HIV-1 Infection
Conditions
Brief summary
This study was done with people who were infected with HIV, but did not show any signs of having HIV. They were also feeling well without taking HIV medication and had low or undetectable levels of the virus in the blood. The purpose of this study was to see if taking HIV medication (antiretroviral therapy \[ART\]) would reduce immune activation (a signal that the body is fighting an infection) in people who have HIV, but did not show symptoms. Also this study helped determine how safe the drug was and how well people reacted to the drug. For this study, the following antiretroviral therapy (ART) was be provided in the form of a single tablet that contains three different drugs: emtricitabine/rilpivirine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (FTC/RPV/TDF). These drugs were combined as one tablet which was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a single pill to treat HIV infection. The HIV medication provided was one of the recommended treatments for HIV, including people with low viral loads (how much HIV you have in your body) who were taking HIV drugs for the first time. The risks seen with this HIV medication were the same that one would encounter when taking these drugs outside of the study.
Detailed description
AIDS Clinical Trials Group (ACTG) A5308 was a single-arm clinical trial to evaluate the effect of initiating fixed-dose combination (FDC) FTC/RPV/TDF on CD8+ T-cell activation and other immunologic and virologic biomarkers among treatment-naïve HIV-1 controllers with any absolute CD4+ T-cell count. At study entry, these participants were followed off ART for a 12-week lead-in period, and then at week 12, participants initiated FDC FTC/RPV/TDF and had 48 weeks of follow-up to evaluate the primary endpoint. All participants who completed Step 1 (48 weeks of ART) had the option to register to Step 2, for an additional 48 weeks of follow-up, and had the choice of either continuing FDC FTC/RPV/TDF or follow-up with no study treatment. Participants underwent safety and tolerability evaluations throughout the study, including physical examinations and clinical assessments. Pregnancy tests were performed on women of childbearing potential. Collection of stored blood plasma/peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) samples occurred at entry and weeks 0, 4, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72 and 96 on ART. Only participants who were on intervention (ART) for at least 24 weeks had samples sent for testing of immunologic and virologic biomarkers.
Interventions
DRUGEmtricitabine/rilpivirine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate
Step 1: From entry through week 12, the participants received no study treatment. From week 12 through week 60, the participants received one fixed dose combination emtricitabine/rilpivirine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (FTC/RPV/TDF) tablet daily. Step 2 (Optional): From week 60 through week 108, the participants either received one FTC/RPV/TDF tablet daily or no study treatment.
Sponsors
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
Advancing Clinical Therapeutics Globally for HIV/AIDS and Other Infections
Study design
Allocation
NA
Intervention model
SINGLE_GROUP
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
NONE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
Step 1 * HIV-1 infection * ART-naïve defined as ≤7 days of antiretroviral (ARV) treatment at any time prior to entry * Documentation of HIV-1 RNA \<500 copies/mL verified by at least two measurements prior to the screening RNA specimen * Screening HIV-1 RNA \<500 copies/mL using an US FDA-approved assay obtained within 60 days prior to study entry by any laboratory that has a CLIA certification or its equivalent * Laboratory values obtained within 60 days prior to entry by any laboratory that has a CLIA certification or its equivalent: * Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) \>=500/mm\^3 * Hemoglobin \>=8.0 g/dL * Platelet count \>=40,000/mm\^3 * Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (SGOT), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (SGPT), and alkaline phosphatase \<=5 X Upper Limit of Normal (ULN) * Total bilirubin \<=2.5 X ULN * Calculated creatinine clearance (CrCl) \>=60 mL/min * For females of reproductive potential, negative serum or urine pregnancy test within 48 hours prior to study entry by any clinic or laboratory that has a CLIA certification or its equivalent * Female subjects of reproductive potential, who are participating in sexual activity that could lead to pregnancy, must agree to use at least one reliable form of contraceptive (ie, condoms (male or female) with or without a spermicidal agent; a diaphragm or cervical cap with spermicide; an intrauterine device (IUD); or hormone-based contraceptive) while receiving the protocol-specified treatment and for 6 weeks after stopping the medications * No evidence of any exclusionary resistance mutations based on results from any genotype assay from any laboratory that has a Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA) certification or its equivalent Step 2 * Completion of Step 1 * Ability and willingness of subject to choose to receive either open-label ART FDC (FTC/RPV/TDF) or no study treatment for an additional 48 weeks * For females of reproductive potential, negative serum or urine pregnancy test within 48 hours prior to the week 60 visit by any clinic or laboratory that has a CLIA certification or its equivalent
Exclusion criteria
Step 1 * Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection (documented by hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) seropositivity) * Breastfeeding * Use of immunomodulators (eg, interleukins, interferons, cyclosporine), topical imiquimod, HIV vaccine, systemic cytotoxic chemotherapy, or investigational therapy within 30 days prior to study entry or plans to start immunomodulators, topical imiquimod, HIV vaccine, systemic cytotoxic chemotherapy, or investigational therapy during the study * Known allergy/sensitivity or any hypersensitivity to components of study drug(s) or their formulation * Active drug or alcohol use or dependence that, in the opinion of the site investigator, would interfere with adherence to study requirements * Acute or serious illness requiring systemic treatment and/or hospitalization within 30 days prior to entry * Symptomatic HIV disease and/or AIDS-defining illness. * Vaccinations within 7 days prior to study entry * Plans to initiate hepatitis C treatment during the study * Perinatally-acquired HIV * Use of any of the following medications within 7 days prior to study entry: * St. John's wort (Hypercium perforatum) * Anticonvulsants (eg, oxacarbazepine, phenobarbital, phenytoin) * Anti-infectives (eg, rifabutin, rifampin, rifapentine) * Corticosteroids (eg, dexamethasone (more than 1 dose)) * Proton pump inhibitors (eg, esomeprazole, lansoprazole, omeprazole, pantoprazole, rabeprazole) Step 2 * Plans to start immunomodulators, topical imiquimod, HIV vaccine, systemic cytotoxic chemotherapy, or investigational therapy during Step 2 of the study * Plans to initiate hepatitis C treatment during Step 2 of the study NOTE: Please refer to the protocol for detailed eligibility criteria.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Change in Levels of CD8+ T-cell Activation (Defined as the Percentage HLA-DR+/CD38+) From Baseline to Weeks 24 and 48 on ART | From baseline (pre-ART and week 0 on ART) to weeks 24 and 48 on ART | Mean change from baseline (pre-ART \[study entry\] and week 0 on ART \[study week 12\]), estimated with a repeated measures analysis (jointly to weeks 24 and 48 on ART) using generalized estimating equations (GEE) |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Change in CD4+ T-cell Count | From baseline (pre-ART and week 0 on ART) to weeks 12, 24, 36 and 48 on ART | Change equals each specific week CD4+ T-cell count, respectively, minus the baseline CD4+ T-cell count (mean of the two measurements obtained prior to the start of ART) |
| Change in Levels of CD8+ T-cell Activation | From baseline (pre-ART and week 0 on ART) to weeks 4, 12, 24 and 48 on ART | Change equals each specific week percentage, respectively, minus the baseline percentage (mean of the two measurements obtained prior to the start of ART) |
| Change in Levels of CD4+ T-cell Activation (Defined as the Percentage HLA-DR+/CD38+) | From baseline (pre-ART and week 0 on ART) to weeks 4, 12, 24 and 48 on ART | Change equals each specific week percentage, respectively, minus the baseline percentage (mean of the two measurements obtained prior to the start of ART) |
| Plasma HIV-1 RNA Level Measured by Single Copy Assay Using Primer in Integrase (iSCA) as the Proportion of Participants Below the Limit of the Assay | At pre-ART and weeks 0, 4, 12, 24, 36 and 48 on ART | At a specific week, the proportion of participants with HIV-1 RNA by iSCA less than assay limit of detection (0.6 copies/mL) |
| Change in Levels of D-dimer | From baseline (pre-ART and week 0 on ART) to weeks 4, 24 and 48 on ART | Change equals each specific week result, respectively, minus the baseline result (mean of the two log10-transformed measurements obtained prior to the start of ART) |
| Change in Quality of Life (QoL) Index | From baseline (pre-ART and week 0 on ART) to weeks 4, 24 and 48 on ART | QoL index was obtained by averaging the five responses on the Euro-Quality of Life questionnaire (EQ-5D), where a response of 0 indicates no problems/no discomfort, 1 indicates some problems/moderate discomfort and 2 indicates unable to perform activities/extreme discomfort. Change equals each specific week index, respectively, minus the baseline index (mean of the two averages obtained prior to the start of ART) |
| Number of Subjects Who Experience Grade 3 or 4 Signs and Symptoms or Laboratory Abnormalities, Diagnoses (Any Grade), or Other Serious Adverse Events (SAEs) | From initiation of treatment to study completion at week 60 or 108 or premature study discontinuation | Grading uses the Division of AIDS (DAIDS) 2004 (clarification 2009) Severity of Adverse Events Table, where Grade 1=Mild, 2=Moderate, 3=Severe, 4=Potentially life-threatening. |
| Change in Levels of Interleukin (IL)-6 | From baseline (pre-ART and week 0 on ART) to weeks 4, 12, 24 and 48 on ART | Change equals each specific week result, respectively, minus the baseline result (mean of the two log10-transformed measurements obtained prior to the start of ART) |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Recruitment details
Recruited at 19 Clinical Research Sites (CRSs) in the United States between April 25, 2013 and December 22, 2014.
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| FTC/RPV/TDF Step 1: From entry through week 12, the participants received no study treatment. From week 12 through week 60, the participants received one fixed dose combination emtricitabine/rilpivirine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (FTC/RPV/TDF) tablet daily.
Step 2 (Optional): From week 60 through week 108, the participants either received one FTC/RPV/TDF tablet daily or no study treatment. | 35 |
| Total | 35 |
Withdrawals & dropouts
| Period | Reason | FG000 |
|---|---|---|
| 12 Week lead-in of no ART | Severe debilitation | 2 |
| Weeks 0 to 24/48 on ART | Participant felt treatment not working | 1 |
| Weeks 48 to 72/96 on ART | Death | 1 |
| Weeks 48 to 72/96 on ART | Took prohibited/precautionary meds | 1 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | FTC/RPV/TDF |
|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | 47 years |
| CD4+ T-cell count | 682 cells/mm^3 |
| D-dimer | 2.58 log10(ng/mL) |
| HIV-1 RNA by Abbott Assay Pre-ART (study entry) <40 copies/mL | 16 Participants |
| HIV-1 RNA by Abbott Assay Pre-ART (study entry) >=40 copies/mL | 19 Participants |
| HIV-1 RNA by Abbott Assay Week 0 on ART (study week 12) <40 copies/mL | 13 Participants |
| HIV-1 RNA by Abbott Assay Week 0 on ART (study week 12) >=40 copies/mL | 22 Participants |
| Interleukin (IL)-6 | 0.17 log10(pg/mL) |
| Percentage of CD4+ T-cells that are CD38+HLA-DR+ | 2.6 % of CD4+ T-cells |
| Percentage of CD8+ T-cells that are CD38+HLA-DR+ | 24.6 % of CD8+ T-cells |
| Quality of life (QoL) index | 0.2 units on a scale |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Black non-Hispanic | 26 participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Hispanic (regardless of race) | 3 participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized White non-Hispanic | 6 participants |
| Region of Enrollment United States | 35 participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 15 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 20 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk |
|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 1 / 36 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 23 / 36 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 1 / 36 |
Outcome results
Primary
Change in Levels of CD8+ T-cell Activation (Defined as the Percentage HLA-DR+/CD38+) From Baseline to Weeks 24 and 48 on ART
Mean change from baseline (pre-ART \[study entry\] and week 0 on ART \[study week 12\]), estimated with a repeated measures analysis (jointly to weeks 24 and 48 on ART) using generalized estimating equations (GEE)
Time frame: From baseline (pre-ART and week 0 on ART) to weeks 24 and 48 on ART
Population: As-treated: Only participants with results while receiving intervention (ART) and suppressed HIV-1 RNA \<200 copies/mL for at least 2 weeks (14 days) prior to week 24 or 48 weeks on ART (and without use of prohibited or precautionary medications based on team review of concomitant medications) were included.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) |
|---|---|---|
| FTC/RPV/TDF | Change in Levels of CD8+ T-cell Activation (Defined as the Percentage HLA-DR+/CD38+) From Baseline to Weeks 24 and 48 on ART | -4.01 % of CD8+ T-cells |
Comparison: Estimated mean change from baseline to weeks 24-48 on ART from repeated measures (GEE) model, against the null hypothesis of zero change. Estimated mean represents on ART levels minus pre-ART levels.p-value: 0.001Regression, repeated measures (GEE)
Secondary
Change in CD4+ T-cell Count
Change equals each specific week CD4+ T-cell count, respectively, minus the baseline CD4+ T-cell count (mean of the two measurements obtained prior to the start of ART)
Time frame: From baseline (pre-ART and week 0 on ART) to weeks 12, 24, 36 and 48 on ART
Population: As-treated: Only participants with results while receiving intervention (ART) and suppressed HIV-1 RNA \<200 copies/mL for at least 2 weeks (14 days) prior to measured weeks on ART (and without use of prohibited or precautionary medications based on team review of concomitant medications) were included.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEDIAN) |
|---|---|---|---|
| FTC/RPV/TDF | Change in CD4+ T-cell Count | Week 24 on ART | -5 cells/mm^3 |
| FTC/RPV/TDF | Change in CD4+ T-cell Count | Week 36 on ART | 25 cells/mm^3 |
| FTC/RPV/TDF | Change in CD4+ T-cell Count | Week 48 on ART | 19 cells/mm^3 |
| FTC/RPV/TDF | Change in CD4+ T-cell Count | Week 12 on ART | -15 cells/mm^3 |
Secondary
Change in Levels of CD4+ T-cell Activation (Defined as the Percentage HLA-DR+/CD38+)
Change equals each specific week percentage, respectively, minus the baseline percentage (mean of the two measurements obtained prior to the start of ART)
Time frame: From baseline (pre-ART and week 0 on ART) to weeks 4, 12, 24 and 48 on ART
Population: As-treated: Only participants with results while receiving intervention (ART) and suppressed HIV-1 RNA \<200 copies/mL for at least 2 weeks (14 days) prior to measured weeks on ART (and without use of prohibited or precautionary medications based on team review of concomitant medications) were included.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEDIAN) |
|---|---|---|---|
| FTC/RPV/TDF | Change in Levels of CD4+ T-cell Activation (Defined as the Percentage HLA-DR+/CD38+) | Week 24 on ART | -0.2 % of CD4+ T-cells |
| FTC/RPV/TDF | Change in Levels of CD4+ T-cell Activation (Defined as the Percentage HLA-DR+/CD38+) | Week 4 on ART | 0.1 % of CD4+ T-cells |
| FTC/RPV/TDF | Change in Levels of CD4+ T-cell Activation (Defined as the Percentage HLA-DR+/CD38+) | Week 12 on ART | -0.1 % of CD4+ T-cells |
| FTC/RPV/TDF | Change in Levels of CD4+ T-cell Activation (Defined as the Percentage HLA-DR+/CD38+) | Week 48 on ART | -0.2 % of CD4+ T-cells |
Secondary
Change in Levels of CD8+ T-cell Activation
Change equals each specific week percentage, respectively, minus the baseline percentage (mean of the two measurements obtained prior to the start of ART)
Time frame: From baseline (pre-ART and week 0 on ART) to weeks 4, 12, 24 and 48 on ART
Population: As-treated: Only participants with results while receiving intervention (ART) and suppressed HIV-1 RNA \<200 copies/mL for at least 2 weeks (14 days) prior to measured weeks on ART (and without use of prohibited or precautionary medications based on team review of concomitant medications) were included.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEDIAN) |
|---|---|---|---|
| FTC/RPV/TDF | Change in Levels of CD8+ T-cell Activation | Week 4 on ART | -0.7 % of CD8+ T-cells |
| FTC/RPV/TDF | Change in Levels of CD8+ T-cell Activation | Week 12 on ART | -1.6 % of CD8+ T-cells |
| FTC/RPV/TDF | Change in Levels of CD8+ T-cell Activation | Week 24 on ART | -2.2 % of CD8+ T-cells |
| FTC/RPV/TDF | Change in Levels of CD8+ T-cell Activation | Week 48 on ART | -4.7 % of CD8+ T-cells |
Secondary
Change in Levels of D-dimer
Change equals each specific week result, respectively, minus the baseline result (mean of the two log10-transformed measurements obtained prior to the start of ART)
Time frame: From baseline (pre-ART and week 0 on ART) to weeks 4, 24 and 48 on ART
Population: As-treated: Only participants with results while receiving intervention (ART) and suppressed HIV-1 RNA \<200 copies/mL for at least 2 weeks (14 days) prior to measured weeks on ART (and without use of prohibited or precautionary medications based on team review of concomitant medications) were included.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEDIAN) |
|---|---|---|---|
| FTC/RPV/TDF | Change in Levels of D-dimer | Week 4 on ART | 0.01 log10(ng/mL) |
| FTC/RPV/TDF | Change in Levels of D-dimer | Week 24 on ART | 0.01 log10(ng/mL) |
| FTC/RPV/TDF | Change in Levels of D-dimer | Week 48 on ART | 0.02 log10(ng/mL) |
Secondary
Change in Levels of Interleukin (IL)-6
Change equals each specific week result, respectively, minus the baseline result (mean of the two log10-transformed measurements obtained prior to the start of ART)
Time frame: From baseline (pre-ART and week 0 on ART) to weeks 4, 12, 24 and 48 on ART
Population: As-treated: Only participants with results while receiving intervention (ART) and suppressed HIV-1 RNA \<200 copies/mL for at least 2 weeks (14 days) prior to measured weeks on ART (and without use of prohibited or precautionary medications based on team review of concomitant medications) were included.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEDIAN) |
|---|---|---|---|
| FTC/RPV/TDF | Change in Levels of Interleukin (IL)-6 | Week 4 on ART | 0.05 log10(pg/mL) |
| FTC/RPV/TDF | Change in Levels of Interleukin (IL)-6 | Week 12 on ART | 0.01 log10(pg/mL) |
| FTC/RPV/TDF | Change in Levels of Interleukin (IL)-6 | Week 24 on ART | 0.02 log10(pg/mL) |
| FTC/RPV/TDF | Change in Levels of Interleukin (IL)-6 | Week 48 on ART | 0 log10(pg/mL) |
Secondary
Change in Quality of Life (QoL) Index
QoL index was obtained by averaging the five responses on the Euro-Quality of Life questionnaire (EQ-5D), where a response of 0 indicates no problems/no discomfort, 1 indicates some problems/moderate discomfort and 2 indicates unable to perform activities/extreme discomfort. Change equals each specific week index, respectively, minus the baseline index (mean of the two averages obtained prior to the start of ART)
Time frame: From baseline (pre-ART and week 0 on ART) to weeks 4, 24 and 48 on ART
Population: As-treated: Only participants with results while receiving intervention (ART) and suppressed HIV-1 RNA \<200 copies/mL for at least 2 weeks (14 days) prior to measured weeks on ART (and without use of prohibited or precautionary medications based on team review of concomitant medications) were included.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEDIAN) |
|---|---|---|---|
| FTC/RPV/TDF | Change in Quality of Life (QoL) Index | Week 4 on ART | 0 units on a scale |
| FTC/RPV/TDF | Change in Quality of Life (QoL) Index | Week 24 on ART | -0.1 units on a scale |
| FTC/RPV/TDF | Change in Quality of Life (QoL) Index | Week 48 on ART | 0 units on a scale |
Secondary
Number of Subjects Who Experience Grade 3 or 4 Signs and Symptoms or Laboratory Abnormalities, Diagnoses (Any Grade), or Other Serious Adverse Events (SAEs)
Grading uses the Division of AIDS (DAIDS) 2004 (clarification 2009) Severity of Adverse Events Table, where Grade 1=Mild, 2=Moderate, 3=Severe, 4=Potentially life-threatening.
Time frame: From initiation of treatment to study completion at week 60 or 108 or premature study discontinuation
Population: All participants who initiated ART, regardless of ART status at time of event
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| FTC/RPV/TDF | Number of Subjects Who Experience Grade 3 or 4 Signs and Symptoms or Laboratory Abnormalities, Diagnoses (Any Grade), or Other Serious Adverse Events (SAEs) | 18 participants |
Secondary
Plasma HIV-1 RNA Level Measured by Single Copy Assay Using Primer in Integrase (iSCA) as the Proportion of Participants Below the Limit of the Assay
At a specific week, the proportion of participants with HIV-1 RNA by iSCA less than assay limit of detection (0.6 copies/mL)
Time frame: At pre-ART and weeks 0, 4, 12, 24, 36 and 48 on ART
Population: As-treated: Only participants with results while receiving intervention (ART) and suppressed HIV-1 RNA \<200 copies/mL for at least 2 weeks (14 days) prior to measured weeks on ART (and without use of prohibited or precautionary medications based on team review of concomitant medications) were included.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|---|
| FTC/RPV/TDF | Plasma HIV-1 RNA Level Measured by Single Copy Assay Using Primer in Integrase (iSCA) as the Proportion of Participants Below the Limit of the Assay | Pre-ART | 0.19 proportion of participants |
| FTC/RPV/TDF | Plasma HIV-1 RNA Level Measured by Single Copy Assay Using Primer in Integrase (iSCA) as the Proportion of Participants Below the Limit of the Assay | Week 0 on ART | 0.19 proportion of participants |
| FTC/RPV/TDF | Plasma HIV-1 RNA Level Measured by Single Copy Assay Using Primer in Integrase (iSCA) as the Proportion of Participants Below the Limit of the Assay | Week 4 on ART | 0.61 proportion of participants |
| FTC/RPV/TDF | Plasma HIV-1 RNA Level Measured by Single Copy Assay Using Primer in Integrase (iSCA) as the Proportion of Participants Below the Limit of the Assay | Week 12 on ART | 0.90 proportion of participants |
| FTC/RPV/TDF | Plasma HIV-1 RNA Level Measured by Single Copy Assay Using Primer in Integrase (iSCA) as the Proportion of Participants Below the Limit of the Assay | Week 24 on ART | 0.93 proportion of participants |
| FTC/RPV/TDF | Plasma HIV-1 RNA Level Measured by Single Copy Assay Using Primer in Integrase (iSCA) as the Proportion of Participants Below the Limit of the Assay | Week 36 on ART | 0.92 proportion of participants |
| FTC/RPV/TDF | Plasma HIV-1 RNA Level Measured by Single Copy Assay Using Primer in Integrase (iSCA) as the Proportion of Participants Below the Limit of the Assay | Week 48 on ART | 0.96 proportion of participants |