Phase II Study of Lenalidomide and Eltrombopag in Patients With Symptomatic Anemia

Phase II Study of Lenalidomide and Eltrombopag in Patients With Symptomatic Anemia in Low or Intermediate I Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS)

Status

Completed

Phases

Phase 2

Study type

Interventional

Source

ClinicalTrials.gov

Registry ID

NCT01772420

Enrollment

Registered

2013-01-21

Start date

2012-10-31

Completion date

2020-07-09

Last updated

2023-07-27

For informational purposes only — not medical advice. Sourced from public registries and may not reflect the latest updates. Terms

Conditions

Adult Myelodysplastic Syndrome, Anemia, Chronic Myelomonocytic Leukemia

Brief summary

This phase II trial studies how well lenalidomide (LEN) and eltrombopag olamine (ELT) work in treating patients with symptomatic anemia in low or intermediate myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). Lenalidomide may stimulate the immune system in different ways and stop cancer cells from growing. Eltrombopag olamine may increase the number of white blood cells and platelets found in bone marrow or peripheral blood. Giving lenalidomide and eltrombopag olamine may be an effective treatment for myelodysplastic syndrome.

Detailed description

PRIMARY OBJECTIVES (not Outcome Measures): I. To evaluate the rate of hematologic improvement of the eltrombopag (eltrombopag olamine)/lenalidomide combination (as per Modified International Working Group \[IWG\] criteria). II. To evaluate the safety and tolerability of the combination. SECONDARY OBJECTIVES (not Outcome Measures): I. To compare the time to hematologic improvement. II. To evaluate the duration of hematologic improvement III. To evaluate the effect of combination treatment on platelet counts, platelet transfusions and bleeding events. IV. To evaluate the frequency of bone marrow response (complete response \[CR\] + partial response \[PR\]) and cytogenetic response. V. To evaluate the relationship between mutations in bone marrow stem cells and response. VI. To evaluate the relationship between various stem and progenitor alterations and response. OUTLINE: Patients are initially assigned to 1 of 2 treatment arms. ARM A: Patients with platelet counts \>= 50,000 receive lenalidomide orally (PO) daily or every other day (QOD) on days 1-21. If platelet counts fall below 50,000, patients discontinue lenalidomide and receive eltrombopag olamine PO daily or QOD until platelet count is maintained above 50,000 for 2 weeks. Patients then resume lenalidomide PO daily or QOD. If platelets fall below 50,000 again, patients receive eltrombopag olamine as before. When platelet counts are maintained above 50,000 for 2 weeks, patients resume lenalidomide concurrently with eltrombopag for all subsequent courses. ARM B: Patients with platelet counts \< 50,000 receive eltrombopag olamine PO daily or QOD on days 1-28 until platelet counts is maintained above 50,000 for 2 weeks. Patients then receive treatment as in Arm A. In both arms, treatment repeats every 28 days for 4 courses in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. After completion of study treatment, patients are followed up every 3 months for 2 years, every 6 months for 3 years, and then every 12 months for 5 years. Eligible patients with a diagnosis of MDS or non-proliferative chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) (WBC ≤ 12,000/mL) of at least 3-month duration according to WHO criteria and International Prognostic Scoring System categories of low or intermediate-1-risk disease. Patients either had symptomatic anemia untransfused with hemoglobin ≤ 10 g/dL in the 8 weeks before starting the study or had RBC transfusion dependence (i.e., ≥ 2 units/mo) confirmed 8 weeks before starting the study and/or PLTs \<50,000 k/uL with hemoglobin \>10.0 g/dL. Patients must not have received prior therapy with LEN (for \> 2 months) nor ELT

Interventions

DRUGEltrombopag Olamine

Given PO

OTHERLaboratory Biomarker Analysis

Correlative studies

DRUGLenalidomide

Given PO

Study design

Allocation

NON_RANDOMIZED

Intervention model

PARALLEL

Primary purpose

TREATMENT

Masking

NONE

Eligibility

Sex/Gender

ALL

Age

18 Years to No maximum

Healthy volunteers

Inclusion criteria

* Patient must have a documented diagnosis of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) of at least three months duration (MDS duration \>= 3 months) according to World Health Organization (WHO) criteria or non-proliferative chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) (white blood cells \[WBC\] =\< 12,000/L) * Patients must have International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS) categories of low- or intermediate-1-risk disease * Patients must have symptomatic anemia untransfused with hemoglobin =\< 9.5 g/dL within 8 weeks of registration or with red blood cell (RBC) transfusion-dependence (i.e., \>= 2 units/month) confirmed for a minimum of 8 weeks before randomization * Patients must have IPSS score determined by cytogenetic analysis prior to randomization; patients with cytogenetic failure and =\< 10% marrow blasts will be eligible * Patients must be off all disease modifying therapy for MDS for 28 days prior to initiation of study treatment; patients may receive hydrocortisone prophylactically to prevent transfusion reactions * Patients must not have documented iron deficiency; all patients must have documented marrow iron stores; if marrow iron stain is not available, the transferrin saturation must be \>= 20% or a serum ferritin \>= 100 ng/100 mL or soluble transferring receptor \< 5 mg/L. * Women must not be pregnant or breastfeeding; females of childbearing potential should have 2 negative pregnancy tests (sensitivity of at least 50 mIU/mL); the first test should be performed within 10-14 days, and the second test within 24 hours prior to prescribing lenalidomide * Females of reproductive potential must adhere to the scheduled pregnancy testing as required in the Revlimid REMS® program; able to take aspirin (81 or 325 mg) daily as prophylactic anticoagulation (patients intolerant to acetylsalicylic acid \[ASA\] may use warfarin or low molecular weight heparin) * Women of childbearing potential and sexually active males must agree to use 2 methods of an accepted and effective method of contraception and counseled on the potential teratogenic effects of lenalidomide; effective contraception must be used by patients for at least 4 weeks before beginning lenalidomide therapy, during lenalidomide therapy, during dose interruptions and for 4 weeks following discontinuation of lenalidomide therapy; reliable contraception is indicated even where there has been a history of infertility, unless due to hysterectomy or because the patient has been postmenopausal naturally for at least 24 consecutive months; two reliable forms of contraception must be used simultaneously unless continuous abstinence from heterosexual sexual contact is the chosen method; females of childbearing potential should be referred to a qualified provider of contraceptive methods, if needed; sexually mature females who have not undergone a hysterectomy or who have not been postmenopausal naturally for at least 24 consecutive months (i.e., who have had menses at some time in the preceding 24 consecutive months) are considered to be females of childbearing potential; it is not known whether CC-5013 (lenalidomide) is present in the semen of patients receiving the drug; therefore, males receiving CC-5013 (lenalidomide) must always use a latex condom during any sexual contact with females of childbearing potential even if they have undergone a successful vasectomy * Patients must not have received prior therapy with lenalidomide (for more than 2 months) nor eltrombopag * Patients must not have uncontrolled hypertension * Patients must have absolute neutrophil count (ANC) \>= 500 cells/L (0.5 x 10\^9/L) * Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance 0-3 * Subject is able to understand and comply with protocol requirements and instructions * Patient has signed and dated informed consent * Prothrombin time (PT/international normalized ratio \[INR\]) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) must be within 80 to 120% of the normal range at baseline

Exclusion criteria

* Pre-existing cardiovascular disease (including congestive heart failure, New York Heart Association \[NYHA\] grade III/IV), or arrhythmia known to increase the risk of thromboembolic events (e.g. atrial fibrillation), or subjects with a corrected QT interval (QTc) \> 450 msec * Patients determined to be at increased risk of arterial or venous thrombosis by the investigator * Bone marrow fibrosis that leads to a dry tap * Female subjects who are nursing or pregnant (positive serum or urine beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-hCG) pregnancy test) at screening or pre-dose on day 1 * Treatment with an investigational drug within 30 days or 5 half-lives (whichever is longer) preceding the first dose of study medication * Patients with documented liver cirrhosis * Patients with splenomegaly with a spleen size \> 16 cm

Design outcomes

Primary

Measure	Time frame	Description
Number of Patients Demonstrating Overall Hematologic Improvement (HI)	Periodic evaluation (weekly up to a month, followed by 4x28 day cycles = 16weeks) with additional cycles and titrations depending upon treatment response; up to 2 years	The number of patients demonstrating overall Hematologic Improvement (HI) was assessed based on the MDS 2006 IWG criteria. The IWG criteria for HI define specific responses of cytopenia in the 3 hematopoietic lineages: erythroid (HI-E), platelet (HI-P), and neutrophil (HI-N) as demonstrated in corresponding outcome measures. Responses must have sustained for at minimum of 8 weeks for the participant to be included in the tally.

Secondary

Measure	Time frame	Description
Number of Patients With Hematologic Improvement in Erythrocyte Counts (HI-E)	Periodic evaluation (weekly up to a month, followed by 4x28 day cycles = 16weeks) with additional cycles and titrations depending upon treatment response; up to 2 years	The Number of Patients with Hematologic Improvement in Erythrocyte Counts (HI-E) was assessed based on the MDS 2006 IWG criteria. Patients demonstrating an Hgb increase by ≥ 1.5 g/dL were deemed to have improvement in HI-E. Only transfusions given for a Hgb of ≤ 9.0 g/dL pretreatment were counted in the RBC transfusion response.
Number of Patients With Hematologic Improvement in Neutrophil Counts (HI-N)	Periodic evaluation (weekly up to a month, followed by 4x28 day cycles = 16weeks) with additional cycles and titrations depending upon treatment response; up to 2 years	The Number of Patients with Hematologic Improvement in Neutrophil Counts (HI-N) was assessed based on the MDS 2006 IWG criteria. Patients demonstrating an increase of at least 100% and an absolute increase \> 0.5 × 10\^9/L were determined to have shown an improvement in HI-N.
Number of Patients With Hematologic Improvement in Platelet Counts (HI-P)	Periodic evaluation (weekly up to a month, followed by 4x28 day cycles = 16weeks) with additional cycles and titrations depending upon treatment response; up to 2 years	The Number of Patients with Hematologic Improvement in Platelet Counts (HI-P) was assessed based on the MDS 2006 IWG criteria. Patients demonstrating an absolute increase of ≥ 30 × 10\^9/L (for those patients starting with \> 20 × 10\^9/L platelets) or an increase from \< 20 × 10\^9/L to \> 20 × 10\^9/L along with an increase of at least 100%, were deemed to have demonstrated HI-P improvement.
Duration of Hematologic Improvement (HI)	Time to progression/relapse following hematologic improvement, at completion of final cycle and treatment discontinuation; up to 6 years	Duration to hematologic improvement as determined by median duration of HI response.
Number of Patients With Clinically Significant Bleeding Events	Treatment initiation through study completion, up to 2 years	Number of Patients With Clinically Significant Bleeding Events
Time to Attain Hematologic Improvement (HI)	Periodic evaluation (weekly up to a month, followed by 4x28 day cycles = 16weeks) with additional cycles and titrations depending upon treatment response; up to 2 years	Time to hematologic improvement as determined by median time required to achieve HI response.

Countries

United States

Participant flow

Pre-assignment details

From October 2012 through January 2020, 52 patients were enrolled in this multicenter study.

Participants by arm

Arm	Count
Arm A (Platelets > 50,000 k/uL) LEN Initiation Patients with baseline platelet counts \>50,000 k/uL received lenalidomide (LEN) PO daily or QOD on days 1-21. If platelet counts fell below 50,000 k/uL during treatment, patients discontinued LEN and received eltrombopag olamine (ELT) PO daily or QOD until platelet counts \> 50,000 k/uL were achieved, and then maintained for 2 weeks thereafter. If a platelet count \>50,000 k/uL was maintained, patients discontinued ELT and resumed only LEN as a single agent (PO daily or QOD). If platelets fell below 50,000 k/uL a second time, LEN was stopped and ELT was re-initiated at the dose last given to the patient. Once platelet counts were \>50,000 k/uL and maintained for 2 weeks, patients resumed LEN concurrently with ELT for all subsequent courses. Treatment repeated every 28 days for 4 courses in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. Eltrombopag Olamine: Given PO Laboratory Biomarker Analysis: Correlative studies Lenalidomide: Given PO	16
Arm B (Platelets < 50,000 k/uL) ELT Initiation With Potential LEN Combination Patients with baseline platelet counts \<50,000 k/uL received eltrombopag olamine (ELT) PO daily or QOD on days 1-28 until a platelet count \>50,000 k/uL was achieved. Once a platelet count\>50,000 k/uL was achieved the ELT dose was maintained for two weeks. After two weeks ELT was discontinued and LEN was started as in Arm A (i.e., eltrombopag olamine discontinued and lenalidomide started). Patients in Arm B were permitted to stay on ELT alone if a hematologic response on ELT was achieved as defined by the 2006 International Working Group (IWG) consensus criteria, or if baseline hemoglobin was \>10.0 g/dL and didn't decrease while on study drug. Treatment repeated every 28 days for 4 courses in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. Eltrombopag Olamine: Given PO Laboratory Biomarker Analysis: Correlative studies Lenalidomide: Given PO	15
Arm C (Platelets < 50,000 k/uL) ELT Monotherapy Patients in Arm B were permitted to stay on ELT alone if a hematologic response on ELT was achieved as defined by the 2006 International Working Group (IWG) consensus criteria, or if baseline hemoglobin was \>10.0 g/dL and didn't decrease while on study drug. Treatment repeated every 28 days for 4 courses in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. Eltrombopag Olamine: Given PO Laboratory Biomarker Analysis: Correlative studies	21
Total	52

Baseline characteristics

Characteristic	Arm A (Platelets > 50,000 k/uL) LEN Initiation	Arm B (Platelets < 50,000 k/uL) ELT Initiation With Potential LEN Combination	Arm C (Platelets < 50,000 k/uL) ELT Monotherapy	Total
Age, Continuous	74 years	73 years	68 years	71 years
Baseline Hemoglobin	8.2 g/dL	8.1 g/dL	8.6 g/dL	8.4 g/dL
Baseline Platelet	257 platelets x10^9/L	134 platelets x10^9/L	19 platelets x10^9/L	126 platelets x10^9/L
Blast Count	1.96 percentage of blasts in bone marrow cell	1.87 percentage of blasts in bone marrow cell	1.8 percentage of blasts in bone marrow cell	1.87 percentage of blasts in bone marrow cell
Chronic Myelomonocytic Leukemia (CMML)	0 Participants	1 Participants	2 Participants	3 Participants
Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS)	16 Participants	14 Participants	19 Participants	49 Participants
Number of Prior Treatments	0.63 Prior Treatments	0.53 Prior Treatments	0.48 Prior Treatments	0.54 Prior Treatments
Race/Ethnicity, Customized Asian	0 Participants	0 Participants	2 Participants	2 Participants
Race/Ethnicity, Customized Hispanic	4 Participants	4 Participants	3 Participants	11 Participants
Race/Ethnicity, Customized Non-Hispanic Black	1 Participants	1 Participants	7 Participants	9 Participants
Race/Ethnicity, Customized Non-Hispanic White	11 Participants	10 Participants	8 Participants	29 Participants
Race/Ethnicity, Customized Unknown (Not Documented)	0 Participants	0 Participants	1 Participants	1 Participants
Region of Enrollment United States	16 participants	15 participants	21 participants	52 participants
Revised International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS-R) for Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS) Intermediate Risk	7 Participants	5 Participants	15 Participants	27 Participants
Revised International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS-R) for Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS) Low Risk	8 Participants	10 Participants	6 Participants	24 Participants
Revised International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS-R) for Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS) Very Low Risk	1 Participants	0 Participants	0 Participants	1 Participants
Sex: Female, Male Female	7 Participants	4 Participants	4 Participants	15 Participants
Sex: Female, Male Male	9 Participants	11 Participants	17 Participants	37 Participants

Adverse events

Event type	EG000 affected / at risk	EG001 affected / at risk	EG002 affected / at risk
deaths Total, all-cause mortality	1 / 16	2 / 15	0 / 21
other Total, other adverse events	15 / 16	9 / 15	4 / 21
serious Total, serious adverse events	8 / 16	5 / 15	0 / 21

Outcome results

Primary

Number of Patients Demonstrating Overall Hematologic Improvement (HI)

The number of patients demonstrating overall Hematologic Improvement (HI) was assessed based on the MDS 2006 IWG criteria. The IWG criteria for HI define specific responses of cytopenia in the 3 hematopoietic lineages: erythroid (HI-E), platelet (HI-P), and neutrophil (HI-N) as demonstrated in corresponding outcome measures. Responses must have sustained for at minimum of 8 weeks for the participant to be included in the tally.

Time frame: Periodic evaluation (weekly up to a month, followed by 4x28 day cycles = 16weeks) with additional cycles and titrations depending upon treatment response; up to 2 years