levels - IL-6 | IL6 - 8 weeks | 2.16 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 2.66 |
| Placebo | Plasma Cytokines Levels - IL-6 | IL6 - Baseline | 1.90 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 1.75 |
| Placebo | Plasma Cytokines Levels - IL-6 | IL6 - 4 weeks | 1.81 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 1.99 |
| Placebo | Plasma Cytokines Levels - IL-6 | IL6 - 8 weeks | 1.96 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 1.56 |
Secondary
Plasma Cytokines Levels - IL-8
To assess IL-8 plasma cytokines levels changes in participants taking fingolimod versus placebo
Time frame: Baseline, 4 weeks, 8 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fingolimod | Plasma Cytokines Levels - IL-8 | IL8 - 4 weeks | 3.81 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 3.71 |
| Fingolimod | Plasma Cytokines Levels - IL-8 | IL8 - 8 weeks | 4.18 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 4.77 |
| Fingolimod | Plasma Cytokines Levels - IL-8 | IL8 - Baseline | 4.29 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 5.55 |
| Placebo | Plasma Cytokines Levels - IL-8 | IL8 - Baseline | 3.83 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 4.63 |
| Placebo | Plasma Cytokines Levels - IL-8 | IL8 - 4 weeks | 3.69 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 4.28 |
| Placebo | Plasma Cytokines Levels - IL-8 | IL8 - 8 weeks | 3.69 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 4 |
Secondary
Plasma Cytokines Levels - TNFa
To assess TNFa plasma cytokines levels changes in participants taking fingolimod versus placebo
Time frame: Baseline, 4 weeks, 8 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fingolimod | Plasma Cytokines Levels - TNFa | TNFa - Baseline | 2.11 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 2.16 |
| Fingolimod | Plasma Cytokines Levels - TNFa | TNFa - 4 weeks | 2.02 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 2.77 |
| Fingolimod | Plasma Cytokines Levels - TNFa | TNFa - 8 weeks | 2.00 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 2.19 |
| Placebo | Plasma Cytokines Levels - TNFa | TNFa - Baseline | 1.76 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 1.32 |
| Placebo | Plasma Cytokines Levels - TNFa | TNFa - 4 weeks | 1.86 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 1.38 |
| Placebo | Plasma Cytokines Levels - TNFa | TNFa - 8 weeks | 1.61 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 1.09 |
Secondary
Positive Symptom Change - PANSS
The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) is a semi-structured interview, containing 30 items that assess symptoms of psychotic disorders including positive, negative, and general psychopathology symptoms. Positive symptoms are rated on 7 items, negative symptoms are rated on 7 items, and general psychopathology on 16 items. Scores for each item range from 1=absent to 7=extreme. Positive, negative, and general psychopathology symptoms can each respectively render total scores. Positive total scores ranging from 7-49, negative total scores ranging from 7-49, and general psychopathology scores ranging from 16-112. When all items are summed together a total score is generated. Total scores for all items range from 30-210, a lower score reflecting fewer symptoms.
Time frame: Baseline, 4 weeks, 8 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fingolimod | Positive Symptom Change - PANSS | PANSS Positive Score - 4 weeks | 11.89 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 6.24 |
| Fingolimod | Positive Symptom Change - PANSS | PANSS Positive Score - Baseline | 10.83 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.94 |
| Fingolimod | Positive Symptom Change - PANSS | PANSS Positive Score - 8 weeks | 10.06 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.74 |
| Placebo | Positive Symptom Change - PANSS | PANSS Positive Score - 4 weeks | 14.00 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.52 |
| Placebo | Positive Symptom Change - PANSS | PANSS Positive Score - 8 weeks | 13.06 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.4 |
| Placebo | Positive Symptom Change - PANSS | PANSS Positive Score - Baseline | 13.64 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.59 |
Secondary
Verbal Memory - BACS
The Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS) is a battery specifically designed to measure treatment-related changes in cognition. The BACS utilizes 6 tasks, and has alternate forms, thus minimizing practice effects. Each task generates a raw score (with a higher score indicating better performance): verbal memory 0-75; digit sequencing 0-28; token motor task 0-100; semantic&letter fluency 0-148; symbol coding 0-110; and tower of London 0-22. The raw scores are used to generate a composite score that is calculated by summing t-scores derived by comparisons with a normative sample of 404 healthy controls. The six brief assessments' t-scores, are summed, and averaged to provide a composite t-score. The composite score min and max are between -43 and 100. A higher score indicating better cognitive performance.
Time frame: Baseline, 4 weeks, 8 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fingolimod | Verbal Memory - BACS | BACS Verbal Memory - Baseline | 30.89 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 9.61 |
| Fingolimod | Verbal Memory - BACS | BACS Verbal Memory - 4 weeks | 33.50 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 8.87 |
| Fingolimod | Verbal Memory - BACS | BACS Verbal Memory - 8 weeks | 34.69 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 10.62 |
| Placebo | Verbal Memory - BACS | BACS Verbal Memory - Baseline | 37.45 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 11.65 |
| Placebo | Verbal Memory - BACS | BACS Verbal Memory - 4 weeks | 35.45 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 9.56 |
| Placebo | Verbal Memory - BACS | BACS Verbal Memory - 8 weeks | 36.11 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 11.53 |